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Effects of Dietary Intervention and Education on Selected Biochemical Parameters and Nutritional Habits of Young Soccer Players. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183681. [PMID: 36145060 PMCID: PMC9501504 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In adolescence, the body requires sufficient amounts of adequate nutrients. This is especially important in the case of young athletes, for whom a nutrition plan should be as significant as a proper training plan. The aim of the study was a 17-week follow-up of the effects of individual and group nutrition intervention on changes in eating habits and selected biochemical parameters. 46 young soccer players aged 12–17 from the Soccer Academy in Northeastern Poland completed the study. One group received only individual recommendations, while the other additionally received group nutrition education. As a result of the dietary education, teenagers from the latter group consumed less saccharose (44 g vs. 39.2 g) in favor of digestible carbohydrates (266 g vs. 273 g) and dietary fiber (19.7 g vs. 22.2 g), further emphasizing the health-promoting profile of diets. The amount of fluid consumed (33% vs. 48% above 2 L of water a day) and the habits of the peri-workout hydration routine were also improved. Many of the participants (41%) reported faster regeneration while 26% experienced an overall better well-being. The short-term intervention produced positive results, but nevertheless it is the implementation of long-term dietary improvement schemes involving parents and coaches that should be the direction of future approaches.
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Evaluation of Water Intake in Spanish Adolescent Soccer Players during a Competition. J Hum Kinet 2022; 83:59-66. [PMID: 36157942 PMCID: PMC9465763 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An optimal state of hydration is essential to maintaining health. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the water intake of adolescents aged 12 to 16 years and their hydration level during an official soccer match. Three hundred and six players participated in the study (N = 306). Their water intake was recorded and the level of hydration was evaluated using the density of urine as an indicator. Weight measurements were made before and after the match. Water intake control, urine collection and analysis, and the recording of minutes played were carried out after the match. The average weight loss was 746.2 g (SD: 474.07; p < 0.001), with 36.5% with less than 1% loss and 23.3% with more than 2% loss. The mean volume of water ingested was 229.35 ml (SD: 211.11) and a significant correlation was observed between minutes of activity (ρ-value = 0.206; p < 0.001), environmental humidity (ρ-value = - 0.281; p < 0.001), and temperature (ρ-value = 0.200; p < 0.001). The sweat rate was 0.69 l/h (SD: 0.56) and it was significantly associated with playing time (ρ-value = -0.276; p < 0.001). The mean urine density was 1.019 (SD: 0.007), with 64.9% of youth athletes showing dehydration (≥ 1.020). An association was observed between dehydration and activity time (U- value = 4.124; p < 0.001). Approximately 10% of the participants stated that they had not drunk any water during the match. In conclusion, it is necessary to establish individual hydration guidelines based on personal, environmental and activity-related factors, as well as establish a minimum volume of fluids to consume.
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Abbasi IS, Lopez RM, Kuo YT, Shapiro BS. Efficacy of an Educational Intervention for Improving the Hydration Status of Female Collegiate Indoor-Sport Athletes. J Athl Train 2021; 56:829-835. [PMID: 33237996 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0495.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Research focusing on improving hydration status and knowledge in female indoor-sport athletes is limited. Investigators have demonstrated that hydration education is an optimal tool for improving the hydration status of athletes. OBJECTIVE To assess the hydration status and fluid intake of collegiate female indoor-sport athletes before and after a 1-time educational intervention. DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. SETTING Collegiate women's volleyball and basketball practices. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 25 female collegiate volleyball and basketball athletes (age = 21 ± 1 years, height = 173.5 ± 8.7 cm, weight = 72.1 ± 10.0 kg) were assessed during 6 days of practices. INTERVENTION(S) Participants' hydration status and habits were monitored for 3 practice days before they underwent a hydration educational intervention. Postintervention, participants were observed for 3 more practice days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Change in body mass, fluid consumed, urine specific gravity (Usg), urine color (Ucol), and sweat rate were recorded for 6 practice days. Participants completed a hydration-knowledge questionnaire before and after the intervention. RESULTS Three-day mean Usg and Ucol were considered euhydrated prepractice (Usg = 1.015 ± 0.006, Ucol = 4 ± 1) and remained euhydrated postpractice (Usg = 1.019 ± 0.005, Ucol = 5 ± 2) during the preintervention period. Decreased prepractice Ucol (P < .01) and increased hydration knowledge (P < .01) were present postintervention. Basketball athletes had greater body mass losses from prepractice to postpractice than did volleyball athletes (P < .001). Overall increases were evident when we compared prepractice and postpractice measures of Usg and Ucol in the preintervention (P < .001 and P = .001, respectively) and postintervention (P = .001 and P < .001) period, respectively. No correlation was found between hydration knowledge and physiological indices of hydration and fluid intake. CONCLUSIONS Overall, female collegiate indoor-sport athletes were hydrated and knowledgeable on hydration. However, our variable findings indicated that further research on these athletes is needed; clinically, attention should be given to the individual needs of each athlete. More examination will demonstrate whether a 1-time educational intervention may be an effective tool for improving hydration status in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella S Abbasi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Rebecca M Lopez
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa
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Yeargin S, Torres-McGehee TM, Emerson D, Koller J, Dickinson J. Hydration, Eating Attitudes and Behaviors in Age and Weight-Restricted Youth American Football Players. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082565. [PMID: 34444723 PMCID: PMC8401195 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of research examining hydration and nutrition behaviors in youth American football players. A potentially unique risk factor are league restrictions based on weight (WR) or age (AR). The purpose of this study was to examine hydration status between WR and AR leagues. The secondary purpose was to describe eating patterns in players. An observational cohort design with 63 youth football players (10 ± 1 yrs, 148.2 ± 9.4 cm, 44.9 ± 15.3 kg) was utilized. Independent variables were league (AR (n = 36); WR (n = 27)) and activity type (practice (PX = 8); game (GM = 3)). Dependent variables were hydration status (urine osmolality; percent change in body mass (%BM)), eating attitudes (Children’s Eating Attitude Test (ChEAT-26)) and self-reported frequency of meals. On average, players arrived activity mildly hypohydrated (830 ± 296 mOsm/kg) and %BM was minimal (−0.1 ± 0.7%) during events. Players consumed 2 ± 1 meals and 1 ± 1 snack before events. The ChEAT-26 survey reported 21.6% (n = 8) of players were at risk for abnormal eating attitudes. Among these players, eating binges, vomiting, excessive exercise and drastic weight loss were reported. Youth American football players arrived activity mildly hypohydrated and consumed enough fluid during activity to maintain euhydration. Abnormal eating attitudes and the use of unhealthy weight loss methods were reported by some youth American football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yeargin
- Exercise Science Department, Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Toni M. Torres-McGehee
- Exercise Science Department, Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Dawn Emerson
- Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Sciences, and Athletic Training, School of Health Professions University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | | | - John Dickinson
- Palmetto Health/USC Orthopedic Center, Columbia, SC 29203, USA;
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Terenzio A, Cassera A, Gervasoni A, Pozzi A, Orlando A, Greco A, Palestini P, Cazzaniga E. The Impact of a Nutritional Intervention Program on Eating Behaviors in Italian Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147313. [PMID: 34299762 PMCID: PMC8303861 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A balanced diet is a fundamental component of athletes’ health, training, and performance. The majority of athletes choose adequate quantities of macronutrients but, at the same time, do not respect World Health Organization dietary guidelines, eating a lot of discretionary food and not drinking enough water. Athletes need more nutritional education to improve the quality of their food choice. By modifying their eating habits, they could also enhance their performance. Our study aimed to evaluate the impact of nutritional intervention on eating habits in a group of Northern Italian athletes. A sample of 87 athletes (41 males and 46 females) aged 16.5 ± 2.9 was enrolled. We organized meetings and detected eating habits (before and after the meetings) using a food frequencies questionnaire. We found that nutritional intervention positively affected participants consumption of vegetables (p < 0.05), nuts (p < 0.001), legumes (p < 0.001), and fish (p < 0.05). Other aspects of the athletes’ eating habits were not significantly improved. Some gender differences were found; males increased their consumption of vegetables (p < 0.05) and nuts (p < 0.001), while females increased their intake of legumes (p < 0.001). Our finding suggested that nutritional intervention could promote healthy eating habits among athletes. If sports nutrition experts, coaches, personal trainers, sports medicine experts, and athletes cooperated, they could guarantee athletes’ health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Terenzio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.T.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (A.O.); (P.P.)
| | - Alice Cassera
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.T.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (A.O.); (P.P.)
| | - Adriano Gervasoni
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (A.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Pozzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.T.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (A.O.); (P.P.)
| | - Antonina Orlando
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.T.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (A.O.); (P.P.)
- Bicocca Center of Science and Technology for Food, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Greco
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (A.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Paola Palestini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.T.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (A.O.); (P.P.)
- Bicocca Center of Science and Technology for Food, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Cazzaniga
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.T.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (A.O.); (P.P.)
- Bicocca Center of Science and Technology for Food, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Atkins WC, McDermott BP, Kanemura K, Adams JD, Kavouras SA. Effects of Hydration Educational Intervention in High School Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:385-390. [PMID: 33337701 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitley C Atkins
- Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Brendon P McDermott
- Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | | | - J D Adams
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina; and
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Eith JM, Haggard CR, Emerson DM, Yeargin SW. Practices of Athletic Trainers Using Weight Charts to Determine Hydration Status and Fluid-Intervention Strategies. J Athl Train 2021; 56:64-70. [PMID: 33259579 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0373.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Determining an athlete's hydration status allows hydration-related concerns to be identified before significant medical or performance concerns arise. Weight charts are an accurate measure of hydration status changes, yet their clinical use by athletic trainers (ATs) is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate ATs' use of weight charts in athletic settings and describe their subsequent clinical decisions. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING High schools and National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions I, II, III and National Association Intercollegiate Athletics colleges. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 354 ATs (men = 162, women = 175; 17 respondents did not answer the demographic questions) responded across athletic settings (Division I [45.7%]; Division II, Division III, National Association Intercollegiate Athletics combined [n = 19.9%]; and high school [34.4%]). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The 26-question online survey was developed by content experts and pilot tested before data collection. Participants answered questions focused on weight-chart use (implementation, timing, and calculations) and clinical decision processes (policies, interventions, and referral). Frequency statistics were calculated. RESULTS The majority of ATs (57.2%) did not use weight charts. Of those who did, most (76.0%) used charts with football, soccer (28%), and wrestling (6%) athletes. They calculated changes as either an absolute (42.2%) or percentage (36.7%) change from prepractice to postpractice; only 11.7% used a baseline weight for calculations. Of those who used the percentage change in body mass, 66.0% selected a threshold of -3% to -4% for an intervention. Most ATs (97.0%) intervened with verbal education, whereas only one-third (37.0%) provided specific fluid amounts based on body mass changes. CONCLUSIONS Typically, ATs in athletic settings did not use weight charts. They considered a body mass change of -3% the indication for intervention but did not specify rehydration amounts for hypohydrated athletes. Educational workshops or technology applications could be developed to encourage ATs to use weight charts and calculate appropriate individual fluid interventions for their athletes.
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O’Neal E, Boy T, Davis B, Pritchett K, Pritchett R, Nepocatych S, Black K. Post-Exercise Sweat Loss Estimation Accuracy of Athletes and Physically Active Adults: A Review. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8080113. [PMID: 32796724 PMCID: PMC7466670 DOI: 10.3390/sports8080113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purposes of this review were to provide a qualitative description of nine investigations in which sweat losses were estimated by participants following exercise and to perform a quantitative analysis of the collective data. Unique estimations (n = 297) were made by 127 men and 116 women after a variety of exercise modalities in moderate to hot environmental conditions. Actual sweat loss exceeded estimated sweat loss (p < 0.001) for women (1.072 ± 0.473 vs. 0.481 ± 0.372 L), men (1.778 ± 0.907 vs. 0.908 ± 0.666 L) and when all data were combined (1.428 ± 0.806 vs. 0.697 ± 0.581 L), respectively. However, estimation accuracy did not differ between women (55.2 ± 51.5%) and men (62.4 ± 54.5%). Underestimation of 50% or more of sweat losses were exhibited in 168 (54%) of estimation scenarios with heavier sweaters displaying a higher prevalence and trend of greater underestimations in general. Most modern guidelines for fluid intake during and between training bouts are based on approximate sweat loss estimation knowledge. These guidelines will likely have minimal efficacy if greater awareness of how to determine sweat losses and accurate recognition of sweat losses is not increased by coaches and athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric O’Neal
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL 35633, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Tara Boy
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL 35633, USA;
| | - Brett Davis
- Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36166, USA;
| | - Kelly Pritchett
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA; (K.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Robert Pritchett
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA; (K.P.); (R.P.)
| | | | - Katherine Black
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
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Sweat Characteristics of Cramp-Prone and Cramp-Resistant Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:218–228. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs) are thought to be caused by dehydration and/or electrolyte losses. In this multicenter, cross-sectional study, the authors determined whether sweat rates (SRs), sweat electrolyte concentrations, or sweat electrolyte content differed in athletes with (i.e., crampers) and without (i.e., noncrampers) a history of EAMCs and whether these variables could predict EAMC-prone athletes. Male and female collegiate athletes (N = 350) from 11 sports with (n = 245) and without (n = 105) a self-reported history of EAMCs completed a typical exercise or conditioning session. SRs, calculated from body mass, and posterior forearm sweat were analyzed for sweat sodium concentration ([Na+]sw), sweat potassium concentration ([K+]sw), and sweat chloride concentration ([Cl−]sw). The authors used SRs and sweat electrolyte concentrations to calculate sweat electrolyte content lost. Within each gender, no differences in SRs (204 males, p = .92; 146 females, p = .24); [Na+]sw (191 males, p = .55; 126 females, p = .55); Na+sw content (191 males, p = .59; 126 females, p = .20); [K+]sw (192 males, p = .57; 126 females, p = .87); K+sw content (192 males, p = .49; 126 females, p = .03); [Cl−]sw (192 males, p = .94; 77 females, p = .57); and Cl−sw content (192 males, p = .55; 77 females, p = .34) occurred between crampers and noncrampers. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that sweat electrolyte content and SRs were predictive of EAMC-prone athletes in American football (area under curve = 0.65–0.72, p ≤ .005), but not in any other sport. EAMCs may not be solely caused by fluid or electrolyte losses in most athletes. Fluid and electrolyte replacement may help American footballers. Clinicians should individualize fluid and electrolyte replacement and understand different etiologies for EAMCs.
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García-Berger D, Mackay K, Monsalves-Alvarez M, Jorquera C, Ramirez-Campillo R, Zbinden-Foncea H, Castro-Sepulveda M. Effects of skim milk and isotonic drink consumption before exercise on fluid homeostasis and time-trial performance in cyclists: a randomized cross-over study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:17. [PMID: 32228635 PMCID: PMC7106740 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydration status affects endurance performance. Pre-exercise hydration recommendations target the consumption of high carbohydrate and sodium beverages. Milk, due to its carbohydrate and sodium content, may be considered an effective pre-exercise hydration beverage. PURPOSE In a randomized cross-over trial, we compared the effects of an isotonic sport drink (SPD) with skim milk (SM) consumption before a race, on fluid homeostasis and time-trial performance in road cyclists. METHODS Male road cyclists (n = 9; age, 26.8 ± 4.78 years) with 10.8 ± 8.56 years of experience in national competitions, consumed either SPD or SM in doses of 350 mL at 3 h and 350 mL at 1.5 h before a 18.6 km time-trial race. Measurements of body mass, urine specific gravity (USG), urine color and time-trial were compared between drinks (group; g) before and after the race (time; t). RESULTS The two-way ANOVA showed no differences between SPD and SM in body mass (t, p < 0.0001; g, p = 0.89; t × g, p = 0.54), USG (t, p = 0.01; g, p = 0.63; t × g, p = 0.29) and urine color (t, p = 0.01; g, p = 0.54; t × g, p = 0.28) before or after race. Furthermore, no differences on water consumption during the race (p = 0.55) or time-trial performance (p = 0.84) were observed between trials. CONCLUSION Current results may help athletes with different beverages preferences to increase their options of hydration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danniela García-Berger
- Nutrition and Exercise laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Mackay
- School of Exercise and Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Carlos Jorquera
- Nutrition and Exercise laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance. Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group. Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Av. Pedro de Valdivia # 1509, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Castro-Sepulveda
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Av. Pedro de Valdivia # 1509, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
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Sports nutrition interventions: A systematic review of behavioural strategies used to promote dietary behaviour change in athletes. Appetite 2020; 150:104645. [PMID: 32112958 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Designing and implementing successful dietary interventions is integral to the role of sports nutrition professionals. Despite this, no review has evaluated sports nutrition interventions and consequently their active ingredients are not defined. This systematic review aimed to identify the behavioural strategies used in sports nutrition interventions and to explore any relationship between the strategies employed and intervention effects. SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, and SCOPUS were searched for behavioural interventions that aimed to change athletes' dietary behaviour. Behavioural interventions were eligible for inclusion provided pre and post-measures of dietary intake were reported. The protocol adheres to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P). Each study was coded against the "Template for Intervention Description and Replication" (TIDieR) checklist and the Behaviour change technique (BCT) taxonomy v1. Only 19 BCTs are currently employed within sports nutrition interventions suggesting that 80% of the available BCTs are not being used. Only three studies were theory informed and the standard of reporting across all studies requires substantial improvement. However, the majority of studies reported changes in athletes' dietary behaviour post-intervention. This review highlights an absence of evidence-informed approaches defining the professional practice of sports nutrition and illuminates a limited application of BCTs within the sports nutrition field. Consequently, the authors provide a framework and guide for intervention development to increase rigour and effectiveness of future sports nutrition interventions. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018072283.
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Bigg JL, Gamble AS, Vermeulen TF, Bigg LM, Spriet LL. Sweat Loss and Fluid Intake of Female Varsity Ice Hockey Players During On-Ice Practices and Games. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 34:389-395. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hydration Status and Fluid Needs of Division I Female Collegiate Athletes Exercising Indoors and Outdoors. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7070155. [PMID: 31247986 PMCID: PMC6681079 DOI: 10.3390/sports7070155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose was to determine differences in acute and chronic hydration status in female student-athletes (n = 40) practicing in moderate, dry conditions (17-25 °C, 30-57% humidity) indoors and outdoors. Body weight and urine samples were recorded before and after exercise as well as fluid intake. Sweat rates expressed as median and interquartile range did not differ, but fluid intake was significantly higher during indoor (0.64 [0.50, 0.83] L/h) vs. outdoor conditions (0.51 [0.43, 0.63] L/h), p = 0.001. Fluid intake compensated for indoor sweat rate but not outdoors. When exercising indoors, 49% of the student-athletes reported urine specific gravity (USG) values >1.020, and 24% of the day after morning samples were scored ≥4 on the color chart rating. The percentages increased to 58% and 31%, respectively, when exercising outdoors (p > 0.05). Thus, fluid intake was higher indoors vs. outdoors but sweat rate did not differ among athletes. Yet, chronic hydration status was impaired in more than 50% of the student-athletes with a discrepancy between USG scores and urine color scores identifying underhydration. This suggest that 24-h fluid intake should be taken into account and that hydration protocols may need to be tailored individually based on urine USG values. Practice location (indoors vs. outdoors) may further complicate hydration protocols.
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Aphamis G, Stavrinou PS, Andreou E, Giannaki CD. Hydration status, total water intake and subjective feelings of adolescents living in a hot environment, during a typical school day. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2019; 33:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2018-0230/ijamh-2018-0230.xml. [PMID: 30951499 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2018-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Individuals living in a hot environment appear to face increased risk of dehydration. Currently there is not extensive literature on the adolescent population in relation to hydration. The aim of the present study was to assess hydration status and total water intake (TWI) at school, of adolescents living in a hot environment, and to investigate the association of hydration and TWI with various subjective feelings. METHODS The hydration status of 141 adolescents (boys n = 102), age 15-17 years, was assessed via urine specific gravity (USG), at the beginning (07:30 am) and at the end (1:30 pm) of one school day. TWI from fluids and solid food was assessed via detailed food and fluid records. Subjective feelings (i.e. thirst, alertness, ability to concentrate) were recorded by specific scales. RESULTS Ninety percent of the students arrived dehydrated at school (USG >1.020). Thirteen students were hydrated (USG <1.020), 67 students were slightly dehydrated (USG 1.021-1.029), and 50 students were seriously dehydrated (USG >1.030). There was no difference in TWI between the three groups (765 ± 451 mL). TWI correlated with alertness (p = 0.005) and the ability to concentrate (p = 0.015), and inversely correlated with fatigue (p = 0.015). Seriously dehydrated students felt less alert in the morning (p < 0.035) whereas the feeling of thirst was similar between all groups. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of the dehydration of the adolescents during school time appeared to be extremely high, and thirst was not driving those adolescents to drink enough. Apart from health concerns, school performance could be affected by dehydration and inadequate water intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Aphamis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitisas Avenue, CY 1700, Nicosia, Cyprus, Phone: +357-22841500, Fax: +357-22357481
| | | | - Eleni Andreou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Perales-García A, Ortega RM, Urrialde R, López-Sobaler AM. Physical activity and sedentary behavior impacts on dietary water intake and hydration status in Spanish schoolchildren: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208748. [PMID: 30596654 PMCID: PMC6312295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of maintaining an adequate hydration status and the complexity of the water balance make it necessary to study the lifestyle factors that can influence or modify these variables. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hydration status and dietary water intake for a sample of Spanish schoolchildren from 7 to 12 years old and their associations with physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors. METHODS A total of 242 schoolchildren was studied (49.17% females). A 24-hour urine sample was collected from each child, and the urine volume and osmolality were measured to estimate the hydration status (adequate hydration ≤800 mOsm/kg). In addition, a 3-day dietary record was completed to evaluate their water intake according to EFSA parameters. Dietary information was processed with DIAL software, and a statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Student's t-test was used to study the normal variables, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for those that were not normal. In the case of the categorical variables, the Z and Chi-Square proportions tests were used. The Bonferroni test was used to adjust the values in multiple comparisons. To evaluate the influence of these lifestyles on the urine osmolality, a 2-way ANOVA and an odds ratio were used. RESULTS A total of 48.3% of the sample presented an adequate hydration status, and the percentage was significantly higher in females (p = 0.003). Only 20.9% showed an adequate intake of dietary water. The lifestyle influence reveals that more inactive and non-sedentary schoolchildren were adequately hydrated (p = 0.008). PA (practice ≥1 h/day) was associated with a higher risk of having an inadequate hydration status, even when accounting for sex and other lifestyle factors (OR = 1.753(1.006-3.054), p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS Approximately half of the participants presented an inadequate hydration status (which was higher in males than in females). PA (practice ≥1 h/day) was associated with a higher risk of inadequate hydration. This fact highlighted the importance of raising awareness about hydration in children, especially in ones who are more active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aránzazu Perales-García
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science; Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Ortega
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science; Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- VALORNUT Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Urrialde
- Health and Nutrition Department; Coca-Cola Iberia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. López-Sobaler
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science; Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- VALORNUT Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Patton-Lopez MM, Manore MM, Branscum A, Meng Y, Wong SS. Changes in Sport Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes/Beliefs and Behaviors Following a Two-Year Sport Nutrition Education and Life-Skills Intervention among High School Soccer Players. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1636. [PMID: 30400200 PMCID: PMC6266993 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a sport nutrition education and life-skills intervention on sport nutrition knowledge (SNK), attitudes/beliefs and dietary behaviors relevant to sport nutrition among high school (HS) soccer players. Three assessments were done over the 2-year intervention (baseline = time 1, end year 1 = time 2, end year 2 = time 3). Participants (n = 217; females = 64%; Latino = 47.5%; 14.9 ± 0.9-year; 46.5% National School Breakfast/Lunch Program) were assigned to an intervention group (IG, n = 153; 9 schools) or comparison group (CG, n = 64; 4 schools) based on geographical location. Differences over time were examined based on group, sex, socioeconomic status (SES) and race/ethnicity. The IG increased SNK scores by ~10% (time 1 = 51.6%; time 3 = 60.9%; p ≤ 0.001), with the greatest change in the female IG vs. CG and no differences in male IG vs. CG. Daily breakfast consumption was 53.7% in both groups. IG players were 3 times more likely (95%CI = 2.59, 7.77) to report trying to eat for performance (IG = 48.7% vs. CG = 30.2%). By time 3, IG players were less likely to report that 'diet met nutritional requirements' (31.6%) compared to CG (47.6%). For IG, the consumption of lunch (≥5-days/week) did not change (92.2⁻93.4%), but declined in the CG (90.6%) (p = 0.04). No other differences by sub-population (race/ethnicity, SES) were observed. Our findings indicate that HS athletes are motivated to learn and improve diet behaviors, and benefit from team-based nutrition interventions. Future interventions should consider delivery of curriculum/experiential learning during a defined training period, with messages reinforced with supports at home, school and athletic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Patton-Lopez
- Division of Health & Exercise Science, Western Oregon University, Monmouth, OR 97361, USA.
| | - Melinda M Manore
- Nutrition, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Adam Branscum
- Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Science, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Yu Meng
- Nutrition, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Siew Sun Wong
- Nutrition, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
- Family and Community Health, School of Biological and Population Health Science, College of Public Health and Human Sciences Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Nuccio RP, Barnes KA, Carter JM, Baker LB. Fluid Balance in Team Sport Athletes and the Effect of Hypohydration on Cognitive, Technical, and Physical Performance. Sports Med 2017; 47:1951-1982. [PMID: 28508338 PMCID: PMC5603646 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sweat losses in team sports can be significant due to repeated bursts of high-intensity activity, as well as the large body size of athletes, equipment and uniform requirements, and environmental heat stress often present during training and competition. In this paper we aimed to: (1) describe sweat losses and fluid balance changes reported in team sport athletes, (2) review the literature assessing the impact of hypohydration on cognitive, technical, and physical performance in sports-specific studies, (3) briefly review the potential mechanisms by which hypohydration may impact team sport performance, and (4) discuss considerations for future directions. Significant hypohydration (mean body mass loss (BML) >2%) has been reported most consistently in soccer. Although American Football, rugby, basketball, tennis, and ice hockey have reported high sweating rates, fluid balance disturbances have generally been mild (mean BML <2%), suggesting that drinking opportunities were sufficient for most athletes to offset significant fluid losses. The effect of hydration status on team sport performance has been studied mostly in soccer, basketball, cricket, and baseball, with mixed results. Hypohydration typically impaired performance at higher levels of BML (3-4%) and when the method of dehydration involved heat stress. Increased subjective ratings of fatigue and perceived exertion consistently accompanied hypohydration and could explain, in part, the performance impairments reported in some studies. More research is needed to develop valid, reliable, and sensitive sport-specific protocols and should be used in future studies to determine the effects of hypohydration and modifying factors (e.g., age, sex, athlete caliber) on team sport performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Nuccio
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA.
| | - Kelly A Barnes
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
| | - James M Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
| | - Lindsay B Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
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18
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McDermott BP, Anderson SA, Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, Cheuvront SN, Cooper L, Kenney WL, O'Connor FG, Roberts WO. National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Fluid Replacement for the Physically Active. J Athl Train 2017; 52:877-895. [PMID: 28985128 PMCID: PMC5634236 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-52.9.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present evidence-based recommendations that promote optimized fluid-maintenance practices for physically active individuals. BACKGROUND Both a lack of adequate fluid replacement (hypohydration) and excessive intake (hyperhydration) can compromise athletic performance and increase health risks. Athletes need access to water to prevent hypohydration during physical activity but must be aware of the risks of overdrinking and hyponatremia. Drinking behavior can be modified by education, accessibility, experience, and palatability. This statement updates practical recommendations regarding fluid-replacement strategies for physically active individuals. RECOMMENDATIONS Educate physically active people regarding the benefits of fluid replacement to promote performance and safety and the potential risks of both hypohydration and hyperhydration on health and physical performance. Quantify sweat rates for physically active individuals during exercise in various environments. Work with individuals to develop fluid-replacement practices that promote sufficient but not excessive hydration before, during, and after physical activity.
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Emerson DM, Torres-McGehee TM, Emerson CC, LaSalle TL. Individual fluid plans versus ad libitum on hydration status in minor professional ice hockey players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:25. [PMID: 28775674 PMCID: PMC5539891 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite exercising in cool environments, ice hockey players exhibit several dehydration risk factors. Individualized fluid plans (IFPs) are designed to mitigate dehydration by matching an individual’s sweat loss in order to optimize physiological systems and performance. Methods A randomized control trial was used to examine IFP versus ad libitum fluid ingestion on hydration in 11 male minor professional ice hockey players (mean age = 24.4 ± 2.6 years, height = 183.0 ± 4.6 cm, weight = 92.9 ± 7.8 kg). Following baseline measures over 2 practices, participants were randomly assigned to either control (CON) or intervention (INT) for 10 additional practices. CON participants were provided water and/or carbohydrate electrolyte beverage to drink ad libitum. INT participants were instructed to consume water and an electrolyte-enhanced carbohydrate electrolyte beverage to match sweat and sodium losses. Urine specific gravity, urine color, and percent body mass change characterized hydration status. Total fluid consumed during practice was assessed. Results INT consumed significantly more fluid than CON (1180.8 ± 579.0 ml vs. 788.6 ± 399.7 ml, p = 0.002). However, CON participants replaced only 25.4 ± 12.9% of their fluid needs and INT 35.8 ± 17.5%. Mean percent body mass loss was not significantly different between groups and overall indicated minimal dehydration (<1.2% loss). Pre-practice urine specific gravity indicated CON and INT began hypohydrated (mean = 1.024 ± 0.007 and 1.024 ± 0.006, respectively) and experienced dehydration during practice (post = 1.026 ± 0.006 and 1.027 ± 0.005, respectively, p < 0.001). Urine color increased pre- to post-practice for CON (5 ± 2 to 6 ± 1, p < 0.001) and INT (5 ± 1 to 6 ± 1, p < 0.001). Conclusions Participants consistently reported to practice hypohydrated. Ad libitum fluid intake was not significantly different than IFP on hydration status. Based on urine measures, both methods were unsuccessful in preventing dehydration during practice, suggesting practice-only hydration is inadequate to maintain euhydration in this population when beginning hypohydrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Emerson
- University of South Carolina, Department of Physical Education and Athletic Training, 1300 Wheat Street, Blatt PE Center, Room 218, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.,Current address: Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Robinson, Room 161, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045 USA
| | - Toni M Torres-McGehee
- University of South Carolina, Department of Physical Education and Athletic Training, 1300 Wheat Street, Blatt PE Center, Room 218, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.,Current address: Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Public Health Research Center, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Charles C Emerson
- University of South Carolina, Department of Physical Education and Athletic Training, 1300 Wheat Street, Blatt PE Center, Room 218, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.,Current address: Department of Athletics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Road, SRC 201, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA
| | - Teri L LaSalle
- University of South Carolina, Department of Physical Education and Athletic Training, 1300 Wheat Street, Blatt PE Center, Room 218, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.,Current address: Hughston Society, Columbus, GA USA
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20
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Judge LW, Kumley RF, Bellar DM, Pike KL, Pierson EE, Weidner T, Pearson D, Friesen CA. Hydration and Fluid Replacement Knowledge, Attitudes, Barriers, and Behaviors of NCAA Division 1 American Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2972-2978. [PMID: 26950346 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Judge, LW, Kumley, RF, Bellar, DM, Pike, KL, Pierson, EE, Weidner, T, Pearson, D, and Friesen, CA. Hydration and fluid replacement knowledge, attitudes, barriers, and behaviors of NCAA Division 1 American football players. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 2972-2978, 2016-Hydration is an important part of athletic performance, and understanding athletes' hydration knowledge, attitudes, barriers, and behaviors is critical for sport practitioners. The aim of this study was to assess National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 (D1) American football players, with regard to hydration and fluid intake before, during, and after exercise, and to apply this assessment to their overall hydration practice. The sample consisted of 100 student-athletes from 2 different NCAA D1 universities, who participated in voluntary summer football conditioning. Participants completed a survey to identify the fluid and hydration knowledge, attitudes and behaviors, demographic data, primary football position, previous nutrition education, and barriers to adequate fluid consumption. The average Hydration Knowledge Score (HKS) for the participants in the present study was 11.8 ± 1.9 (69.4% correct), with scores ranging from 42 to 100% correct. Four key misunderstandings regarding hydration, specifically related to intervals of hydration habits among the study subjects, were revealed. Only 24% of the players reported drinking enough fluids before, during, immediately after, and 2 hours after practice. Generalized linear model analysis predicted the outcome variable HKS (χ = 28.001, p = 0.045), with nutrition education (Wald χ = 8.250, p = 0.041) and position on the football team (χ = 9.361, p = 0.025) being significant predictors. "Backs" (e.g., quarterbacks, running backs, and defensive backs) demonstrated significantly higher hydration knowledge than "Linemen" (p = 0.014). Findings indicated that if changes are not made to increase hydration awareness levels among football teams, serious health consequences, including potential fatalities, could occur on the field, especially among heavier linemen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence W Judge
- 1School of Kinesiology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana; 2Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana; 3School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana; and 4Didactic Program in Dietetics, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
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Nascimento M, Silva D, Ribeiro S, Nunes M, Almeida M, Mendes-Netto R. Effect of a Nutritional Intervention in Athlete's Body Composition, Eating Behaviour and Nutritional Knowledge: A Comparison between Adults and Adolescents. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8090535. [PMID: 27618088 PMCID: PMC5037522 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to evaluate and compare the effect of a nutritional intervention between adolescent and adult. In a before and after quasi-experimental clinical study, 32 athletes (21 adults, age range 20-32 years; 11 adolescents, age range: 12-19 years) participated in a nutritional counselling consisting of four consultations separated by an interval of 45 to 60 days. The athlete's eating behaviour, body composition and nutrition knowledge were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the protocol. Both groups increased lean body mass and nutritional knowledge. Adolescents increased their mid-arm muscle circumference and improved meal frequency, and daily water intake. Athletes of both groups improved their ingestion of vegetables and fruits and decreased the ingestion of sweets and oils. Adolescents showed a higher prevalence of individuals that remained within or approached to the recommendations of sweets. This is the first study to evaluate and compare the effect of a nutritional intervention between adolescent and adult athletes body composition, eating behaviour and nutritional knowledge. The nutritional counselling has been effective in promoting beneficial changes on the athlete's eating behaviour, nutritional knowledge and body composition, however, some healthy changes were only experienced by adolescents, especially in the frequency of meals and the intake of sweets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Nascimento
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Silva
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Ribeiro
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Marco Nunes
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Almeida
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Mendes-Netto
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil.
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Abstract
Both acute and chronic dehydration can have important implications for human behaviour and health. Young children, non-autonomous individuals and the elderly are at a greater risk of dehydration. Mild hypertonic dehydration could be related to less efficient cognitive and physical performance and has been reported to be associated with frequently occurring pathological conditions, especially nephrolithiasis. The assessment of hydration status in a large sample appears to be of interest for conducting epidemiological and large clinical studies aimed at improving preventive and curative care. Especially in large-population studies, methods that are used have to be accurate, cheap, quick and require no technical expertise. Body weight change is widely used to determine acute hydration changes, but seems to be insufficiently accurate in longitudinal studies. Bioimpedance analysis methods enable the assessment of total body water content, but their use is still under debate. Because plasma osmolality directly reflects intracellular osmolality, it constitutes a good marker to assess acute hydration changes, but not chronic hydration status because it changes constantly. Moreover, venepuncture is considered to be invasive and is not suitable for a large-sample study, especially in children. Urinary markers appear to be good alternatives for assessing hydration status in large populations. Collection of urine samples is non-invasive and cheap. High technical expertise is not required to perform urinary marker measurements and these measurements can be carried out quickly. Thus, methods based on urinary markers are very well suited for field studies. Urine colour is probably the least sensitive marker despite its high specificity. Urine osmolality and especially urine specific gravity could be easily used for determining hydration status in large-sample studies.
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Yeargin SW, Finn ME, Eberman LE, Gage MJ, McDermott BP, Niemann A. Ad libitum fluid consumption via self- or external administration. J Athl Train 2014; 50:51-8. [PMID: 25389698 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT During team athletic events, athletic trainers commonly provide fluids with water bottles. When a limited number of water bottles exist, various techniques are used to deliver fluids. OBJECTIVE To determine whether fluid delivered via water-bottle administration influenced fluid consumption and hydration status. DESIGN Crossover study. SETTING Outdoor field (22.2°C ± 3.5°C). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Nineteen participants (14 men, 5 women, age = 30 ± 10 years, height = 176 ± 8 cm, mass = 72.5 ± 10 kg) were recruited from the university and local running clubs. INTERVENTION(S) The independent variable was fluid delivery with 3 levels: self-administration with mouth-to-bottle direct contact (SA-DC), self-administration with no contact between mouth and bottle (SA-NC), and external administration with no contact between the mouth and the bottle (EA-NC). Participants warmed up for 10 minutes before completing 5 exercise stations, after which an ad libitum fluid break was given, for a total of 6 breaks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We measured the fluid variables of total volume consumed, total number of squirts, and average volume per squirt. Hydration status via urine osmolality and body-mass loss, and perceptual variables for thirst and fullness were recorded. We calculated repeated-measures analyses of variance to assess hydration status, fluid variables, and perceptual measures to analyze conditions across time. RESULTS The total volume consumed for EA-NC was lower than for SA-DC (P = .001) and SA-NC (P = .001). The total number of squirts for SA-DC was lower than for SA-NC (P = .009). The average volume per squirt for EA-NC was lower than for SA-DC (P = .020) and SA-NC (P = .009). Participants arrived (601.0 ± 21.3 mOsm/L) and remained (622.3 ± 38.3 mOsm/L) hydrated, with no difference between conditions (P = .544); however, the EA-NC condition lost more body mass than did the SA-DC condition (P = .001). There was no main effect for condition on thirst (P = .147) or fullness (P = .475). CONCLUSIONS External administration of fluid decreased total volume consumed via a decreased average volume per squirt. The SA-DC method requires fewer squirts within a specific time frame. Fluid breaks every 15 minutes resulted in maintenance of euhydration; however, loss of body mass was influenced by fluid administration. Athletic trainers should avoid external administration to promote positive hydration behaviors. When fluid is self-administered, individual bottles may be the best clinical practice because more volume can be consumed per squirt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan W Yeargin
- Department of Physical Education and Athletic Training, University of South Carolina, Columbia
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