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Yopa DS, Massom DM, Kiki GM, Sophie RW, Fasine S, Thiam O, Zinaba L, Ngangue P. Barriers and enablers to the implementation of one health strategies in developing countries: a systematic review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1252428. [PMID: 38074697 PMCID: PMC10701386 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1252428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction One Health is a concept that establishes the link between humans, animals and the environment in a collaborative approach. Since One Health's inception, several interventions have been developed in many regions and countries worldwide to tackle complex health problems, including epidemics and pandemics. In the developed world, many collaborative platforms have been created with an international strategy to address issues specific or not to their environment. Unfortunately, there is a lack of synthesis on the challenges and opportunities Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) face. Methods Following The Preferred Reporting Elements for PRISMA Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), we conducted a systematic review. We applied a search strategy to electronic bibliographic databases (PubMed, Embase, Global Health, Web of Science and CINAHL). We assessed the included articles' quality using the Mixed Methods Appraisal tool (MMAT). Results and discussion A total of 424 articles were initially identified through the electronic database search. After removing duplicates (n = 68), 356 articles were screened for title and abstract, and 16 were retained for full-text screening. The identified barriers were the lack of political will, weak governance and lack of human, financial and logistics resources. Concerning the enablers, we listed the existence of a reference framework document for One Health activities, good coordination between the different sectors at the various levels, the importance of joint and multisectoral meetings that advocated the One Health approach and the Availability of funds and adequate resources coupled with the support of Technical and Financial partners. Conclusion One Health strategy and interventions must be implemented widely to address the rising burden of emerging infectious diseases, zoonotic diseases, and antimicrobial resistance. Addressing those challenges and reinforcing the enablers to promote managing global health challenges is necessary. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/record_email.php, Unique Identifier: CRD42023393693.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Sandra Yopa
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Douglas Mbang Massom
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Gbètogo Maxime Kiki
- Rehabilitation Department, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sylvie Fasine
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Ministry of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Oumou Thiam
- Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Lassane Zinaba
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Training and Research in Health Sciences and Education, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Patrice Ngangue
- Rehabilitation Department, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Training and Research in Health Sciences and Education, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Faculty of Nursing Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Kumar A, Borkar SK, Choudhari SG, Mendhe HG, Bankar NJ. Recent Outbreak of Monkeypox: Implications for Public Health Recommendations and Crisis Management in India. Cureus 2023; 15:e45671. [PMID: 37868437 PMCID: PMC10589906 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a rare and self-limiting disease that was eradicated globally through vaccination approximately forty years ago, following the eradication of smallpox. The purpose of this article is to explore the implications of the recent monkeypox outbreak on public health recommendations and crisis management in India. An overview of the consequences of the current monkeypox epidemic on public health, epidemiology, clinical findings, management, challenges, and existing strategies for this disease, along with recommendations are discussed. It is crucial to develop evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of monkeypox, as well as early case identification and contact tracing. To prevent the spread of infection, travelers from affected countries should be subjected to health testing and quarantine. In order to successfully control the outbreak, a multidisciplinary team should be established to manage the monkeypox virus at tertiary care facilities, and health workers with occupational exposure to the virus should be assessed and given management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Kumar
- Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Medical College, Nagpur, IND
| | - Sonali K Borkar
- Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Medical College, Nagpur, IND
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Barasa V, Virhia J. Using Intersectionality to Identify Gendered Barriers to Health-Seeking for Febrile Illness in Agro-Pastoralist Settings in Tanzania. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 2:746402. [PMID: 35156085 PMCID: PMC8835114 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2021.746402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundResearch has shown that gender is a significant determinant of health-seeking behavior around the world. Gender power relations and lay etiologies of illness can influence the distribution of household resources, including for healthcare. In some rural settings in Africa, gender intersects with multiple forms of health inequities, from proximal socio-cultural factors to more “upstream” or distal health system determinants which can amplify barriers to health-seeking for specific groups in specific contexts.AimWe used an intersectionality approach to determine how women in particular, experience gendered barriers to accessing healthcare among Maa and non-Maa speaking agro-pastoralists in northern Tanzania. We also explored lay etiologies of febrile illness, perceptions of health providers and rural health-seeking behavior in order to identify the most common barriers to accessing healthcare in these settings.MethodsMixed method ethnographic approaches were used to collect data between 2016 and 2018 from four Maa-speaking and two Swahili-speaking agro-pastoralist villages in northern Tanzania. Maa-speaking villages were based in Naiti, Monduli district while non-Maa speaking villages were selected from Msitu in Babati district. Data on health seeking behaviors was collected through semi-structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and home and facility-based participant observation.FindingsThe results primarily focus on the qualitative outcomes of both studies. We found that febrile illness was locally categorized across a spectrum of severity ranging from normal and expected illness to serious illness that required hospital treatment. Remedial actions taken to treat febrile illness included attending local health facilities, obtaining medicines from drug sellers and use of herbal remedies. We found barriers to health-seeking played out at different scales, from the health system, community (inter-household decision making) and household (intra-household decision making). Gender-based barriers at the household had a profound effect on health-seeking. Younger married women delayed seeking healthcare the most, as they often had to negotiate health-seeking with husbands and extended family members, including co-wives and mothers-in-law who make the majority of health-related decisions.ConclusionAn intersectional approach enabled us to gain a nuanced understanding of determinants of health-seeking behavior beyond the commonly assumed barriers such lack of public health infrastructure. We propose tapping into the potential of senior older women involved in local therapy-management groups, to explore gender-transformative approaches to health-seeking, including tackling gender-based barriers at the community level. While these social factors are important, ultimately, improving the public health infrastructure in these settings is a first step toward addressing structural determinants of treatment-seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violet Barasa
- The Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Violet Barasa
| | - Jennika Virhia
- The Institute of Health and Wellbeing, School of Social and Political Science, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Frumence G, Mboera LEG, Sindato C, Durrance-Bagale A, Jung AS, Mshana SE, Clark TG, Legido-Quigley H, Matee MI. Practices and Challenges of Veterinary Paraprofessionals in Regards to Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Animals in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060733. [PMID: 34204437 PMCID: PMC8234030 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a qualitative study to explore the practices and challenges of veterinary paraprofessionals (paravets) on antimicrobial use and resistance in domestic animals. METHODS This was a qualitative study, which involved semi-structured interviews with paravets from the Ilala, Ubungo, Kigamboni, Kinondoni, and Temeke districts in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. RESULTS A total of 40 paravets participated in this study. The majority (72.5%) admitted to having not undergone any formal training on antimicrobial use and/or resistance. Paravets face several challenges, including poor working conditions and having no access to laboratory services to advise on antimicrobial choice and selection. They also face challenges from livestock farmers such as the inability to afford the recommended medicines, the self-prescription of antimicrobials, and poor record keeping. The presence of sub-standard medicine and the lack of guidelines on the appropriate disposal of medicines were also identified as affecting their services. CONCLUSION Paravets should be trained in the judicious use of antimicrobials, and the same training should be used to refresh their knowledge on the diagnosis and prevention of infections. The Veterinary Council of Tanzania and other regulatory agencies should assist in addressing the challenges facing paravets that are related to animal health services and the quality of medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gasto Frumence
- Department of Development Studies, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65454, Dar es Salaam 65001, Tanzania
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 3019, Tanzania; (L.E.G.M.); (C.S.); (S.E.M.); (M.I.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leonard E. G. Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 3019, Tanzania; (L.E.G.M.); (C.S.); (S.E.M.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Calvin Sindato
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 3019, Tanzania; (L.E.G.M.); (C.S.); (S.E.M.); (M.I.M.)
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora Research Centre, P.O. Box 482, 026 Boma Road, Tabora 45026, Tanzania
| | - Anna Durrance-Bagale
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK; (A.D.-B.); (A.-S.J.); (T.G.C.); (H.L.-Q.)
| | - Anne-Sophie Jung
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK; (A.D.-B.); (A.-S.J.); (T.G.C.); (H.L.-Q.)
| | - Stephen E. Mshana
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 3019, Tanzania; (L.E.G.M.); (C.S.); (S.E.M.); (M.I.M.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza 33109, Tanzania
| | - Taane G. Clark
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK; (A.D.-B.); (A.-S.J.); (T.G.C.); (H.L.-Q.)
| | - Helena Legido-Quigley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK; (A.D.-B.); (A.-S.J.); (T.G.C.); (H.L.-Q.)
| | - Mecky I. Matee
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 3019, Tanzania; (L.E.G.M.); (C.S.); (S.E.M.); (M.I.M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
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Kimera ZI, Frumence G, Mboera LEG, Rweyemamu M, Mshana SE, Matee MIN. Assessment of Drivers of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Poultry and Domestic Pig Farming in the Msimbazi River Basin in Tanzania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120838. [PMID: 33255152 PMCID: PMC7760815 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled use of drugs both in humans and animals coupled with environmental contamination exacerbate the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This paper assessed the drivers of antimicrobial use and resistance in poultry and domestic pig farming and the environment. Questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to collect information regarding demographic characteristics, knowledge, practices, attitudes, and perceptions of the drivers of antimicrobial use and resistance in animal farming and the environment. We found a higher proportion of usage of veterinary antimicrobials for prophylactic purposes (87.6%) in animal farming, than for therapeutic purposes (80.5%). The degree of farming experience was significantly (p < 0.05) related to the knowledge on the source of antimicrobial use, methods used in disease diagnosis, access to veterinary services, stocking of antimicrobials at home, and presence of agriculture activities that involve the use of manure. Uncontrolled disposal of wastes from households, disposal of human and veterinary drugs, and weak implementation of the legal framework was identified as the major contributors to the environment. The high usage of veterinary antimicrobials and the environmental contamination identified requires multisectoral interventions, as well as a review of government strategies, policies, and regulations on antimicrobial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhura I. Kimera
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, 11103 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (G.F.); (M.I.N.M.)
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Mtumba Area, P.O. Box 2182, 40487 Dodoma, Tanzania
- Correspondence:
| | - Gasto Frumence
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, 11103 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (G.F.); (M.I.N.M.)
| | - Leonard E. G. Mboera
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, 67125 Morogoro, Tanzania; (L.E.G.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Mark Rweyemamu
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, 67125 Morogoro, Tanzania; (L.E.G.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Stephen E. Mshana
- Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, 33109 Mwanza, Tanzania;
| | - Mecky I. N. Matee
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, 11103 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (G.F.); (M.I.N.M.)
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, 67125 Morogoro, Tanzania; (L.E.G.M.); (M.R.)
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Kiffner C, Latzer M, Vise R, Benson H, Hammon E, Kioko J. Comparative knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding anthrax, brucellosis, and rabies in three districts of northern Tanzania. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1625. [PMID: 31796011 PMCID: PMC6889212 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7900-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surveys regarding zoonotic diseases are crucial to understanding the extent of knowledge among citizens and for guiding health-related education programs. Method Employing a structured questionnaire, we interviewed residents (n = 388) in three districts of northern Tanzania (Karatu n = 128, Monduli n = 114, Babati n = 146) to assess knowledge, attitudes and reported practices regarding three zoonotic diseases that occur in the region (anthrax, brucellosis, and rabies). We used generalized linear mixed effects models and multi-model inference to identify demographic correlates of knowledge. Results Proportional average district- and disease- specific knowledge scores ranged from 0.14–0.61. We found positive correlations between age and knowledge of symptoms, causes and treatments of anthrax (three districts), brucellosis (three districts), and rabies (one district). Gender, ethnic identity, formal education and ownership of livestock or dogs had variable effects on knowledge among the interviewed population. Risk perceptions regarding different diseases varied across districts and were positively correlated with knowledge of the specific diseases. Direct interactions with livestock and domestic dogs were reported to occur across all demographic groups, suggesting that most people living in rural settings of our study area are potentially exposed to zoonotic diseases. Behaviors which may favor transmission of specific pathogens (such as consumption of raw milk or meat) were occasionally reported and varied by district. Wildlife was generally regarded as negative or neutral with regard to overall veterinary and human health. Conclusion The combination of variable knowledge about zoonotic diseases in the three districts, reported occurrence of practices that are conducive to pathogen transmission, and previously documented circulation of pathogens causing anthrax, brucellosis and rabies in our study system, call for health education programs embedded in a holistic One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kiffner
- Center for Wildlife Management Studies, The School For Field Studies, PO Box 304, Karatu, Tanzania.
| | - Michelle Latzer
- School of Public Health, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA
| | - Ruby Vise
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Hayley Benson
- College of Computer, Mathematics, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | | | - John Kioko
- Center for Wildlife Management Studies, The School For Field Studies, PO Box 304, Karatu, Tanzania
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Kitua AY, Scribner S, Rasmuson M, Kambarage D, Mghamba J, Mwakapeje ER, Chinyuka H, Bernard J, Zimmerman K, Duale S, Mutonga D. Building a functional national One Health platform: the case of Tanzania. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2019; 1:3. [PMID: 33829124 PMCID: PMC7990094 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-019-0003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The USAID Preparedness and Response (P&R) project's publication on Multisectoral Coordination that Works identified five dimensions most critical to creating effective and sustainable One Health platforms: political commitment, institutional structure, management and coordination capacity, technical and financial resources, and joint planning and implementation. This case study describes Tanzania experience in using these dimensions to establish a functional One Health platform. The main objective of this case study was to document the process of institutionalizing the One Health approach in Tanzania. METHODS An analysis of the process used to establish and institutionalize the MCM in Tanzania through addressing the five dimensions mentioned above was conducted between August 2018 and January 2019. Progress activity reports, annual reports and minutes of meetings and consultations regarding the establishment of the Tanzania national One Health platform were examined. Relevant One Health publications were studied as reference material. RESULTS This case study illustrates the time and level of effort required of multiple partners to build a functional multi-sectoral coordinating mechanism (MCM). Key facilitating factors were identified and the importance of involving policy and decision makers at all stages of the process to facilitate policy decisions and the institutionalization process was underscored. The need for molding the implementation process using lessons learnt along the way -- "sailing the ship as it was being built" -- is demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Tanzania now has a functioning and institutionalized MCM with a sound institutional structure and capacity to prevent, detect early and respond to health events. The path to its establishment required the patient commitment of a core group of One Health champions and stakeholders along the way to examine carefully and iteratively how best to structure productive multisectoral coordination in the country. The five dimensions identified by the Preparedness and Response project may provide useful guidance to other countries working to establish functional MCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Y. Kitua
- DAI Global Health / USAID/EPT-2 Preparedness and Response Project, Kampala, Uganda
- Public Health and Environment Advancement Interventions NGO ‘NGALAKERI’, Kihonda, Plot 980/81, White House, P.O. Box 5465, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Susan Scribner
- DAI Global Health / USAID/EPT-2 Preparedness and Response Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mark Rasmuson
- DAI Global Health / USAID/EPT-2 Preparedness and Response Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dominic Kambarage
- Mwalimu Julius Nyerere University, Musoma, United Republic of Tanzania
- Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Janneth Mghamba
- Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (MoHCDGEC), Dar-es-Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Elibariki R. Mwakapeje
- Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (MoHCDGEC), Dar-es-Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Harrison Chinyuka
- Prime Minister’s Office, Disaster Management Department, Dar-es-Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Jubilate Bernard
- Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (MoHCDGEC), Dar-es-Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Kate Zimmerman
- DAI Global Health / USAID/EPT-2 Preparedness and Response Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sambe Duale
- DAI Global Health / USAID/EPT-2 Preparedness and Response Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Mutonga
- DAI Global Health / USAID/EPT-2 Preparedness and Response Project, Kampala, Uganda
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Yano T, Phornwisetsirikun S, Susumpow P, Visrutaratna S, Chanachai K, Phetra P, Chaisowwong W, Trakarnsirinont P, Hemwan P, Kaewpinta B, Singhapreecha C, Kreausukon K, Charoenpanyanet A, Robert CS, Robert L, Rodtian P, Mahasing S, Laiya E, Pattamakaew S, Tankitiyanon T, Sansamur C, Srikitjakarn L. A Participatory System for Preventing Pandemics of Animal Origins: Pilot Study of the Participatory One Health Disease Detection (PODD) System. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2018; 4:e25. [PMID: 29563079 PMCID: PMC5885059 DOI: 10.2196/publichealth.7375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aiming for early disease detection and prompt outbreak control, digital technology with a participatory One Health approach was used to create a novel disease surveillance system called Participatory One Health Disease Detection (PODD). PODD is a community-owned surveillance system that collects data from volunteer reporters; identifies disease outbreak automatically; and notifies the local governments (LGs), surrounding villages, and relevant authorities. This system provides a direct and immediate benefit to the communities by empowering them to protect themselves. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the PODD system for the rapid detection and control of disease outbreaks. Methods The system was piloted in 74 LGs in Chiang Mai, Thailand, with the participation of 296 volunteer reporters. The volunteers and LGs were key participants in the piloting of the PODD system. Volunteers monitored animal and human diseases, as well as environmental problems, in their communities and reported these events via the PODD mobile phone app. LGs were responsible for outbreak control and provided support to the volunteers. Outcome mapping was used to evaluate the performance of the LGs and volunteers. Results LGs were categorized into one of the 3 groups based on performance: A (good), B (fair), and C (poor), with the majority (46%,34/74) categorized into group B. Volunteers were similarly categorized into 4 performance groups (A-D), again with group A showing the best performance, with the majority categorized into groups B and C. After 16 months of implementation, 1029 abnormal events had been reported and confirmed to be true reports. The majority of abnormal reports were sick or dead animals (404/1029, 39.26%), followed by zoonoses and other human diseases (129/1029, 12.54%). Many potentially devastating animal disease outbreaks were detected and successfully controlled, including 26 chicken high mortality outbreaks, 4 cattle disease outbreaks, 3 pig disease outbreaks, and 3 fish disease outbreaks. In all cases, the communities and animal authorities cooperated to apply community contingency plans to control these outbreaks, and community volunteers continued to monitor the abnormal events for 3 weeks after each outbreak was controlled. Conclusions By design, PODD initially targeted only animal diseases that potentially could emerge into human pandemics (eg, avian influenza) and then, in response to community needs, expanded to cover human health and environmental health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terdsak Yano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Phonpat Hemwan
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lamar Robert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Ekkachai Laiya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Chalutwan Sansamur
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Mwakapeje ER, Høgset S, Fyumagwa R, Nonga HE, Mdegela RH, Skjerve E. Anthrax outbreaks in the humans - livestock and wildlife interface areas of Northern Tanzania: a retrospective record review 2006-2016. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:106. [PMID: 29304765 PMCID: PMC5755297 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-5007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anthrax outbreaks in Tanzania have been reported from the human, livestock and wildlife sectors over several years, and is among the notifiable diseases. Despite frequent anthrax outbreaks, there is no comprehensive dataset indicating the magnitude and distribution of the disease in susceptible species. This study is a retrospective review of anthrax outbreaks from the human, livestock, and wildlife surveillance systems from 2006 to 2016. The objectives were to identify hotspot districts, describe anthrax epidemiology in the hotspot areas, evaluate the efficiency of the anthrax response systems and identify potential areas for further observational studies. Methods We prepared a spreadsheet template for a retrospective comprehensive record review at different surveillance levels in Tanzania. We captured data elements including demographic characteristics of different species, the name of health facility, and date of anthrax diagnosis. Also, we collected data on the date of specimen collection, species screened, type of laboratory test, laboratory results and the outcome recorded at the end of treatment in humans. After establishing the database, we produced maps in Quantum GIS software and transferred cleaned data to Stata software for supportive statistical analysis. Results Anthrax reported incidences over 4 years in humans were much higher in the Arusha region (7.88/100,000) followed by Kilimanjaro region (6.64/100,000) than other regions of Tanzania Mainland. The health facility based review from hotspot districts in parts of Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions from 2006 to 2016, identified 330 human anthrax cases from the selected health facilities in the two regions. Out of 161 livestock and 57 wildlife specimen tested, 103 and 18 respectively, were positive for anthrax. Conclusion This study revealed that there is gross under-reporting in the existing surveillance systems which is an obstacle for estimating a true burden of anthrax in the hotspot districts. Repeated occurrences of anthrax in livestock, wildlife and humans in the same locations at the same time calls for the need to strengthen links and promote inter–disciplinary and multi-sectoral collaboration to enhance prevention and control measures under a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elibariki Reuben Mwakapeje
- Epidemiology and Diseases Control Section, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, P. O. Box. 9083, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box. 3021, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box. 8146 Dep., N -, 0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sol Høgset
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box. 8146 Dep., N -, 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert Fyumagwa
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), P. O. Box. 661, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Hezron Emmanuel Nonga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box. 3021, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Robinson Hammerthon Mdegela
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box. 3021, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box. 8146 Dep., N -, 0033, Oslo, Norway
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Chengula AA, Mdegela RH, Kasanga CJ. Socio-economic impact of Rift Valley fever to pastoralists and agro pastoralists in Arusha, Manyara and Morogoro regions in Tanzania. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:549. [PMID: 24255846 PMCID: PMC3825084 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral notifiable zoonotic disease primarily of domestic ruminants that causes significant socio-economic impacts. Using the 2006-07 outbreak cases, this study aimed to establish the socio-economic impact of RVF and assessing knowledge, attitude and practice of livestock keepers towards controlling RVF in selected areas of Tanzania. Data were collected in Arusha, Manyara and Morogoro regions using questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with key informants. Results indicate that there was little knowledge on disease (all clinical signs scored <50%) and the difference between the three regions was statistically significant (P = 0.00459). Socio-economic impacts of RVF shown by this study included; animal and human deaths, disruption of livestock market chains, inability of pastoralists to achieve their daily demands, inability to obtain protein leading to malnutrition and monetary loss at individual and national level during control of the disease. These findings have demonstrated low knowledge of the community on RVF, thus, more education and engagement is needed in order to develop more effective and efficient control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustino A Chengula
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
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