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Davis A, Virhia J, Bunga C, Alkara S, Cleaveland S, Yoder J, Kinung’hi S, Lankester F. “Using the same hand”: The complex local perceptions of integrated one health based interventions in East Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010298. [PMID: 35377878 PMCID: PMC9009769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) such as soil transmitted helminths (STH) and human rabies represent a significant burden to health in East Africa. Control and elimination remains extremely challenging, particularly in remote communities. Novel approaches, such as One Health based integrated interventions, are gaining prominence, yet there is more to be learned about the ways in which social determinants affect such programmes.
Methodology
In 2015 a mixed method qualitative study was conducted in northern Tanzania to determine community perceptions towards integrated delivery of two distinct healthcare interventions: treatment of children for STH and dog vaccination for rabies. In order to assess the effectiveness of the integrated approach, villages were randomly allocated to one of three intervention arms: i) Arm A received integrated mass drug administration (MDA) for STH and mass dog rabies vaccination (MDRV); ii) Arm B received MDA only; iii) Arm C received MDRV only.
Principle findings
Integrated interventions were looked upon favourably by communities with respondents in all arms stating that they were more likely to either get their dogs vaccinated if child deworming was delivered at the same time and vice versa. Participants appreciated integrated interventions, due to time and cost savings and increased access to essential health care. Analysis of qualitative data allowed deeper exploration of responses, revealing why people appreciated these benefits as well as constraints and barriers to participation in integrated programmes.
Conclusions/significance
An interdisciplinary One Health approach that incorporates qualitative social science can provide key insights into complex local perceptions for integrated health service delivery for STH and human rabies. This includes providing insights into how interventions can be improved while acknowledging and addressing critical issues around awareness, participation and underlying health disparities in remote pastoralist communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Davis
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jennika Virhia
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Bunga
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Mwanza Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Yoder
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Safari Kinung’hi
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Mwanza Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Felix Lankester
- Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha, Tanzania
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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Barasa V, Virhia J. Using Intersectionality to Identify Gendered Barriers to Health-Seeking for Febrile Illness in Agro-Pastoralist Settings in Tanzania. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 2:746402. [PMID: 35156085 PMCID: PMC8835114 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2021.746402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundResearch has shown that gender is a significant determinant of health-seeking behavior around the world. Gender power relations and lay etiologies of illness can influence the distribution of household resources, including for healthcare. In some rural settings in Africa, gender intersects with multiple forms of health inequities, from proximal socio-cultural factors to more “upstream” or distal health system determinants which can amplify barriers to health-seeking for specific groups in specific contexts.AimWe used an intersectionality approach to determine how women in particular, experience gendered barriers to accessing healthcare among Maa and non-Maa speaking agro-pastoralists in northern Tanzania. We also explored lay etiologies of febrile illness, perceptions of health providers and rural health-seeking behavior in order to identify the most common barriers to accessing healthcare in these settings.MethodsMixed method ethnographic approaches were used to collect data between 2016 and 2018 from four Maa-speaking and two Swahili-speaking agro-pastoralist villages in northern Tanzania. Maa-speaking villages were based in Naiti, Monduli district while non-Maa speaking villages were selected from Msitu in Babati district. Data on health seeking behaviors was collected through semi-structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and home and facility-based participant observation.FindingsThe results primarily focus on the qualitative outcomes of both studies. We found that febrile illness was locally categorized across a spectrum of severity ranging from normal and expected illness to serious illness that required hospital treatment. Remedial actions taken to treat febrile illness included attending local health facilities, obtaining medicines from drug sellers and use of herbal remedies. We found barriers to health-seeking played out at different scales, from the health system, community (inter-household decision making) and household (intra-household decision making). Gender-based barriers at the household had a profound effect on health-seeking. Younger married women delayed seeking healthcare the most, as they often had to negotiate health-seeking with husbands and extended family members, including co-wives and mothers-in-law who make the majority of health-related decisions.ConclusionAn intersectional approach enabled us to gain a nuanced understanding of determinants of health-seeking behavior beyond the commonly assumed barriers such lack of public health infrastructure. We propose tapping into the potential of senior older women involved in local therapy-management groups, to explore gender-transformative approaches to health-seeking, including tackling gender-based barriers at the community level. While these social factors are important, ultimately, improving the public health infrastructure in these settings is a first step toward addressing structural determinants of treatment-seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violet Barasa
- The Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Violet Barasa
| | - Jennika Virhia
- The Institute of Health and Wellbeing, School of Social and Political Science, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Davis A, Virhia J, Buza J, Crump JA, de Glanville WA, Halliday JEB, Lankester F, Mappi T, Mnzava K, Swai ES, Thomas KM, Toima M, Cleaveland S, Mmbaga BT, Sharp J. " He Who Relies on His Brother's Property Dies Poor": The Complex Narratives of Livestock Care in Northern Tanzania. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:749561. [PMID: 34805339 PMCID: PMC8595325 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.749561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Endemic zoonoses have important impacts for livestock-dependent households in East Africa. In these communities, people's health and livelihoods are severely affected by livestock disease losses. Understanding how livestock keepers undertake remedial actions for livestock illness has the potential for widespread benefits such as improving health interventions. Yet, studies about livestock and human health behaviours in the global south tend to focus on individual health choices. In reality, health behaviours are complex, and not solely about individualised health experiences. Rather, they are mediated by a range of “upstream” factors (such as unequal provision of services), which are beyond the control of the individual. Methods: This paper presents qualitative research conducted from 2014 to 2019 for a study focused on the Social, Economic, and Environmental Drivers of Zoonoses in Tanzania (SEEDZ). Qualitative data were collected via focus group discussions, community meetings, informal interviews, formal in-depth interviews, observations and surveys that addressed issues of health, disease, zoonotic disease risks, and routes for treatment across 21 villages. Thematic analysis was carried out on in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Conceptual analyses and observations were made through application of social science theories of health. Findings: Livestock keepers undertake a range of health seeking strategies loosely categorised around self and formal treatment. Two key themes emerged that are central to why people make the decisions they do: access to resources and trust in health care providers. These two issues affect individual sense of agency which impacts their ability to act to improve livestock health outcomes. We suggest that individual choice and agency in veterinary health seeking decisions are only beneficial if health systems can offer adequate care and health equity is addressed. Significance: This study demonstrates the value of in-depth qualitative research which reveals the nuance and complexity of people's decisions around livestock health. Most importantly, it explains why “better” knowledge does not always translate into “better” practise. The paper suggests that acknowledging and addressing these aspects of veterinary health seeking will lead to more effective provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Davis
- Social and Political Sciences/Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jennika Virhia
- Social and Political Sciences/Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joram Buza
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - William A de Glanville
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jo E B Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Lankester
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Tauta Mappi
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Kunda Mnzava
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Kate M Thomas
- Centre for International Health, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mamus Toima
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Jo Sharp
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
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Virhia J. Contextualising health seeking behaviours for febrile illness: Lived experiences of farmers in northern Tanzania. Health Place 2021; 73:102710. [PMID: 34801785 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how people seek treatment for febrile illness can provide important insights into when care is sought and under what circumstances. This is includes examining how people engage with health facilities and the barriers to care they experience. However, a focus on individual actions runs the risk of overemphasising the agency of individuals to make apt health decisions while underestimating the ways which health behaviours are circumscribed by their place-specific social, historic and political contexts. Drawing on the experiences of approximately 100 farmers in a small livestock keeping community in northern Tanzania, this study uses biosocial theory of health to better understand how febrile illness is managed among individuals. The paper draws attention to the ways in which health decisions are mediated by individual, intrinsic and extrinsic health system factors. Some extrinsic factors (such as hospital user fees) are legacies of neoliberal healthcare reform policies which continue to have consequences for how people manage febrile illness in Tanzania. The findings highlight the need for considerations of health behaviours to look beyond the individual and to appreciate the role of the wider health landscape in influencing individual choice and agency when seeking treatment for illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennika Virhia
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing/School of Social & Political Sciences, 27 Bute Gardens, University of Glasgow, G12 8RS, UK.
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Auty H, Swai E, Virhia J, Davis A, De Glanville WA, Kibona T, Lankester F, Shirima G, Cleaveland S. How can we realise the full potential of animal health systems for delivering development and health outcomes? REV SCI TECH OIE 2021; 40:483-495. [PMID: 34542101 DOI: 10.20506/rst.40.2.3239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Animal health services play an essential role in supporting livestock production, with the potential to address the challenges of hunger, poverty, health, social justice and environmental health as part of the path towards the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) defined in the United Nations, 2030 Agenda. However, the provision of animal health services remains chronically underfunded. Although the aspiration that ‘no one will be left behind' is core to the SDG agenda, animal health service provision still fails to meet the basic needs of many of the poorest livestock owners. This review draws largely on experience from Tanzania and highlights the obstacles to equitable provision of animal health services, as well as identifying opportunities for improvement. Delivery models that rely on owners paying for services, whether through the private sector or public?private partnerships, can be effective for diseases that are of clear economic importance to animal keepers, particularly in more market-orientated production systems, but are currently constrained by issues of access, affordability, availability and quality. Substantial challenges remain when attempting to control diseases that exert a major burden on animal or human health but are less well recognised, as well as in the delivery of veterinary public health or other public good interventions. Here, the authors propose solutions that focus on: improving awareness of the potential for animal health services to address the SDGs, particularly those concerning public and environmental health; linking this more explicitly with advocacy for increased investment; ensuring that the voices of stakeholders are heard, particularly those of the rural poor; and embracing a cross-cutting and expanded vision for animal health services to support more adaptive development of livestock systems.
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