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Burrells A, Opsteegh M, Pollock KG, Alexander CL, Chatterton J, Evans R, Walker R, McKenzie CA, Hill D, Innes EA, Katzer F. The prevalence and genotypic analysis of Toxoplasma gondii from individuals in Scotland, 2006-2012. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:324. [PMID: 27267112 PMCID: PMC4895884 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contemporary information relating to the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in humans is lacking for the UK population, with even less information available about the human prevalence of the parasite in Scotland. To address this, two different study groups were used to determine the prevalence and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in the Scottish population. METHODS The first study group included serum samples from blood donors (n = 3273) over a four-year period (2006-2009) and the second study group comprised of DNA samples extracted from human brains (n = 151) over a five-year period (2008-2012). A T. gondii IgG ELISA was performed to determine seroprevalence and available sera from individuals who had seroconverted were tested by TgERP ELISA (sporozoite specific antigen). Human brain DNA was tested for T. gondii by ITS1 PCR and positives genotyped at the SAG3 and GRA6 loci by PCR-RFLP analysis. RESULTS Seroprevalence to T. gondii from blood donors was found to be 13.2 % (95 % CI: 11.5-15.1 %). Evidence of seroconversion (n = 2) as well as reversion to sero-negative status (n = 6) was evident from blood donors who had donated within all four collection periods (n = 184). The TgERP ELISA (indicating oocyst infection) was positive for one individual. The molecular detection of T. gondii DNA from human brains indicated a prevalence of 17.9 % (95 % CI: 12.1-24.9 %), with genotyping identifying alleles for types I and III. An increase in age was associated with an increase in detection of the parasite within both study groups. CONCLUSIONS Our research provides current figures for the prevalence of T. gondii in Scotland and also shows evidence of seroreversion within the cohort of blood donors. In both study groups there was a correlation between increasing age and an increase in T. gondii prevalence, indicating that acquired infection plays an important role within the Scottish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Burrells
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland
| | - Marieke Opsteegh
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin G Pollock
- Health Protection Scotland, National Services Scotland, Meridian Court, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Claire L Alexander
- Scottish Parasite Diagnostic and Reference Laboratory, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Jean Chatterton
- Scottish Toxoplasma Reference Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, Scotland
| | - Roger Evans
- Scottish Toxoplasma Reference Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, Scotland
| | - Robert Walker
- Quintiles, Almondvale Way, Livingston, West Lothian, Scotland
| | - Chris-Anne McKenzie
- Sudden Death Brain Bank, Department of Pathology (Neuropathology) Wilkie Building Teviot Place, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Dolores Hill
- USDA ARS, Northeast Area, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Innes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland.
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Alvarado-Esquivel C, Salcedo-Jaquez M, Sanchez-Anguiano LF, Hernandez-Tinoco J, Rabago-Sanchez E, Beristain-Garcia I, Liesenfeld O, Estrada-Martinez S, Perez-Alamos AR, Alvarado-Soto E. Association Between Toxoplasma gondii Exposure and Heart Disease: A Case-Control Study. J Clin Med Res 2016; 8:402-9. [PMID: 27081427 PMCID: PMC4817581 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2525w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes infections all around the world. Infections with T. gondii are systemic and the parasite can persist in the heart muscle. Very little is known about the impact of T. gondii on patients with heart disease. We determined the association between T. gondii exposure and patients suffering from heart diseases attending in a public hospital in Durango, Mexico; the association of T. gondii exposure with socio-demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics of these patients was also investigated. Methods Through a case-control study, we examined the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies in 400 patients with heart diseases and 400 age- and gender-matched controls using enzyme-linked immunoassays. In addition, we analyzed the association of patient characteristics as determined by a standardized questionnaire with T. gondii exposure by bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results Fifty-five (13.8%) of 400 patients and 32 (8.0%) of 400 controls had anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies (odds ratio (OR) = 1.83; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15 - 2.90; P = 0.01). High anti-T. gondii IgG levels (> 150 IU/mL) were found in 28 (50.9%) of the 55 positive cases and in 14 (43.8%) of the 32 positive controls (P = 0.51). Anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies were found in 13 (23.6%) of the 55 anti-T. gondii IgG positive patients and in 19 (59.4%) of 32 anti-T. gondii IgG positive controls (OR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.08 - 0.54; P = 0.0008). Multivariate analysis showed that T. gondii exposure was positively associated with being born out of Durango State (OR = 2.93; 95% CI: 1.40 - 6.13; P = 0.004), and with consumption of alcohol (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.01 - 4.12; P = 0.04). Conclusions Results obtained in this study indicate that T. gondii infection is associated with heart disease, and suggest that heart disease might be related with a chronic infection. This is the first report of an association of T. gondii exposure with alcohol consumption in this population. Results warrant for further research to determine the epidemiological impact of T. gondii exposure on patients with heart diseases. Risk factors associated with T. gondii exposure are critical to design future prevention strategies against T. gondii exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juarez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Misael Salcedo-Jaquez
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juarez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Luis Francisco Sanchez-Anguiano
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera-Damm", Juarez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Jesus Hernandez-Tinoco
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera-Damm", Juarez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Rabago-Sanchez
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juarez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico; Hospital General, Servicios de Salud de Durango, Cuauhtemoc 225 norte. 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Isabel Beristain-Garcia
- Facultad de Enfermeria y Obstetricia, Juarez University of Durango State, Cuauhtemoc 223 norte, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Oliver Liesenfeld
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charite Medical School, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany; Present address: Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | - Sergio Estrada-Martinez
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera-Damm", Juarez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Alma Rosa Perez-Alamos
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera-Damm", Juarez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Ediyair Alvarado-Soto
- Facultad de Enfermeria y Obstetricia, Juarez University of Durango State, Cuauhtemoc 223 norte, 34000 Durango, Mexico
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Alvarado-Esquivel C, Sánchez-Anguiano LF, Mendoza-Larios A, Hernández-Tinoco J, Pérez-Ochoa JF, Antuna-Salcido EI, Rábago-Sánchez E, Liesenfeld O. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in brain and heart by Immunohistochemistry in a hospital-based autopsy series in Durango, Mexico. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2015; 5:143-9. [PMID: 26185682 PMCID: PMC4500065 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2015.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii has only poorly been investigated in autopsy series. We determined the presence of T. gondii cysts in a series of 51 autopsies in a public hospital using immunohistochemistry of brain and heart tissues. The association of tissue cysts with the general characteristics of the autopsy cases was also investigated. Of the 51 cases studied, five (9.8%) were positive by immunohistochemistry for T. gondii cysts in the brain. None of the heart specimens was positive for T. gondii cysts. The presence of T. gondii cysts in brains did not vary with age, sex, birthplace, residence, education, occupation, or the presence of pathology in the brain. In contrast, multivariate analysis showed that the presence of T. gondii cysts was associated with undernourishment (OR = 33.90; 95% CI: 2.82-406.32; P = 0.005). We demonstrated cerebral T. gondii cysts in an autopsy series in Durango City, Mexico. Results suggest that T. gondii can be more readily found in brain than in heart of infected individuals. This is the first report of an association between the presence of T. gondii in brains and undernourishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juárez University of Durango State , Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Luis Francisco Sánchez-Anguiano
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera-Damm", Juárez University of Durango State , Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Mendoza-Larios
- Hospital General, Servicios de Salud de Durango , Durango, México, Cuauhtémoc 225 norte, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Jesús Hernández-Tinoco
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera-Damm", Juárez University of Durango State , Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Pérez-Ochoa
- Hospital General, Servicios de Salud de Durango , Durango, México, Cuauhtémoc 225 norte, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Irasema Antuna-Salcido
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera-Damm", Juárez University of Durango State , Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Rábago-Sánchez
- Hospital General, Servicios de Salud de Durango , Durango, México, Cuauhtémoc 225 norte, 34000 Durango, Mexico
| | - Oliver Liesenfeld
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene , Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
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