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Alreja D, Rao JR, Kataria S, Faterpenkar DA. Effect of Nonsurgical Treatment on Salivary HGF Levels in Population with Periodontal Disease: A Quasi-experimental Study. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol 2021; 10:51-55. [PMID: 33511065 PMCID: PMC7801889 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To assess the effect of nonsurgical treatment on salivary hepatocyte growth factor (sHGF) levels in a population with periodontal disease: a quasi-experimental study. Methods Eighty-one patients (aged 30–70 years) were divided into three groups based on the gingival index, probing depth, clinical attachment loss, and radiographic evidence of bone loss: healthy (group I), gingivitis (group II), and chronic periodontitis (group III). Saliva samples were collected from these groups at baseline. At 8 weeks, saliva samples were collected again from group II and group III after the patients went through nonsurgical periodontal treatment. The levels of HGF were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The clinical parameters and HGF levels among all groups were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 17 version. Results At baseline, the highest mean HGF concentration in saliva was observed for group III (3455.83 ± 1463.44 pg/mL), and the least in group I (469.43 ± 317.13 pg/mL). Following nonsurgical periodontal treatment, the mean HGF concentration decreased significantly in group III and group II (p < 0.05). A significant positive correlation between clinical parameters and HGF levels was also seen (p < 0.05). Conclusion HGF concentration showed a positive correlation with the progression of periodontal disease. Clinical significance Following nonsurgical periodontal therapy, the levels of HGF decreased significantly, suggesting that HGF could be useful for monitoring the response to periodontal therapy. How to cite this article Alreja D, Rao JR, Kataria S, et al. Effect of Nonsurgical Treatment on Salivary HGF Levels in Population with Periodontal Disease: A Quasi-experimental Study. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2020;10(2):51–55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalip Alreja
- Department of Periodontics, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Panjim, Goa, India
| | - Jyoti R Rao
- Department of Periodontics, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Panjim, Goa, India
| | - Sakshi Kataria
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Kim JY, Kim HN. Changes in Inflammatory Cytokines in Saliva after Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010194. [PMID: 33383828 PMCID: PMC7795738 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To determine the diagnostic value of inflammatory cytokines in periodontal disease, we performed a systematic review of the changes in inflammatory cytokines after non-surgical periodontal therapy and a meta-analysis of the utility of interleukin (IL)-1β and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 as salivary biomarkers. All available papers published in English until 20 August 2020, were searched in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Population, intervention, comparison, and outcome data were extracted from the selected studies, and the roles of IL-1β and MMP-8 were assessed in a meta-analysis. Eleven studies, including two meta-analyses, were assessed in the systematic review. Biomarkers showing high levels in periodontal disease were salivary IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, MMP-8, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2, and those in the controls were tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10, IL-17, and IL-32. Biomarkers that decreased after scaling and root planning (SRP) and oral hygiene instruction (OHI) in periodontitis patients were IL-1β, MMP-8, MMP-9, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and TIMP-2. The pooled standardized mean difference of IL-1β and MMP-8 was −1.04 and 35.90, respectively, but the differences between periodontitis patients and healthy controls were not significant. Although the changes in salivary IL-1β and MMP-8 levels after non-surgical periodontal therapy were not significant, salivary cytokines could be used to confirm the effect of periodontal therapy or diagnose periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Han-Na Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28503, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-229-8373
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Melguizo-Rodríguez L, Costela-Ruiz VJ, Manzano-Moreno FJ, Ruiz C, Illescas-Montes R. Salivary Biomarkers and Their Application in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of the Most Common Oral Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145173. [PMID: 32708341 PMCID: PMC7403990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva is a highly versatile biological fluid that is easy to gather in a non-invasive manner—and the results of its analysis complement clinical and histopathological findings in the diagnosis of multiple diseases. The objective of this review was to offer an update on the contribution of salivary biomarkers to the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases of the oral cavity, including oral lichen planus, periodontitis, Sjögren’s syndrome, oral leukoplakia, peri-implantitis, and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Salivary biomarkers such as interleukins, growth factors, enzymes, and other biomolecules have proven useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of these diseases, facilitating the early evaluation of malignization risk and the monitoring of disease progression and response to treatment. However, further studies are required to identify new biomarkers and verify their reported role in the diagnosis and/or prognosis of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences (Ceuta), University of Granada, 51001 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
| | - Victor J. Costela-Ruiz
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Manzano-Moreno
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Ruiz
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-958243497
| | - Rebeca Illescas-Montes
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
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Gibertoni F, Sommer MEL, Esquisatto MAM, Amaral MECD, Oliveira CAD, Andrade TAMD, Mendonça FAS, Santamaria M, Felonato M. Evolution of Periodontal Disease: Immune Response and RANK/RANKL/OPG System. Braz Dent J 2018; 28:679-687. [PMID: 29211121 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201701407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate markers of bone loss and immune response present in evolution of periodontal disease. One hundred and two Wistar rats were divided into three animals groups: PD0, without ligation and PD15 days and PD60 days, submitted to ligation placement with a sterile 3-0 silk cord in the cervical region of the upper first molar on both sides. Samples were obtained from the gingival tissue for histomorphometric analysis, immunohistochemical analysis of RANK, RANKL, OPG, characterization of the inflammatory infiltrate, quantification of nitric oxide, MCP-1, RANTES, IP10 chemokines, and expression of the TGF-b1, VEG, and bFGF. The number of inflammatory cells in gingival tissue was higher in PD60 samples. The collagen content and the area occupied by birefringent collagen fibers were lower for PD60. Differential leukocyte counting showed that there was a significantly higher polymorphonuclear influx in group PD15, while PD60 showed a greater number of lymphocytes. PD60 showed higher RANTES, IP-10, MCP-1 gene transcripts, as well as a higher nitric oxide concentration. Clinical evaluation revealed that the PD60 group presented an increase in furcal area. In conclusion, in this animal model the increase of RANK/RANKL and HGF markers is related to a specific immune response, and probably contributed to the evolution of periodontal disease. Investigating the effect of these biomarkers can help in targeted therapy for bone resorption, since blocking these can inhibit bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Gibertoni
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, FHO
- Uniararas Centro Universitario Hermınio Ometto, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Meire Ellen Ligia Sommer
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, FHO
- Uniararas Centro Universitario Hermınio Ometto, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila Andrea de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, FHO
- Uniararas Centro Universitario Hermınio Ometto, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Milton Santamaria
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, FHO
- Uniararas Centro Universitario Hermınio Ometto, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra Felonato
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, FHO
- Uniararas Centro Universitario Hermınio Ometto, Araras, SP, Brazil
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Guru S, Sam SE, Rajan S, Padmanabhan S. Comparative evaluation of salivary hepatocyte growth factor in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 9:e12306. [PMID: 29193859 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a multifunctional cytokine with a wide range of actions, and plays a role in periodontal disease (PD) progression. Smoking significantly increases the risk for PD progression. Thus, aim of the present study was to estimate salivary HGF levels of non-smokers and smokers with chronic periodontitis (CP) and to compare its levels before and after therapy. METHODS A total of 75 participants were recruited and divided into three groups: group 1 included 25 healthy participants, group 2 included 25 non-smokers with CP, and group 3 included 25 smokers with CP. Salivary HGF levels were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and correlated with clinical parameters before and after treatment. RESULTS Salivary HGF levels of non-smokers and smokers with CP were significantly higher than the control group. There was a significant reduction in salivary HGF in smokers and non-smokers with CP after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). CONCLUSION Salivary HGF levels positively correlated with PD progression and smoking status. A significant reduction in HGF levels was seen after NSPT. Thus, within limits, it can be suggested that HGF plays a role in PD progression and can be used as a diagnostic biomarker to detect disease activity. Salivary HGF levels could also be useful to monitor response to periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeela Guru
- Department of Periodontology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Sheena Elizabeth Sam
- Department of Periodontology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Sukanya Rajan
- Department of Periodontology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Shyam Padmanabhan
- Department of Periodontology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
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Jaedicke KM, Preshaw PM, Taylor JJ. Salivary cytokines as biomarkers of periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2015; 70:164-83. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ji S, Choi Y. Point-of-care diagnosis of periodontitis using saliva: technically feasible but still a challenge. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:65. [PMID: 26389079 PMCID: PMC4558535 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation of the periodontium caused by persistent bacterial infection that leads to the breakdown of connective tissue and bone. Because the ability to reconstruct the periodontium is limited after alveolar bone loss, early diagnosis and intervention should be the primary goals of periodontal treatment. However, periodontitis often progresses without noticeable symptoms, and many patients do not seek professional dental care until the periodontal destruction progresses to the point of no return. Furthermore, the current diagnosis of periodontitis depends on time-consuming clinical measurements. Therefore, there is an unmet need for near-patient testing to diagnose periodontitis. Saliva is an optimal biological fluid to serve as a near-patient diagnostic tool for periodontitis. Recent developments in point-of-care (POC) testing indicate that a diagnostic test for periodontitis using saliva is now technically feasible. A number of promising salivary biomarkers associated with periodontitis have been reported. A panel of optimal biomarkers must be carefully selected based on the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The biggest hurdle for the POC diagnosis of periodontitis using saliva may be the process of validation in a large, diverse patient population. Therefore, we propose the organization of an International Consortium for Biomarkers of Periodontitis, which will gather efforts to identify, select, and validate salivary biomarkers for the diagnosis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Ji
- Department of Periodontology, Anam Hospital, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea
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Anil S, Vellappally S, Preethanath RS, Mokeem SA, AlMoharib HS, Patil S, Chalisserry EP, Al Kheraif AA. Hepatocyte growth factor levels in the saliva and gingival crevicular fluid in smokers with periodontitis. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:146974. [PMID: 25389376 PMCID: PMC4214164 DOI: 10.1155/2014/146974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) production by oral fibroblasts is enhanced by various molecules that are induced during inflammatory conditions including periodontitis. HGF plays an important role in the progression of periodontitis, by stimulating intense growth of epithelial cells and preventing regeneration of connective tissue attachments. Smokers have a greater risk factor in the pathogenesis and progression of periodontal disease. The objective of the study was to estimate the level of HGF in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in smokers with periodontitis and to compare these levels with that of nonsmokers with periodontitis and healthy controls. The HGF levels were found to be significantly high in the saliva and GCF of smokers with periodontitis compared to both never-smokers with periodontitis and the healthy control group. The elevated levels of HGF in the saliva and GCF in the study population could explain the intrinsic mechanism triggering the severity of the periodontitis in smokers. Further studies are necessary to validate the current observations and to establish a sensitive marker to predict periodontal disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumaran Anil
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajith Vellappally
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - R. S. Preethanath
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameer A. Mokeem
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani S. AlMoharib
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Elna P. Chalisserry
- College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al Kheraif
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
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Taylor JJ. Protein biomarkers of periodontitis in saliva. ISRN INFLAMMATION 2014; 2014:593151. [PMID: 24944840 PMCID: PMC4040190 DOI: 10.1155/2014/593151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the tissues that surround and support the teeth and is initiated by inappropriate and excessive immune responses to bacteria in subgingival dental plaque leading to loss of the integrity of the periodontium, compromised tooth function, and eventually tooth loss. Periodontitis is an economically important disease as it is time-consuming and expensive to treat. Periodontitis has a worldwide prevalence of 5-15% and the prevalence of severe disease in western populations has increased in recent decades. Furthermore, periodontitis is more common in smokers, in obesity, in people with diabetes, and in heart disease patients although the pathogenic processes underpinning these links are, as yet, poorly understood. Diagnosis and monitoring of periodontitis rely on traditional clinical examinations which are inadequate to predict patient susceptibility, disease activity, and response to treatment. Studies of the immunopathogenesis of periodontitis and analysis of mediators in saliva have allowed the identification of many potentially useful biomarkers. Convenient measurement of these biomarkers using chairside analytical devices could form the basis for diagnostic tests which will aid the clinician and the patient in periodontitis management; this review will summarise this field and will identify the experimental, technical, and clinical issues that remain to be addressed before such tests can be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Taylor
- Institute of Cellular Medicine & Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
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AlRowis R, AlMoharib HS, AlMubarak A, Bhaskardoss J, Preethanath RS, Anil S. Oral fluid-based biomarkers in periodontal disease - part 2. Gingival crevicular fluid. J Int Oral Health 2014; 6:126-35. [PMID: 25395809 PMCID: PMC4229821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diagnosis and treatment plan are based on the assessment of probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, suppuration, furcation involvement, mobility, and radiographic findings. However, these clinical parameters are not sufficiently sensitive and specific to identify disease activity in individual sites or to predict future attachment loss. Hence, attention is focused on the development of diagnostic tools that could screen and differentiate the active inflamed sites and predict future tissue destruction. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), has gained great interest on possible diagnostic value in periodontal disease. It contains a large number of proteins and peptides derived from inflamed host tissues. The analysis of the GCF components can reflect the disease status of individual sites and thus, identify potential biomarkers of periodontitis. A literature search was carried out to find out all the available tests that indicate periodontal disease markers in GCF. All major databases were searched to compile the information on published reports between 1999 and 2014. The list of GCF-biomarkers available to date is compiled and presented in a table format. Based on the available literature on GCF biomarkers, it can be concluded that several sensitive and reliable markers are present to detect the presence, severity, and response to treatment. Further studies are warranted to analyze the sensitivity and reliability of these indicators which might help in developing noninvasive tests that could help in the diagnosis of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed AlRowis
- Teaching Assistant, Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani S AlMoharib
- Teaching Assistant, Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman AlMubarak
- Teaching Assistant, Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jagankumar Bhaskardoss
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - R S Preethanath
- Lecturer, Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sukumaran Anil
- Professor, Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Correspondence: Dr. Anil S. Department of Dental Public Health, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City-Riyadh, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Phone: +966500197223/96614677434.
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AlMoharib HS, AlMubarak A, AlRowis R, Geevarghese A, Preethanath RS, Anil S. Oral fluid based biomarkers in periodontal disease: part 1. Saliva. J Int Oral Health 2014; 6:95-103. [PMID: 25214743 PMCID: PMC4148585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional clinical measurements such as probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss; plaque index and radiographs used for periodontal diagnosis are often of limited usefulness as they are indicators of previous periodontal disease rather than present disease activity. A literature search was carried out to find out all the available tests that indicate periodontal disease markers in saliva. All major databases were searched to compile the information on published reports between 1999 and 2014. The list of biomarkers available to date is compiled and presented in a table format. Each biomarker is discussed separately based on the available evidence. Based on the evidence, it can be concluded that several sensitive salivary indicators of periodontitis are available to detect the presence, severity and response to treatment. Further studies are warranted to analyze the sensitivity and reliability of these indicators that might help in developing non-invasive tests that could help in the diagnosis of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani S AlMoharib
- Teaching Assistant, Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman AlMubarak
- Teaching Assistant, Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed AlRowis
- Teaching Assistant, Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amrita Geevarghese
- Lecturer, Department of Dental Public Health, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - R S Preethanath
- Lecturer, Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sukumaran Anil
- Professor, Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Correspondence: Dr. Anil S. Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Tel.: +966-(0)11-14677434, Mobile: +966-500197223,
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12
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Periodontal treatment downregulates protease-activated receptor 2 in human gingival crevicular fluid cells. Infect Immun 2013; 81:4399-407. [PMID: 24042113 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01107-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis; it can be activated by gingipain and produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis and by neutrophil protease 3 (P3). PAR2 activation plays a relevant role in inflammatory processes by inducing the release of important inflammatory mediators associated with periodontal breakdown. The effects of periodontal treatment on PAR2 expression and its association with levels of proinflammatory mediators and activating proteases were investigated in chronic periodontitis patients. Positive staining for PAR2 was observed in gingival crevicular fluid cells and was reflective of tissue destruction. Overexpression of PAR2 was positively associated with inflammatory clinical parameters and with the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha, matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP-2), MMP-8, hepatocyte growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Elevated levels of gingipain and P3 and decreased levels of dentilisin and the protease inhibitors secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor and elafin were also associated with PAR2 overexpression. Healthy periodontal sites from individuals with chronic periodontitis showed diminished expression of PAR2 mRNA and the PAR2 protein (P < 0.05). Furthermore, periodontal treatment resulted in decreased PAR2 expression and correlated with decreased expression of inflammatory mediators and activating proteases. We concluded that periodontal treatment resulted in decreased levels of proteases and that proinflammatory mediators are associated with decreased PAR2 expression, suggesting that PAR2 expression is influenced by the presence of periodontal infection and is not a constitutive characteristic favoring periodontal inflammation.
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Lönn J, Johansson CS, Nakka S, Palm E, Bengtsson T, Nayeri F, Ravald N. High concentration but low activity of hepatocyte growth factor in periodontitis. J Periodontol 2013; 85:113-22. [PMID: 23594192 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a healing factor with regenerative and cytoprotective effects, are associated with inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. HGF biologic activity requires binding to its receptors, the proto-oncogene c-Met and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG). This study investigates HGF expression and its relationship to subgingival microbiota in medically healthy individuals with and without periodontitis. METHODS Saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and blood samples from 30 patients with severe periodontitis and 30 healthy controls were analyzed for HGF concentration using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and binding affinity for HSPG and c-Met using surface plasmon resonance. The regenerative effects of saliva from three patients and controls were analyzed in an in vitro model of cell injury. Subgingival plaques were analyzed for the presence of 18 bacterial species. RESULTS Patients with periodontitis showed higher HGF concentrations in saliva, GCF, and serum (P <0.001); however, the binding affinities for HSPG and c-Met were reduced in GCF and saliva (P <0.002). In contrast to the controls, saliva from patients showed no significant regenerative effect over time on gingival epithelial cells. Compared with controls, patients had a higher prevalence of periodontally related bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Higher circulatory HGF levels indicate a systemic effect of periodontitis. However, the HGF biologic activity at local inflammation sites was reduced, and this effect was associated with the amount of periodontal bacteria. Loss of function of healing factors may be an important mechanism in degenerative processes in periodontally susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Lönn
- The Institution for Protein Environment Affinity Surveys (PEAS Institute), Linköping, Sweden
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