Evaluation of anti-nociceptive activity of Cissus quadrangularis on albino mice

Anxiolytic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Seed extract in Swiss albino mice model

Background

Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. is traditionally used for its diverse pharmacological properties. Therefore, there remains a possibility that the seed extract may contain some bioactive compounds. The present study was carried out to evaluate the anxiolytic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic seed extract of Citrus maxima (MECM).

Method

The effect of MECM on the rodent central nervous system was evaluated using the hole-board and elevated plus-maze method. Analgesic effect was measured with the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw licking method. The anti-inflammatory effect was examined using a formalin and carrageenan-induced mice paw edema model.

Results

The MECM at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.01) increased the number of head dipping in the hole-board test. Additionally, the test subjects entered into the open arm and spent more time in it at an increased rate (p < 0.01) in the elevated plus-maze test. In the acetic acid-induced writhing method, the extract showed high potential (p < 0.001) as an analgesic agent. In the case of formalin-induced pain assessment, MECM demonstrated a significant effect (p < 0.01) at the early phase as a centrally acting anti-nociceptive agent and very high potential (p < 0.001) to reduce pain during the late phase as a peripherally acting analgesic. The extract also showed potency (p < 0.01) as an anti-inflammatory agent in formalin and carrageenan-induced mice paw edema test.

Conclusion

The findings of the current study indicate that MECM can be a promising new candidate for searching novel anxiolytic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory compounds through further investigation.

Identification of Bioactive Pentacyclic Triterpenoids and Fatty Acid Derivatives from Cissus quadrangularis and C. rotundifolia Through Untargeted Metabolite Profiling

Comparative metabolite profiling of crude extracts of leaf and stem of two medicinally important species of genus Cissus was performed. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) of methanoloic extracts of leaf and stem of Cissus rotundifolia revealed the presence of around 30 compounds, out of which 15 were identified through NIST14 library based on their mass spectral pattern. Some of the important metabolites included betulinaldehyde, methyl palmitate, β-amyrin acetate, 2-naphthol, 2-phenylethanol and myristic acid. Among these metabolites, betulinaldehyde was the most abundant compound with 36.44% relative abundance. In contrast, 36 compounds were detected in the aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. quadrangularis stem, out of which 21 compounds were identified through NIST14 library. Saturated fatty acids and ascorbic acid derivatives constitute the major fraction with 44.30% and 36.40% of the total peak area. In addition to these, coumaran, quinoline and trans-phytol were also identified in the extracts of C. quadrangularis. The comparative metabolite profiling showed higher percentage of betulinaldehyde (~ 36%) and lauric acid (19.42%) in C. rotundifolia while that of methyl palmitate (~ 0.76%) and coumaran (1.48%) in C. qudrangularis. Cissus species are medicinally known for their bone healing properties and the metabolic profiling of these herbs will further be utilised for identification and characterization of the novel bioactive compounds responsible for various medicinal properties.

Cissus quadrangularis L: A comprehensive multidisciplinary review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cissus quadrangularis L. is a perennial herb of the Vitaceae family and is utilized comprehensively as a medicinal herb in most tropical regions by various names. This herb is documented to possess a wide-ranging ethnomedicinal uses in malaria, fever, epilepsy, gout, piles, skin diseases, colic, etc. AIM OF THE REVIEW: A organized summary of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, available marketed formulations and filed patents were presented to explore the future therapeutic potential and scientific potential of this herb.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For a review of the literature, various databases were searched, including PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus etc. From, total 408 records of this herb, we have screened 155 articles consist of desired information and available as full text. Present manuscript is structured from comprehensive information on this herb from screened 155 records. Plant taxonomy was confirmed to the database "The Plant List".

RESULTS

Phytochemical assessment as a whole indicated the presence of flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, iridoids, stilbenes, vitamins, steroids, and glycosides. A toxicity study revealed that its LD₅₀ value is above 3000 mg/kg in animals indicating its safety. A variety of pharmacological studies of aerial parts of this herb by different extracts have demonstrated analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-osteoporotic activity and other bone-related disorders to justify its name as Hadjod. Still, the herb has been utilized in clinical practice and several patents were filed in India and US for its antiosteoporotic property.

CONCLUSION

The studies on Cissus quadrangularis Linn. are extensive, but gaps still remain. The molecular mechanism, structure-activity relationship, potential synergistic and antagonistic effects of these components needs to be further elucidated. These findings suggest the need for further research on this herb for the management of several other chronic ailments.

Phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of different extracts of leaves and stem barks of Macropanax dispermus (Araliaceae): a promising ethnomedicinal plant

Background

Macropanax dispermus is traditionally used to treat various diseases by ethnic people. The present research reports the pharmacological properties with phytochemical profiling of the crude extracts of M. dispermus leaves (MDML), its n-hexane (MDHL), carbon tetrachloride (MDTL), chloroform (MDCL), ethyl acetate (MDEL), and aqueous (MDAL) fractions, and crude methanol extracts of its stem barks (MDMS). The in vitro thrombolytic activity was done on human erythrocytes whereas the cytotoxic activity was done by brine shrimp lethality assay. The in vivo analgesic activity was examined by acetic acid-induced writhing, tail immersion, and formalin-induced paw licking method. In contrast, antipyretic activity was done by the brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia method.

Results

MDHL and MDMS showed 37.05% and 42.21% of significant (p < 0.01) thrombolytic activity, respectively. MDCL and MDMS showed the lower LC50 values of 23.15 and 37.11 µg/ml during cytotoxicity test, respectively. In acetic acid writhing method, MDTL and MDEL showed significant (p < 0.001) inhibition of writhing by 79.34% and 80.17%, respectively. MDMS showed significant (p < 0.001) maximal possible effect (%MPE) of 45.95%, 62.26%, 65.79%, 89.69% and elongation of time in pain reaction of 48.53%, 60.28%, 58.76%, and 70.14% at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min intervals, respectively. MDML at 400 mg/kg exhibited significant (p < 0.001) 82.72% of inhibition of pain at the late phases. MDEL at 400 mg/kg of dose exhibited significant (p < 0.001) reduction of rectal temperature by 36.31%, 62.42%, 89.81%,, and 96.82% at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h intervals, respectively.

Conclusion

The current research suggests that the plant extracts possess potential thrombolytic, cytotoxic, analgesic, and antipyretic activities.

Antioxidant mediated ameliorative steroidogenesis by Commelina benghalensis L. and Cissus quadrangularis L. against quinalphos induced male reproductive toxicity

Quinalphos (QP) is speculated to cause endocrine disruption through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by oxidative stress (OS). Exposure of QP decreased testosterone level considerably which resulted in reduced viable sperms in mice. The QP induced toxicity is initiated by the formation of free radicals as it is evidenced from the increased Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and diminution of antioxidant enzymes in testicular tissue. Increased serum cholesterol and reduced testicular cholesterol indicated the inhibition of cholesterol transport and biosynthesis in testicular tissues. Lack of cholesterol in testicular tissue impaired the steroidogenesis by down-regulating the expression of StAR protein, Cytochrome P450, 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD leading to reduced testosterone level. Treatment of Commelina benganlensis (CBE) and Cissus quadrangularis (CQE) significantly recovered the alterations in antioxidant profiles as well as increased LPO, thereby recovering the decreased mRNA expression levels of intermediate enzymes. However, CQE effectively protected the OS and prevented the inhibition of steroidogenesis thereby preventing male infertility.

Antinociceptive and antioxidant potential of the crude ethanol extract of the leaves of Ageratum conyzoides grown in Bangladesh

CONTEXT

Ageratum conyzoides Linn. (Asteraceae) is an annual herbaceous plant with a long history of traditional medicinal and agricultural uses; it is usually grown in the northeast part of Bangladesh.

OBJECTIVE

The ethanol extract of the plant leaves was evaluated for preliminary phytochemical screening with its antinociceptive and antioxidant activities.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed on the basis of standard procedures. The analgesic activity of the extract was investigated using the acetic acid-induced writhing method in mice. Five complementary tests such as DPPH free radical scavenging, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, reducing power, Fe(++) ion chelating ability and total phenolic content were used for determining antioxidant activities.

RESULTS

The results of preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, reducing sugars, saponins, gums, steroids, tannins and flavonoids. The extract possessed a significant dose-dependent DPPH free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 18.91 μg/ml compared to ascorbic acid (IC50: 2.937 μg/ml) and butylated hydroxyanisole (IC50: 5.10 μg/ml). The IC50 value of the extract for NO scavenging (41.81 μg/ml) was also found to be significant compared to the IC50 value of ascorbic acid (37.93 μg/ml). Moreover, the extract showed reducing power activity and Fe(++) ion chelating ability. The total phenolic amount was also calculated as quite high (378.37 mg/g of gallic acid equivalents) in the crude ethanol extract.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Therefore, the obtained results tend to suggest the antinociceptive and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of the plant leaves and justify its use in folkloric remedies.