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Zoran DL, Bassinger SC, Budke CM, Fridley JL. Mass Decontamination of Companion Dogs in Disaster: Planning for Personnel, Water, and Time Requirements. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2024; 18:e40. [PMID: 38415396 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2023.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The importance of companion animals in the daily lives of people, and the increasing incidence and severity of natural disasters impacting people and their animals, is very well documented. However, despite the advancement of companion animal response capabilities, decontamination remains an inconsistently implemented component of disaster response. The challenge for local authorities is their need for planning factors and protocols specific to companion animal decontamination which are generally lacking. Data is provided on the average time requirements, water use and containment resources necessary, and the personnel required to decontaminate (decon) a large number of companion dogs. METHODS Sixty-three lightly contaminated, medium weight, short to medium coat, highly tractable dogs (Labradors and Hounds) from a State facility colony were used to determine the water requirements, soap effectiveness, and time required to complete decon (washing/bathing). Data were collected over a 6-mo period using 2 personnel that were randomly assigned to wash the dogs. Difference in weight, bathing time, and water use between groups was evaluated using a 2-tailed 2-sample t-test for independent data. RESULTS The time and water requirements were significantly different between medium coated dogs and short coated dogs. On average, for a short coated dog, the amount of time to complete decon was 7 min, and the amount of water was 8-10 gal. For medium coated dogs, the time increased to 10-12 min to complete the process and 12-15 gal water. DISCUSSION The results of this study provide important insights emergency management planners, animal response team members, and community personnel tasked with implementation of mass decontamination of companion dogs following a natural or man-made disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Zoran
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (VMBS) Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shawn C Bassinger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (VMBS) Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Christine M Budke
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (VMBS) Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer L Fridley
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (VMBS) Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Toader G, Diacon A, Rusen E, Mangalagiu II, Alexandru M, Zorilă FL, Mocanu A, Boldeiu A, Gavrilă AM, Trică B, Pulpea D, Necolau MI, Istrate M. Peelable Alginate Films Reinforced by Carbon Nanofibers Decorated with Antimicrobial Nanoparticles for Immediate Biological Decontamination of Surfaces. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2775. [PMID: 37887926 PMCID: PMC10609245 DOI: 10.3390/nano13202775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the synthesis and characterization of alginate-based nanocomposite peelable films, reinforced by carbon nanofibers (CNFs) decorated with nanoparticles that possess remarkable antimicrobial properties. These materials are suitable for immediate decontamination applications, being designed as fluid formulations that can be applied on contaminated surfaces, and subsequently, they can rapidly form a peelable film via divalent ion crosslinking and can be easily peeled and disposed of. Silver, copper, and zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using superficial oxidized carbon nanofibers (CNF-ox) as support. To obtain the decontaminating formulations, sodium alginate (ALG) was further incorporated into the colloidal solutions containing the antimicrobial nanoparticles. The properties of the initial CNF-ox-NP-ALG solutions and the resulting peelable nanocomposite hydrogels (obtained by crosslinking with zinc acetate) were assessed by rheological measurements, and mechanical investigations, respectively. The evaluation of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for the synthesized nanoparticles (silver, copper, and zinc oxide) was performed. The best values for MIC and MBC were obtained for CNF-ox decorated with AgNPs for both types of bacterial strains: Gram-negative (MIC and MBC values (mg/L): E. coli-3 and 108; P. aeruginosa-3 and 54) and Gram-positive (MIC and MBC values (mg/L): S. aureus-13 and 27). The film-forming decontaminating formulations were also subjected to a microbiology assay consisting of the time-kill test, MIC and MBC estimations, and evaluation of the efficacity of peelable coatings in removing the biological agents from the contaminated surfaces. The best decontamination efficiencies against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa varied between 97.40% and 99.95% when employing silver-decorated CNF-ox in the decontaminating formulations. These results reveal an enhanced antimicrobial activity brought about by the synergistic effect of silver and CNF-ox, coupled with an efficient incorporation of the contaminants inside the peelable films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Toader
- Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I”, 39-49 G. Cosbuc Blvd., 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (A.D.); (D.P.)
| | - Aurel Diacon
- Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I”, 39-49 G. Cosbuc Blvd., 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (A.D.); (D.P.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.); (M.I.N.)
| | - Edina Rusen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.); (M.I.N.)
| | - Ionel I. Mangalagiu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol 1st Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mioara Alexandru
- Microbiology Laboratory, Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului St., 077125 Bucharest, Romania; (M.A.); (F.L.Z.)
| | - Florina Lucica Zorilă
- Microbiology Laboratory, Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului St., 077125 Bucharest, Romania; (M.A.); (F.L.Z.)
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Indepententei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Mocanu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.); (M.I.N.)
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT Bucharest, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Adina Boldeiu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT Bucharest, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ana Mihaela Gavrilă
- National Institute of Research and Development for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060041 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.G.); (B.T.)
| | - Bogdan Trică
- National Institute of Research and Development for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060041 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.G.); (B.T.)
| | - Daniela Pulpea
- Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I”, 39-49 G. Cosbuc Blvd., 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (A.D.); (D.P.)
| | - Mădălina Ioana Necolau
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.); (M.I.N.)
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marcel Istrate
- S.C. Stimpex S.A., 46-48 Nicolae Teclu Street, 032368 Bucharest, Romania;
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Review of Possible Therapies in Treatment of Novichoks Poisoning and HAZMAT/CBRNE Approaches: State of the Art. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062221. [PMID: 36983219 PMCID: PMC10054273 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Novichoks-organophosphorus compounds belong to the nerve agents group, constituting the fourth generation of chemical warfare agents. The tremendous toxicity of Novichoks is assumed to be several times greater than that of VX, whereas no published experimental research supports this. They were surreptitiously created during the Cold War by the Soviet Union. Novichok’s toxic action mechanism consists of the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. The review includes data on treating poisoning caused by OPs which could be used as guidelines for the therapy in case of Novichok exposure and HAZMAT/CBRNE approaches. Novichoks pose a severe threat due to their toxicity; however, there is insufficient information about the identity of A-series nerve agents. Filling in the missing data gaps will accelerate progress in improving protection against Novichoks and developing optimal therapy for treating poisoning casualties. Furthermore, introducing solutions to protect medical personnel in contact with a hazardous substance increases the chances of saving casualties of HAZMAT/CBRNE incidents.
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Cerecedo-Sáenz E, Hernández-Lazcano E, González-Bedolla MJ, Hernández-Ávila J, Rosales-Ibáñez R, Gutiérrez-Amador MDP, Sánchez-Castillo A, Arenas-Flores A, Salinas-Rodríguez E. Synthesis, Characterization and Decomposition of Potassium Jarosite for Adsorptive As(V) Removal in Contaminated Water: Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15912. [PMID: 36497984 PMCID: PMC9739190 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Jarosite-type compounds precipitated in the zinc industry for iron control can also incorporate arsenic and can be used for wastewater treatment for As elimination. According with the last, this work is related to arsenic incorporation at room temperature in decomposed potassium jarosite. The work began with the synthesis of the compound at 75 °C for 9 h using Fe2(SO4)3 and K2SO4 at a pH of 1.1. Once jarosite was obtained, solids were subjected to an alkaline decomposition using NaOH at pH 10 for 30 min, and then As was added to the solution as HAsNaO4 and the pH modified by adding HNO3 until it reached a value of 1.1. The initial, intermediate, and final products were wholly characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). The obtained results show that As(V) can be adsorbed by ionic exchange in the amorphous FeOH structure of decomposed jarosite and when pH decreased to 1.1, the compound recrystallized, incorporating up to 6% As on average, which is indicative that this process can be used to reduce As in contaminated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cerecedo-Sáenz
- Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Materials, Institute of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Highway Pachuca-Tulancingo km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Pachuca 42184, Mexico
| | - Elías Hernández-Lazcano
- Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Materials, Institute of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Highway Pachuca-Tulancingo km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Pachuca 42184, Mexico
| | - Maythe J. González-Bedolla
- Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Materials, Institute of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Highway Pachuca-Tulancingo km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Pachuca 42184, Mexico
| | - Juan Hernández-Ávila
- Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Materials, Institute of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Highway Pachuca-Tulancingo km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Pachuca 42184, Mexico
| | - Raúl Rosales-Ibáñez
- Tissue Engineering and Traslational Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tenayuca-Chalmita S/N, Cuautepec, Barrio Bajo, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico 07239, Mexico
| | | | - Ariadna Sánchez-Castillo
- Apan High School, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Highway Apan-Calpulalpan km. 8, Apan 43920, Mexico
| | - Alberto Arenas-Flores
- Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Materials, Institute of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Highway Pachuca-Tulancingo km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Pachuca 42184, Mexico
| | - Eleazar Salinas-Rodríguez
- Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Materials, Institute of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Highway Pachuca-Tulancingo km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Pachuca 42184, Mexico
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Song KH, Shin JS. Surface removal of stainless steel using a single-mode continuous wave fiber laser to decontaminate primary circuits. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2022.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Lepeytre C, Frances F, Charvolin MS, Ludwig A, Le Toquin E, Comoy E, Grandjean A, Gossard A. Colloidal gel as an efficient process to treat Chemical, Biological, Radiological (CBR) and prion contaminated solid surfaces. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Eco-Friendly Peelable Active Nanocomposite Films Designed for Biological and Chemical Warfare Agents Decontamination. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223999. [PMID: 34833298 PMCID: PMC8620509 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of imminent threats concerning biological and chemical warfare agents, the aim of this study was the development of a new method for biological and chemical decontamination, employing non-toxic, film-forming, water-based biodegradable solutions, using a nano sized reagent together with bentonite as trapping agents for the biological and chemical contaminants. Bentonite-supported nanoparticles of Cu, TiO2, and Ag were successfully synthesized and dispersed in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/glycerol (GLY) aqueous solution. The decontamination effectiveness of the proposed solutions was evaluated by qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques on various micro-organisms, with sulfur mustard (HD) and dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) as contaminants. The results indicate that the peelable active nanocomposite films can be successfully used on contaminated surfaces to neutralize and entrap the hazardous materials and their degradation products. Mechanical and thermal characterization of the polymeric films was also performed to validate the decontamination solution's potential as peelable-film generating materials. The removal efficacy from the contaminated surfaces for the tested micro-organisms varied between 93% and 97%, while for the chemical agent HD, the highest decontamination factor obtained was 90.89%. DMMP was almost completely removed from the contaminated surfaces, and a decontamination factor of 99.97% was obtained.
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8
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Bhatti SA, Memon FH, Rehman F, Bhatti Z, Naqvi T, Thebo KH. Recent progress in decontamination system against chemical and biological materials: challenges and future perspectives. REV INORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2021-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Environmental contamination is one of the key issues of developing countries in recent days, and several types of methods and technologies have been developed to overcome these issues. This paper highlights the importance of decontamination in a contaminated environment that normally precedes protection, detection and identification followed by medical support. Further, this paper especially focuses on individual and collective NBC decontamination required on navy ships and correspondingly presents solutions (viable and economical) through the use of indigenously developed decontamination equipment. The paper also highlights the integration of various decontamination technologies with pre-existing ship decontamination systems, indicating the need for various decontaminants. Finally, we will also focus on new decontamination systems based on nanomaterials and enzymes and their utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Akhtar Bhatti
- Department of Defence & Strategic Studies , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , 45320 , Pakistan
| | - Fida Hussain Memon
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Sukkur IBA University , Sukkur , Sindh , Pakistan
| | - Faisal Rehman
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering , College of EME, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) , Peshawar Road , Rawalpindi , Pakistan
| | - Zubeda Bhatti
- Department of Physics and Electronics , Shah Abdul Latif University , Khairpur Mirs , 66020 , Pakistan
| | - Tehsin Naqvi
- Department of Defence & Strategic Studies , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , 45320 , Pakistan
| | - Khalid Hussain Thebo
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) , Shenyang , China
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Braca P, Gaglione D, Marano S, Millefiori LM, Willett P, Pattipati K. Decision support for the quickest detection of critical COVID-19 phases. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8558. [PMID: 33879824 PMCID: PMC8058081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the course of an epidemic, one of the most challenging tasks for authorities is to decide what kind of restrictive measures to introduce and when these should be enforced. In order to take informed decisions in a fully rational manner, the onset of a critical regime, characterized by an exponential growth of the contagion, must be identified as quickly as possible. Providing rigorous quantitative tools to detect such an onset represents an important contribution from the scientific community to proactively support the political decision makers. In this paper, leveraging the quickest detection theory, we propose a mathematical model of the COVID-19 pandemic evolution and develop decision tools to rapidly detect the passage from a controlled regime to a critical one. A new sequential test-referred to as MAST (mean-agnostic sequential test)-is presented, and demonstrated on publicly available COVID-19 infection data from different countries. Then, the performance of MAST is investigated for the second pandemic wave, showing an effective trade-off between average decision delay [Formula: see text] and risk [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is inversely proportional to the time required to declare the need to take unnecessary restrictive measures. To quantify risk, in this paper we adopt as its proxy the average occurrence rate of false alarms, in that a false alarm risks unnecessary social and economic disruption. Ideally, the decision mechanism should react as quick as possible for a given level of risk. We find that all the countries share the same behaviour in terms of quickest detection, specifically the risk scales exponentially with the delay, [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] depends on the specific nation. For a reasonably small risk level, say, one possibility in ten thousand (i.e., unmotivated implementation of countermeasures every 27 years, on the average), the proposed algorithm detects the onset of the critical regime with delay between a few days to 3 weeks, much earlier than when the exponential growth becomes evident. Strictly from the quickest-detection perspective adopted in this paper, it turns out that countermeasures against the second epidemic wave have not always been taken in a timely manner. The developed tool can be used to support decisions at different geographic scales (regions, cities, local areas, etc.), levels of risk, instantiations of controlled/critical regime, and is general enough to be applied to different pandemic time-series. Additional analysis and applications of MAST are made available on a dedicated website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Braca
- Research Department, NATO STO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, 19126, La Spezia, Italy.
| | - Domenico Gaglione
- Research Department, NATO STO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, 19126, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Stefano Marano
- Department of Information & Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics (DIEM), University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Leonardo M Millefiori
- Research Department, NATO STO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, 19126, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Peter Willett
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 06269, USA
| | - Krishna Pattipati
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 06269, USA
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Chang N, Won H, Jung C, Kim S, Eun H, Kim Y. Behaviors of Perfluorocarbon Emulsion during Dissolution of Oxide Layers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051329. [PMID: 33801328 PMCID: PMC7958326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the dissolution behavior of oxide layers containing radionuclides using perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsion as a reusable medium. Chemicals such as PFC, anionic surfactant, and H2SO4 are used for preparing the PFC emulsion, and emulsified using an ultrasonication process. The FTIR results show O–H stretching that is formed by the interaction of the carboxyl group of the anionic surfactant with the hydroxyl group of water containing H2SO4, and find that the H2SO4 can be homogeneously dispersed in the PFC–anionic surfactant–H2SO4 emulsion. The dissolution test of the simulated Cr2O3 specimen is conducted using PFC emulsion containing KMnO4. Through the weight losses of specimens and Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (SEM-EDS) analysis, it is confirmed that the Cr2O3 layer on the SUS304 specimen is easily dissolved using PFC emulsion. During the dissolution of the Cr2O3, it is observed that the dispersed H2SO4–KMnO4 became unstable and separated from PFC emulsion. Based on these results, the behavior of the PFC emulsion during the dissolution of the oxide layer is explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naon Chang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea;
- Decommssioining technology research division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daedeok-daero 989-111, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34057, Korea; (C.J.); (S.K.); (H.E.)
- Correspondence: (N.C.); (H.W.); Tel.: +82-428688604 (N.C.); +82-428682331 (H.W.)
| | - Huijun Won
- Decommssioining technology research division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daedeok-daero 989-111, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34057, Korea; (C.J.); (S.K.); (H.E.)
- Correspondence: (N.C.); (H.W.); Tel.: +82-428688604 (N.C.); +82-428682331 (H.W.)
| | - Chonghun Jung
- Decommssioining technology research division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daedeok-daero 989-111, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34057, Korea; (C.J.); (S.K.); (H.E.)
| | - Seonbyeong Kim
- Decommssioining technology research division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daedeok-daero 989-111, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34057, Korea; (C.J.); (S.K.); (H.E.)
| | - Heechul Eun
- Decommssioining technology research division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daedeok-daero 989-111, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34057, Korea; (C.J.); (S.K.); (H.E.)
| | - Yongsoo Kim
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea;
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Grissom TG, Plonka AM, Sharp CH, Ebrahim AM, Tian Y, Collins-Wildman DL, Kaledin AL, Siegal HJ, Troya D, Hill CL, Frenkel AI, Musaev DG, Gordon WO, Karwacki CJ, Mitchell MB, Morris JR. Metal-Organic Framework- and Polyoxometalate-Based Sorbents for the Uptake and Destruction of Chemical Warfare Agents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:14641-14661. [PMID: 31994872 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The threat of chemical warfare agents (CWAs), assured by their ease of synthesis and effectiveness as a terrorizing weapon, will persist long after the once-tremendous stockpiles in the U.S. and elsewhere are finally destroyed. As such, soldier and civilian protection, battlefield decontamination, and environmental remediation from CWAs remain top national security priorities. New chemical approaches for the fast and complete destruction of CWAs have been an active field of research for many decades, and new technologies have generated immense interest. In particular, our research team and others have shown metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and polyoxometalates (POMs) to be active for sequestering CWAs and even catalyzing the rapid hydrolysis of agents. In this Forum Article, we highlight recent advancements made in the understanding and evaluation of POMs and Zr-based MOFs as CWA decontamination materials. Specifically, our aim is to bridge the gap between controlled, solution-phase laboratory studies and real-world or battlefield-like conditions by examining agent-material interactions at the gas-solid interface utilizing a multimodal experimental and computational approach. Herein, we report our progress in addressing the following research goals: (1) elucidating molecular-level mechanisms of the adsorption, diffusion, and reaction of CWA and CWA simulants within a series of Zr-based MOFs, such as UiO-66, MOF-808, and NU-1000, and POMs, including Cs8Nb6O19 and (Et2NH2)8[(α-PW11O39Zr(μ-OH)(H2O))2]·7H2O, (2) probing the effects that common ambient gases, such as CO2, SO2, and NO2, have on the efficacy of the MOF and POM materials for CWA destruction, and (3) using CWA simulant results to develop hypotheses for live agent chemistry. Key hypotheses are then tested with targeted live agent studies. Overall, our collaborative effort has provided insight into the fundamental aspects of agent-material interactions and revealed strategies for new catalyst development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Grissom
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Anna M Plonka
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Conor H Sharp
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Amani M Ebrahim
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Yiyao Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | | | - Alexey L Kaledin
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Harrison J Siegal
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Diego Troya
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Craig L Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Anatoly I Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Wesley O Gordon
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Christopher J Karwacki
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Mark B Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - John R Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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12
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Role of DNA Repair and Protective Components in Bacillus subtilis Spore Resistance to Inactivation by 400-nm-Wavelength Blue Light. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01604-18. [PMID: 30054368 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01604-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The high intrinsic decontamination resistance of Firmicutes spores is important medically (disease) and commercially (food spoilage). Effective methods of spore eradication would be of considerable interest in the health care and medical product industries, particularly if the decontamination method effectively killed spores while remaining benign to both humans and sensitive equipment. Intense blue light at a ∼400 nm wavelength is one such treatment that has drawn significant interest. This work has determined the resistance of spores to blue light in an extensive panel of Bacillus subtilis strains, including wild-type strains and mutants that (i) lack protective components such as the spore coat and its pigment(s) or the DNA protective α/β-type small, acid-soluble spore proteins (SASP); (ii) have an elevated spore core water content; or (iii) lack enzymes involved in DNA repair, including those for homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining (HR and NHEJ), apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases, nucleotide and base excision repair (NER and BER), translesion synthesis (TLS) by Y-family DNA polymerases, and spore photoproduct (SP) removal by SP lyase (SPL). The most important factors in spore blue light resistance were determined to be spore coats/pigmentation, α/β-type SASP, NER, BER, TLS, and SP repair. A major conclusion from this work is that blue light kills spores by DNA damage, and the results in this work indicate at least some of the specific DNA damage. It appears that high-intensity blue light could be a significant addition to the agents used to kill bacterial spores in applied settings.IMPORTANCE Effective methods of spore inactivation would be of considerable interest in the health care and medical products industries, particularly if the decontamination method effectively killed spores while remaining benign to both humans and sensitive equipment. Intense blue light radiation is one such treatment that has drawn significant interest. In this work, all known spore-protective features, as well as universal and spore-specific DNA repair mechanisms, were tested in a systematic fashion for their contribution to the resistance of spores to blue light radiation.
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Yoo J, Jin YW. Establishment of Criteria for Skin Decontamination in a Radiation Emergency. HEALTH PHYSICS 2018; 115:369-374. [PMID: 30045117 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the event of a radiological or nuclear emergency, internal or external contamination (or both) by radionuclides can occur. In such cases, removal of the radionuclides from the injured skin is important because such surface contamination may induce skin damage such as deterministic effects at very high skin doses (2 to 3 Gy). In addition, internal contamination will occur due to radionuclide absorption through the injured skin. Previous studies have suggested various decontamination criteria. However, those criteria are impractical in the case of large-scale population monitoring. Here, to identify practical decontamination criteria, the VARSKIN 4.0 software code is used to assess skin doses originating from surface contamination by Co, I, and Cs. In addition, Integrated Modules for Bioassay Assessment dosimetry software is used to assess the effective doses following radionuclide intake through external contamination for the same three radionuclides. The effective dose dependence on the soluble material type is also assessed. In particular, the effective dose due to radionuclide absorption is found to be greater than the skin dose rate due to surface contamination for the same radioactivity levels. Based on the calculation results, decontamination criteria and actions that depend on the effective dose and surface contamination level (Bq cm) for alpha and beta or gamma radiation are suggested. Actions for contaminated injured persons are classified as no action, optional, recommended, or required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeryong Yoo
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Jin
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Morsi TM, Elbarbary AM, Ghobashy MM, Othman SH. Surface decontamination in fuel manufacture plants by chelating solution of nanoparticles. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2017-2849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A nanoparticles chelating solution was synthesized by copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) and methacrylic acid (MAA) by radiation induced polymerization technique using 17 kGy irradiation doses. A high copolymer yield was obtained by using 80/20% of AN/MAA and comonomer concentration of 50% (w/w) at a dose rate of 2.58 KGy/h. The resultant cyano group (–CN) of nano-poly(AN/MAA) was converted by chemical modification using hydroxylamine (NH2–OH) to an amidoxime group [–C(=NOH)NH2], which was then confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The physico-chemical properties of poly(AN/MAA) and amidoximated poly(AN/MAA) nanoparticles were studied by FTIR, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The morphological analysis by TEM and DLS showed a spherical and uniform size of the amidoximated poly(AN/MAA) nanoparticles. TGA results indicated that the thermal stability of poly(AN/MAA) increased by the amidoximation process. The surface decontamination due to uranium was also investigated by the prepared chelating nanoparticles solution. A high purity germanium detector (HPGe) was used as a surface contamination detection tool. The results showed the presence of peaks at different energies, namely, 186.2 keV for Ra-226 (U-238) and 143.76 keV, 163.35 keV and 205.31 for U-235 before the decontamination process. The disappearance of these peaks after decontamination confirmed the applicability and efficiency of the nanoparticles solution in uranium surface decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Morsi
- Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Elbarbary
- Radiation Research of Polymer Chemistry Department , National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Ghobashy
- Radiation Research of Polymer Chemistry Department , National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Sameh H. Othman
- Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo, P.O: 13759 , Egypt , Tel.: +202 44694756, Fax: +202 44691756
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Jung H, Kah D, Chan Lim K, Lee JY. Fate of sulfur mustard on soil: Evaporation, degradation, and vapor emission. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:478-486. [PMID: 27697375 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
After application of sulfur mustard to the soil surface, its possible fate via evaporation, degradation following absorption, and vapor emission after decontamination was studied. We used a laboratory-sized wind tunnel, thermal desorber, gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) for systematic analysis. When a drop of neat HD was deposited on the soil surface, it evaporated slowly while being absorbed immediately into the matrix. The initial evaporation or drying rates of the HD drop were found to be power-dependent on temperature and initial drop volume. Moreover, drops of neat HD, ranging in size from 1 to 6 μL, applied to soil, evaporated at different rates, with the smaller drops evaporating relatively quicker. HD absorbed into soil remained for a month, degrading eventually to nontoxic thiodiglycol via hydrolysis through the formation of sulfonium ions. Finally, a vapor emission test was performed for HD contaminant after a decontamination process, the results of which suggest potential risk from the release of trace chemical quantities of HD into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsook Jung
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-600, South Korea.
| | - Dongha Kah
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-600, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Chan Lim
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-600, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Lee
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-600, South Korea
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Sharma N, Ojha H, Pathak DP, Goel R, Sharma RK. Ex-vivo complexation, skin permeation, interaction and cytodermal toxicity studies of p-tertbutylcalix[4]arene nanoemulsion for radiation decontamination. Life Sci 2017; 168:65-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Di Giacomo S, Mazzanti G, Di Sotto A. Mutagenicity of cigarette butt waste in the bacterial reverse mutation assay: The protective effects of β-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1319-1328. [PMID: 25728712 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette filters pose a serious litter and toxic waste disposal problem, because of their not biodegradability and to the leaching of toxins in the environment. Therefore, cigarette butts need to be manipulated as special waste, with potential risks to human health and environment. In the present study, the genotoxic potential of a methanol extract from commonly discharged cigarette butts (CBE) was evaluated in the bacterial reverse mutation assay on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA strains, both in the absence and presence of the S9 exogenous metabolic activator. Furthermore, the ability of the natural sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene (CRY) and β-caryophyllene oxide (CRYO) to inhibit the mutagenicity of CBE was studied as a possible preventive strategy. In order to identify the potential antimutagenic mechanisms, three different protocols (pretreatment, cotreatment, and posttreatment) were applied. CBE showed to increase the number of revertant colonies in all the strains tested in presence of S9, so resulting mutagenic. In the antimutagenicity assay, both CRY and CRYO significantly reduced the revertant colonies induced by CBE, although with different potency and specificity. For both sesquiterpenes, the antimutagenicity was strong in all experimental conditions, except for the cotreatment of CRY with CBE in WP2uvrA, which produced a moderate inhibition. Both desmutagenic and bioantimutagenic mechanisms seem to be involved in the antimutagenicity of the test substances. Taking into account the potential genotoxicity of cigarette butts, CRY and CRYO appear as possible further candidates as environmental decontaminants against this hazardous waste. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1319-1328, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article will review current guidelines for decontamination procedures for chemical, biological, and radiologic exposures with a focus on pediatric specific considerations. RECENT FINDINGS There has been a global increase in terrorist incidents that expose large populations to toxic agents associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology, treatment, and management of these toxic exposures may be unfamiliar to the healthcare provider. Additionally, children are particularly vulnerable to terrorist threats as they have unique anatomical, physiological, psychological, and developmental characteristics distinct from the adult population. SUMMARY Because pediatric patients are at greater risk than the general population, providers should be prepared to deliver age-appropriate care. Additionally, the ideal decontamination protocol is designed to maintain family units to maximize efficiency and minimize psychological trauma.
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Josse D, Wartelle J, Cruz C. Showering effectiveness for human hair decontamination of the nerve agent VX. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 232:94-100. [PMID: 25791764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work, our goals were to establish whether hair decontamination by showering one hour post-exposure to the highly toxic organophosphate nerve agent VX was effective, whether it required the addition of a detergent to water and, if it could be improved by using the adsorbent Fuller's Earth (FE) or the Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL) 30 min prior to showering. Hair exposure to VX and decontamination was performed by using an in vitro model. Hair showering led to 72% reduction of contamination. Addition of detergent to water slightly increased the decontamination effectiveness. Hair treatment with FE or RSDL improved the decontamination rate. Combination of FE use and showering, which yielded a decontamination factor of 41, was demonstrated to be the most effective hair decontamination procedure. Hair wiping after showering was shown to contribute to hair decontamination. Altogether, our results highlighted the importance of considering hair decontamination as an important part of body surface decontamination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Josse
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, BP73, 91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; Service de Santé et de Secours Médical du Service Départemental d'Incendie et de Secours des Alpes-Maritimes, 140 avenue Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, BP99, 06271 Villeneuve-Loubet Cedex, France.
| | - Julien Wartelle
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, BP73, 91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Catherine Cruz
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, BP73, 91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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Vošahlíková I, Otáhal P. Decontamination of protective clothing against radioactive contamination. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2014; 162:144-147. [PMID: 25084793 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to describe the experimental results of external surface mechanical decontamination of the studied materials forming selected suits. Seven types of personal protective suits declaring protection against radioactive aerosol contamination in different price ranges were selected for decontamination experiments. The outcome of this study is to compare the efficiency of a double-step decontamination process on various personal protective suits against radioactive contamination. A comparison of the decontamination effectiveness for the same type of suit, but for the different chemical mixtures ((140)La in a water-soluble or in a water-insoluble compound), was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vošahlíková
- The National Institute for Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Protection, Kamenná 71, Milín 262 31, Czech Republic
| | - P Otáhal
- The National Institute for Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Protection, Kamenná 71, Milín 262 31, Czech Republic
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21
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Rana S, Sharma N, Ojha H, Shivkumar HG, Sultana S, Sharma RK. p-Tertbutylcalix[4]arene nanoemulsion: Preparation, characterization and comparative evaluation of its decontamination efficacy against Technetium-99m, Iodine-131 and Thallium-201. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 117:114-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Khan AW, Kotta S, Rana S, Ansari SH, Sharma RK, Ali J. Skin decontamination cream for radiological contaminants: Formulation development and evaluation. Int J Pharm Investig 2013; 3:54-9. [PMID: 23799206 PMCID: PMC3687237 DOI: 10.4103/2230-973x.108964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased use of the radioactive materials in the field of research, medical, nuclear power plant, and industry has increased the risk of accidental exposure. Intentional use of the radioisotopes by terrorist organizations could cause exposure/contamination of a number of the population. In view of the accidental contamination, there is a need to develop self-usable decontamination formulations that could be used immediately after contamination is suspected. MATERIALS AND METHODS Present work was planned to optimize and develop self-usable radiation decontamination cream formulation. Various pharmaceutical parameters were characterized. (99m)Tc-sodium pertechnetate was used as radiocontaminant. Static counts were recorded before and after decontamination using single photon emission computed tomography. RESULTS Decontamination efficacy of the cream was found to be 42% ± 3% at 0-0.5 h after the exposure. Primary skin irritancy test was satisfactory as no erythema or edema was observed visually after 2 weeks of the formulation application. CONCLUSION The decontamination studies proved the potential of EDTA to remove the radiological contaminants effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wadood Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Rana S, Bhatt S, Dutta M, Khan A, Ali J, Sultana S, Kotta S, Ansari S, Sharma R. Radio-decontamination efficacy and safety studies on optimized decontamination lotion formulation. Int J Pharm 2012; 434:43-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Decontamination of radioisotopes. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2011; 16:147-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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