1
|
Chasara RS, Ajayi TO, Leshilo DM, Poka MS, Witika BA. Exploring novel strategies to improve anti-tumour efficiency: The potential for targeting reactive oxygen species. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19896. [PMID: 37809420 PMCID: PMC10559285 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular milieu in which malignant growths or cancer stem cells reside is known as the tumour microenvironment (TME). It is the consequence of the interactivity amongst malignant and non-malignant cells and directly affects cancer development and progression. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive molecules that contain oxygen, they are generated because of numerous endogenous and external factors. Endogenous ROS produced from mitochondria is known to significantly increase intracellular oxidative stress. In addition to playing a key role in several biological processes both in healthy and malignant cells, ROS function as secondary messengers in cell signalling. At low to moderate concentrations, ROS serves as signalling transducers to promote cancer cell motility, invasion, angiogenesis, and treatment resistance. At high concentrations, ROS can induce oxidative stress, leading to DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. These effects can result in cell death or trigger signalling pathways that lead to apoptosis. The creation of innovative therapies and cancer management techniques has been aided by a thorough understanding of the TME. At present, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, occasionally in combination, are the most often used methods for tumour treatment. The current challenge that these therapies face is the lack of spatiotemporal application specifically at the lesion which results in toxic effects on healthy cells associated with off-target drug delivery and undesirably high doses. Nanotechnology can be used to specifically deliver various chemicals via nanocarriers to target tumour cells, thereby increasing the accumulation of ROS-inducing agents at the site of the tumour. Nanoparticles can be engineered to release ROS-inducing agents in a controlled manner to the TME that will in turn react with the ROS to either increase or decrease it, thereby improving antitumour efficiency. Nano-delivery systems such as liposomes, nanocapsules, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers were explored for the up/down-regulation of ROS. This review will discuss the use of nanotechnology in targeting and altering the ROS in the TME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rumbidzai Sharon Chasara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, 0204, South Africa
| | - Taiwo Oreoluwa Ajayi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, 0204, South Africa
| | - Dineo Motjoadi Leshilo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, 0204, South Africa
| | - Madan Sai Poka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, 0204, South Africa
| | - Bwalya Angel Witika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, 0204, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Atef B, Ishak RAH, Badawy SS, Osman R. 10-Hydroxy Decanoic Acid-Based Vesicles as a Novel Topical Delivery System: Would It Be a Better Platform Than Conventional Oleic Acid Ufasomes for Skin Cancer Treatment? Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051461. [PMID: 37242703 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
10-hydroxy decanoic acid (HDA), a naturally derived fatty acid, was used for the preparation of novel fatty acid vesicles for comparison with oleic acid (OA) ufasomes. The vesicles were loaded with magnolol (Mag), a potential natural drug for skin cancer. Different formulations were prepared using the thin film hydration method and were statistically evaluated according to a Box-Behnken design in terms of particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and entrapment efficiency (EE). The ex vivo skin permeation and deposition were assessed for Mag skin delivery. In vivo, an assessment of the optimized formulae using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced skin cancer in mice was also conducted. The PS and ZP of the optimized OA vesicles were 358.9 ± 3.2 nm and -82.50 ± 7.13 mV compared to 191.9 ± 6.28 nm and -59.60 ± 3.07 mV for HDA vesicles, respectively. The EE was high (>78%) for both types of vesicles. Ex vivo permeation studies revealed enhanced Mag permeation from all optimized formulations compared to a drug suspension. Skin deposition demonstrated that HDA-based vesicles provided the highest drug retention. In vivo, studies confirmed the superiority of HDA-based formulations in attenuating DMBA-induced skin cancer during treatment and prophylactic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bassant Atef
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo 12585, Egypt
| | - Rania A H Ishak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Sabry S Badawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo 12585, Egypt
| | - Rihab Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saindane D, Bhattacharya S, Shah R, Prajapati BG. The recent development of topical nanoparticles for annihilating skin cancer. ALL LIFE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2103592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dnyanesh Saindane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, India
| | - Rahul Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, India
| | - Bhupendra G. Prajapati
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shree S.K.Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Itraconazole-Loaded Ufasomes: Evaluation, Characterization, and Anti-Fungal Activity against Candida albicans. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010026. [PMID: 36678655 PMCID: PMC9862016 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous obstacles challenge the treatment of fungal infections, including the uprising resistance and the low penetration of available drugs. One of the main active agents against fungal infections is itraconazole (ITZ), with activity against a broad spectrum of fungi while having few side effects. The aim of this study was to design ufasomes, oleic acid-based colloidal carriers, that could encapsulate ITZ to improve its penetration power. Employing a 2231 factorial design, the effect of three independent factors (oleic acid amount, cholesterol concentration, and ITZ amount) was investigated and evaluated for the percentage encapsulation efficiency (%EE), particle size (PS), and zeta potential (ZP). Optimization was performed using Design® expert software and the optimized ITZ-loaded ufasomes obtained had %EE of 99.4 ± 0.7%, PS of 190 ± 1 nm, and ZP of -81.6 ± 0.4 mV, with spherical unilamellar morphology and no aggregation. An in vitro microbiological study was conducted to identify the minimum inhibitory concentration of the selected formula against Candida albicans, which was found to be 0.0625 μg/mL. Moreover, the optimized formula reduced the expression of toll-like receptors-4 and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β secretion in the C. albicans-infected fibroblasts, indicating that the proposed ITZ-loaded ufasomes are a promising drug delivery system for ITZ.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kumar B, Pandey M, Aggarwal R, Sahoo PK. A comprehensive review on invasomal carriers incorporating natural terpenes for augmented transdermal delivery. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Transdermal drug delivery is one of the most widely used drug administration routes, which offer several advantages over other routes of drug delivery. The apical layer of the skin called the stratum corneum is the most dominant obstacle in the transdermal drug delivery, which restricts the passage of drugs across the skin. Considerable strategies have been applied to enhance the rate of permeation across the epithelial cells; however, the most widely used strategy is the use of sorption boosters, also known as permeation enhancers.
Main body
Terpenes were considered as efficient skin permeation enhancers and are generally recognized as safe as per Food and Drug Administration. Terpenes improve the permeability of drugs either by destructing the stratum corneum’s tightly packed lipid framework, excessive diffusivity of drug in cell membrane or by rampant drug partitioning into epithelial cells. Various vesicular systems have been developed and utilized for the transdermal delivery of many drugs. Invasomes are one such novel vesicular system developed which are composed of phospholipids, ethanol and terpenes. The combined presence of ethanol and terpenes provides exceptional flexibility to the vesicles and improves the permeation across the barrier offered due to the stratum corneum as both ethanol and terpenes act as permeation enhancers. Therefore, utilization of invasomes as carriers to facilitate higher rate of drug permeation through the skin can be a very useful approach to improve transdermal drug delivery of a drug.
Conclusion
The paper focuses on a broad updated view of terpenes as effective permeation enhancers and invasomes along with their applications in the pharmaceutical formulations.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hsieh AH, Franses EI, Corti DS. Formation of gem-like dispersions of soft crystallites in water by vesicles of a cationic surfactant. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
7
|
Nagasa GD, Belete A. Review on Nanomaterials and Nano-Scaled Systems for Topical and Systemic Delivery of Antifungal Drugs. J Multidiscip Healthc 2022; 15:1819-1840. [PMID: 36060421 PMCID: PMC9432385 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s359282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gamachu Diba Nagasa
- Department of Pharmacy, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Gamachu Diba Nagasa, Email
| | - Anteneh Belete
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jebastin K, Narayanasamy D. Rationale utilization of phospholipid excipients: a distinctive tool for progressing state of the art in research of emerging drug carriers. J Liposome Res 2022; 33:1-33. [PMID: 35543241 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2022.2069809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids have a high degree of biocompatibility and are deemed ideal pharmaceutical excipients in the development of lipid-based drug delivery systems, because of their unique features (permeation, solubility enhancer, emulsion stabilizer, micelle forming agent, and the key excipients in solid dispersions) they can be used in a variety of pharmaceutical drug delivery systems, such as liposomes, phytosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, etc. The primary usage of phospholipids in a colloidal pharmaceutical formulation is to enhance the drug's bioavailability with low aqueous solubility [i.e. Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) Class II drugs], Membrane penetration (i.e. BCS Class III drugs), drug uptake and release enhancement or modification, protection of sensitive active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from gastrointestinal degradation, a decrease of gastrointestinal adverse effects, and even masking of the bitter taste of orally delivered drugs are other uses. Phospholipid-based colloidal drug products can be tailored to address a wide variety of product requirements, including administration methods, cost, product stability, toxicity, and efficacy. Such formulations that are also a cost-effective method for developing medications for topical, oral, pulmonary, or parenteral administration. The originality of this review work is that we comprehensively evaluated the unique properties and special aspects of phospholipids and summarized how the individual phospholipids can be utilized in various types of lipid-based drug delivery systems, as well as listing newly marketed lipid-based products, patents, and continuing clinical trials of phospholipid-based therapeutic products. This review would be helpful for researchers responsible for formulation development and research into novel colloidal phospholipid-based drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koilpillai Jebastin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Damodharan Narayanasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Atef B, Ishak RA, Badawy SS, Osman R. Exploring the potential of oleic acid in nanotechnology-mediated dermal drug delivery: An up-to-date review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
10
|
Shetty K, Sherje AP. Nano intervention in topical delivery of corticosteroid for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis-a systematic review. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:88. [PMID: 34331599 PMCID: PMC8325647 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis are highly prevalent, complex, chronic inflammatory skin diseases that immensly affect the patient's quality of life. While there is no definitive cure for these conditions, suppressive medications aim at managing the symptoms of these diseases. The application of emollients accompanied by symptomatic anti-inflammatory therapy consisting of topical corticosteroids (TCS) is extensively employed for controlling the symptoms among general practitioners making this therapeutic class an indispensable pillar of dermatotherapeutics. The first TCS, hydrocortisone (HC) introduced in the early 1950s led to the development of different steroidal moieties of varying potencies by inducing chemical modifications to the basic steroid structure. The wide spectrum of the available range of formulations and potency provides flexibility to treat all patient groups, different phases of the diseases, and different anatomical sites. Conventional TCS therapy suffers from drawbacks such as low drug permeation and retention rate. Thus, novel nanoformulations have been developed to overcome these problems. This review provides an insight into the current state of nanocarrier-mediated topical delivery of corticosteroids monotherapy and combination therapy with special emphasis on targeting psoriasis and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kshitya Shetty
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, 400 056, India
| | - Atul P Sherje
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, 400 056, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lipid nanovesicles for biomedical applications: 'What is in a name'? Prog Lipid Res 2021; 82:101096. [PMID: 33831455 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vesicles, generally defined as self-assembled structures formed by single or multiple concentric bilayers that surround an aqueous core, have been widely used for biomedical applications. They can either occur naturally (e.g. exosomes) or be produced artificially and range from the micrometric scale to the nanoscale. One the most well-known vesicle is the liposome, largely employed as a drug delivery nanocarrier. Liposomes have been modified along the years to improve physicochemical and biological features, resulting in long-circulating, ligand-targeted and stimuli-responsive liposomes, among others. In this process, new nomenclatures were reported in an extensive literature. In many instances, the new names suggest the emergence of a new nanocarrier, which have caused confusion as to whether the vesicles are indeed new entities or could simply be considered modified liposomes. Herein, we discussed the extensive nomenclature of vesicles based on the suffix "some" that are employed for drug delivery and composed of various types and proportions of lipids and others amphiphilic compounds. New names have most often been selected based on changes of vesicle lipid composition, but the payload, structural complexity (e.g. multicompartment) and new/improved proprieties (e.g. elasticity) have also inspired new vesicle names. Based on this discussion, we suggested a rational classification for vesicles.
Collapse
|
12
|
Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Dermal and Transdermal Applications. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids5010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The stratum corneum, the most superficial layer of the skin, protects the body against environmental hazards and presents a highly selective barrier for the passage of drugs and cosmetic products deeper into the skin and across the skin. Nanomaterials can effectively increase the permeation of active molecules across the stratum corneum and enable their penetration into deeper skin layers, often by interacting with the skin and creating the distinct sites with elevated local concentration, acting as reservoirs. The flux of the molecules from these reservoirs can be either limited to the underlying skin layers (for topical drug and cosmeceutical delivery) or extended across all the sublayers of the epidermis to the blood vessels of the dermis (for transdermal delivery). The type of the nanocarrier and the physicochemical nature of the active substance are among the factors that determine the final skin permeation pattern and the stability of the penetrant in the cutaneous environment. The most widely employed types of nanomaterials for dermal and transdermal applications include solid lipid nanoparticles, nanovesicular carriers, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, and polymeric nanoparticles. The recent advances in the area of nanomaterial-assisted dermal and transdermal delivery are highlighted in this review.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kassem AA, Abd El-Alim SH. Vesicular Nanocarriers: A Potential Platform for Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery. NANOPHARMACEUTICALS: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS VOL. 2 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-44921-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
14
|
Fereig SA, El-Zaafarany GM, Arafa MG, Abdel-Mottaleb MMA. Tackling the various classes of nano-therapeutics employed in topical therapy of psoriasis. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:662-680. [PMID: 32393082 PMCID: PMC7269080 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1754527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a dermatological chronic skin condition with underlying autoimmune etiology. It deeply affects patients' quality of life. Therefore, it was an interesting target for researchers throughout the past years. Conventionally, the treatment options include anti-inflammatory agents, immune suppressants, biologic treatment, and phototherapy. Nanotechnology offers promising characteristics that allow for tailoring a drug carrier to achieve dermal targeting, improved efficacy and minimize undesirable effects. Being the safest route, the first line of treatment and a targeted approach, we solely discussed the use of the topical route, combined with advanced drug delivery systems for the management of psoriasis in this article. Advanced systems include polymeric, metallic, lipidic and hybrid nanocarriers incorporating different active agents. All formerly mentioned types of drug delivery systems were investigated through the past decades for the purpose of topical application on psoriatic plaques. Scientists' efforts are promising to reach an optimized formula with a convenient dosage form to improve efficacy, safety, and compliance for the treatment of psoriasis. Accordingly, it will offer a better quality of life for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salma A. Fereig
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El Sherouk City, Egypt
| | - Ghada M. El-Zaafarany
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona G. Arafa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El Sherouk City, Egypt
- Chemotherapeutic Unit, Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mona M. A. Abdel-Mottaleb
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rayleigh and Rayleigh-Debye-Gans light scattering intensities and spetroturbidimetry of dispersions of unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar liposomes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 578:471-483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
16
|
Kapoor B, Gupta R, Gulati M, Singh SK, Khursheed R, Gupta M. The Why, Where, Who, How, and What of the vesicular delivery systems. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 271:101985. [PMID: 31351415 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Though vesicular delivery systems have been widely explored and reviewed, no comprehensive review exists that covers their development from the inception of the concept to its culmination in the form of regulated marketed formulations. With the advancement of scientific research in the field of nanomedicine, certain category of vesicular delivery systems have successfully reached the global market. Despite extensive research and highly encouraging results in a plethora of pathological conditions in the preclinical studies, translation of these nanomedicines from laboratory to market has been very limited. Aim of this review is to describe comprehensively the various colloidal delivery systems, focusing mainly on their conventional and advanced methods of preparation, different characterization techniques and main success stories of their journey from bench to bedside of the patient. The review also touches the finer nuances of the use of modern formulation approach of DoE (Design of Experiments) in their formulation and the status of regulatory guidelines for the approval of these nanomedicines.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bolla PK, Meraz CA, Rodriguez VA, Deaguero I, Singh M, Yellepeddi VK, Renukuntla J. Clotrimazole Loaded Ufosomes for Topical Delivery: Formulation Development and In-Vitro Studies. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173139. [PMID: 31470517 PMCID: PMC6749186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Global incidence of superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes is high and affects around 40 million people. It is the fourth most common cause of infection. Clotrimazole, a broad spectrum imidazole antifungal agent is widely used to treat fungal infections. Conventional topical formulations of clotrimazole are intended to treat infections by effective penetration of drugs into the stratum corneum. However, drawbacks such as poor dermal bioavailability, poor penetration, and variable drug levels limit the efficiency. The present study aims to load clotrimazole into ufosomes and evaluate its topical bioavailability. Clotrimazole loaded ufosomes were prepared using cholesterol and sodium oleate by thin film hydration technique and evaluated for size, polydispersity index, and entrapment efficiency to obtain optimized formulation. Optimized formulation was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Skin diffusion studies and tape-stripping were performed using human skin to determine the amount of clotrimazole accumulated in different layers of the skin. Results showed that the optimized formulation had vesicle size <250 nm with ~84% entrapment efficiency. XRD and DSC confirmed the entrapment of clotrimazole into ufosomes. No permeation was observed through the skin up to 24 h following the permeation studies. Tape-stripping revealed that ufosomes led to accumulation of more clotrimazole in the skin compared to marketed formulation (Perrigo). Overall, results revealed the capability of ufosomes in improving the skin bioavailability of clotrimazole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Bolla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Carlos A Meraz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Victor A Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Isaac Deaguero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Mahima Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Venkata Kashyap Yellepeddi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jwala Renukuntla
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27240, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang A, Chan Miller C, Szostak JW. Core-Shell Modeling of Light Scattering by Vesicles: Effect of Size, Contents, and Lamellarity. Biophys J 2019; 116:659-669. [PMID: 30686489 PMCID: PMC6382849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Having a fast, reliable method for characterizing vesicles is vital for their use as model cell membranes in biophysics, synthetic biology, and origins of life studies. Instead of the traditionally used Rayleigh-Gans-Debye approximation, we use an exact extended Lorenz-Mie solution for how core-shell particles scatter light to model vesicle turbidity. This approach enables accurate interpretations of simple turbidimetric measurements and is able to accurately model highly scattering vesicles, such as larger vesicles, those with multiple layers, and those with encapsulated material. We uncover several surprising features, including that vesicle lamellarity has a larger effect on sample turbidity than vesicle size and that the technique can be used to measure the membrane thickness of vesicles. We also examine potential misinterpretations of turbidimetry and discuss when measurements are limited by forward and multiple scattering and by the geometry of the instrument.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Christopher Chan Miller
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jack W Szostak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tobias A, Rooke W, Hanks TW. Incorporation of gold nanoparticles into the bilayer of polydiacetylene unilamellar vesicles. Colloid Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-018-4441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
20
|
Mathur M, Devi VK. Potential of novel drug delivery systems in the management of topical candidiasis. J Drug Target 2017; 25:685-703. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1331352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Mathur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India
| | - V. Kusum Devi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kotla NG, Chandrasekar B, Rooney P, Sivaraman G, Larrañaga A, Krishna KV, Pandit A, Rochev Y. Biomimetic Lipid-Based Nanosystems for Enhanced Dermal Delivery of Drugs and Bioactive Agents. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1262-1272. [PMID: 33440514 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Clinical utility of conventional oral therapies is limited by their inability to deliver therapeutic molecules at the local or targeted site, causing a variety of side effects. Transdermal delivery has made a significant contribution in the management of skin diseases with enhanced therapeutic activities over the past two decades. In the modern era, various biomimetic and biocompatible polymer-lipid hybrid systems have been used to augment the transdermal delivery of therapeutics such as dermal patches, topical gels, iontophoresis, electroporation, sonophoresis, thermal ablation, microneedles, cavitational ultrasound, and nano or microlipid vesicular systems. Nevertheless, the stratum corneum still represents the main barrier to the delivery of vesicles into the skin. Lipid based formulations applied to the skin are at the center of attention and are anticipated to be increasingly functional as the skin offers many advantages for the direction of such systems. Accordingly, this review provides an overview of the development of conventional to advanced biomimetic lipid vesicles for skin delivery of a variety of therapeutics, with special emphasis on recent developments in this field including the development of transferosomes, niosomes, aquasomes, cubosomes, and other new generation lipoidal carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan G Kotla
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bhargavi Chandrasekar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Peadar Rooney
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gandhi Sivaraman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Aitor Larrañaga
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - K Vijaya Krishna
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yury Rochev
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle, Galway, Ireland.,School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle, Galway, Ireland.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Lipid vesicular systems composed of hydrated amphihiles with or without bilayer inducing agents such as cholesterol. On the basis of used amphiphilic molecule different nomenclature are used as liposomes, ufasomes and niosomes. Nonionic surfactants with mono-, di- or trialkyl chains form niosomes which are lipid vesicles with more chemical stability in comparison with phospholipids of liposomes. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic chemicals can be encapsulated in niosomes as a new drug delivery system. This drug carrier system could have administered via injection, oral, pulmonary, vaginal, rectal, ophthalmic, nasal or transdermal routes with penetration enhancing potential. This chapter presents a detailed explain about niosome forming components, methods of preparation and routes of administration. Many examples for drug delivery potential of niosomes are also available in this review. Vaccine adjuvant and genetic substances vector capabilities are not given here.
Collapse
|
23
|
Pardakhty A. Non-Ionic Surfactant Vesicles (Niosomes) as New Drug Delivery Systems. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0751-2.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid vesicular systems composed of hydrated amphihiles with or without bilayer inducing agents such as cholesterol. On the basis of used amphiphilic molecule different nomenclature are used as liposomes, ufasomes and niosomes. Nonionic surfactants with mono-, di- or trialkyl chains form niosomes which are lipid vesicles with more chemical stability in comparison with phospholipids of liposomes. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic chemicals can be encapsulated in niosomes as a new drug delivery system. This drug carrier system could have administered via injection, oral, pulmonary, vaginal, rectal, ophthalmic, nasal or transdermal routes with penetration enhancing potential. This chapter presents a detailed explain about niosome forming components, methods of preparation and routes of administration. Many examples for drug delivery potential of niosomes are also available in this review. Vaccine adjuvant and genetic substances vector capabilities are not given here.
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang Y, Jiang L, Shen Q, Shen J, Han Y, Zhang H. Investigation on the self-assembled behaviors of C18unsaturated fatty acids in arginine aqueous solution. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06088b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembled behaviors of UFAs in arginine solution have provided a theoretical basis for the application of two functional molecules in drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Qinke Shen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Jian Shen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Yuwang Han
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Hongman Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Synthesis of Non-Toxic Silica Particles Stabilized by Molecular Complex Oleic-Acid/Sodium Oleate. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111936. [PMID: 27869768 PMCID: PMC5133931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work is focused on the preparation of biocompatible silica particles from sodium silicate, stabilized by a vesicular system containing oleic acid (OLA) and its alkaline salt (OLANa). Silica nanoparticles were generated by the partial neutralization of oleic acid (OLA), with the sodium cation present in the aqueous solutions of sodium silicate. At the molar ratio OLA/Na+ = 2:1, the molar ratio (OLA/OLANa = 1:1) required to form vesicles, in which the carboxyl and carboxylate groups have equal concentrations, was achieved. In order to obtain hydrophobically modified silica particles, octadecyltriethoxysilane (ODTES) was added in a sodium silicate sol–gel mixture at different molar ratios. The interactions between the octadecyl groups from the modified silica and the oleyl chains from the OLA/OLANa stabilizing system were investigated via simultaneous thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (TG-DSC) analyses.A significant decrease in vaporization enthalpy and an increase in amount of ODTES were observed. Additionally, that the hydrophobic interaction between OLA and ODTES has a strong impact on the hybrids’ final morphology and on their textural characteristics was revealed. The highest hydrodynamic average diameter and the most negative ζ potential were recorded for the hybrid in which the ODTES/sodium silicate molar ratio was 1:5. The obtained mesoporous silica particles, stabilized by the OLA/OLANa vesicular system, may find application as carriers for hydrophobic bioactive molecules.
Collapse
|
26
|
Nistor CL, Ianchis R, Ghiurea M, Nicolae CA, Spataru CI, Culita DC, Pandele Cusu J, Fruth V, Oancea F, Donescu D. Aqueous Dispersions of Silica Stabilized with Oleic Acid Obtained by Green Chemistry. NANOMATERIALS 2016; 6:nano6010009. [PMID: 28344265 PMCID: PMC5302543 DOI: 10.3390/nano6010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes for the first time the synthesis of silica nanoparticles starting from sodium silicate and oleic acid (OLA). The interactions between OLA and sodium silicate require an optimal OLA/OLANa molar ratio able to generate vesicles that can stabilize silica particles obtained by the sol-gel process of sodium silicate. The optimal molar ratio of OLA/OLANa can be ensured by a proper selection of OLA and respectively of sodium silicate concentration. The titration of sodium silicate with OLA revealed a stabilization phenomenon of silica/OLA vesicles and the dependence between their average size and reagent’s molar ratio. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements emphasized the successful synthesis of silica nanoparticles starting from renewable materials, in mild condition of green chemistry. By grafting octadecyltrimethoxysilane on the initial silica particles, an increased interaction between silica particles and the OLA/OLANa complex was achieved. This interaction between the oleyl and octadecyl chains resulted in the formation of stable gel-like aqueous systems. Subsequently, olive oil and an oleophylic red dye were solubilized in these stable aqueous systems. This great dispersing capacity of oleosoluble compounds opens new perspectives for future green chemistry applications. After the removal of water and of the organic chains by thermal treatment, mesoporous silica was obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lavinia Nistor
- R & D National Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, Spl. Independentei 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Raluca Ianchis
- R & D National Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, Spl. Independentei 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Marius Ghiurea
- R & D National Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, Spl. Independentei 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Cristian-Andi Nicolae
- R & D National Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, Spl. Independentei 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Catalin-Ilie Spataru
- R & D National Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, Spl. Independentei 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Daniela Cristina Culita
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry of Romania Academy, Spl. Independentei 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Jeanina Pandele Cusu
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry of Romania Academy, Spl. Independentei 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Victor Fruth
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry of Romania Academy, Spl. Independentei 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Florin Oancea
- R & D National Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, Spl. Independentei 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Dan Donescu
- R & D National Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, Spl. Independentei 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Grimaldi N, Andrade F, Segovia N, Ferrer-Tasies L, Sala S, Veciana J, Ventosa N. Lipid-based nanovesicles for nanomedicine. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:6520-6545. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00409a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional lipid-based nanovesicles (L-NVs) prepared by molecular self-assembly of membrane components together with (bio)-active molecules, by means of compressed CO2-media or other non-conventional methods lead to highly homogeneous, tailor-made nanovesicles that are used for advanced nanomedicine. Confocal microscopy image of siRNA transfection using L-NVs, reprinted with permission from de Jonge,et al.,Gene Therapy, 2006,13, 400–411.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Grimaldi
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus Universitari de Bellaterra
- Cerdanyola del Vallès
- Spain
- Nanomol Technologies SA
| | - F. Andrade
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus Universitari de Bellaterra
- Cerdanyola del Vallès
- Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería
| | - N. Segovia
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus Universitari de Bellaterra
- Cerdanyola del Vallès
- Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería
| | - L. Ferrer-Tasies
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus Universitari de Bellaterra
- Cerdanyola del Vallès
- Spain
- Nanomol Technologies SA
| | - S. Sala
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus Universitari de Bellaterra
- Cerdanyola del Vallès
- Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería
| | - J. Veciana
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus Universitari de Bellaterra
- Cerdanyola del Vallès
- Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería
| | - N. Ventosa
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus Universitari de Bellaterra
- Cerdanyola del Vallès
- Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
The self-crosslinked ufasome of conjugated linoleic acid: Investigation of morphology, bilayer membrane and stability. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
29
|
Kumar D, Sharma D, Singh G, Singh M, Rathore MS. Lipoidal soft hybrid biocarriers of supramolecular construction for drug delivery. ISRN PHARMACEUTICS 2012; 2012:474830. [PMID: 22888455 PMCID: PMC3409530 DOI: 10.5402/2012/474830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based innovations have achieved new heights during the last few years as an essential component of drug development. The current challenge of drug delivery is liberation of drug agents at the right time in a safe and reproducible manner to a specific target site. A number of novel drug delivery systems has emerged encompassing various routes of administration, to achieve controlled and targeted drug delivery. Microparticulate lipoidal vesicular system represents a unique technology platform suitable for the oral and systemic administration of a wide variety of molecules with important therapeutic biological activities, including drugs, genes, and vaccine antigens. The success of liposomes as drug carriers has been reflected in a number of liposome-based formulations, which are commercially available or are currently undergoing clinical trials. Also, novel lipid carrier-mediated vesicular systems are originated. This paper has focused on the lipid-based supramolecular vesicular carriers that are used in various drug delivery and drug targeting systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, CT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jalandhar 144020, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|