The effect of epicatechin on oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage induced by homocycteine using isolated rat hippocampus mitochondria

Signaling Pathways in Oxidative Stress-Induced Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review of Phytochemical Therapeutic Interventions

Oxidative stress, a pivotal driver of neurodegenerative diseases, results from an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular antioxidant defenses. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of key oxidative stress sources, focusing on NADPH oxidase (NOX) hyperactivity and mitochondrial Uncoupling Protein (UCP) downregulation. Critically, we examine the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals in mitigating NOX-mediated ROS generation through direct enzyme inhibition, including impacts on NOX subunit assembly and gene expression. Furthermore, we explore the ability of phytochemicals to bolster cellular antioxidant defenses by activating the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway, elucidating the upregulation of antioxidant genes, such as GPx, SOD, CAT, and HO-1. This review expands beyond confined overviews; emphasizes specific molecular interactions between phytochemicals and target proteins, including NOX isoforms; and provides an in-depth analysis of the specific antioxidant genes upregulated via Nrf2. This approach aims to pave the way for targeted and translatable therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. Ultimately, this review illuminates the intricate molecular dynamics of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases; underscores the potential of phytochemicals to restore redox homeostasis and reverse pathological conditions through precise modulation of key signaling pathways.

Repurposing mitochondria-targeted therapeutics for kidney diseases

The kidney is one of the most metabolically demanding organs in the human body and requires a large amount of energy, in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to perform and maintain normal kidney functions. To meet this energy demand, proximal tubule cells within the nephron segments of the renal cortex are mitochondrially dense with high oxygen consumption rates. Mitochondria are complex organelles involved in diverse cellular and molecular functions, including the production of ATP, calcium homeostasis, and phospholipid regulation. Mitochondrial dysfunction is critical in the onset and progression of kidney disease. Dysfunctional renal mitochondria have been linked with alterations in redox homeostasis, impaired bioenergetics, oxidative stress, and inflammation, all of which result in renal cell injury and death, as well as fibrotic accumulation in kidney injury and disease. As such, interest in the development and/or repurposing of mitochondria-targeted therapeutics for the potential treatment of kidney diseases has recently surged. Although novel therapeutics and promising new drug targets have been identified, drug repurposing for kidney diseases offers numerous advantages over traditional drug discovery initiatives, including reduced cost, time of therapeutic development, and preclinical testing, in addition to known pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and safety profiles. Here, we provide an overview of mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of kidney injury and disease and shed light on promising mitochondria-targeted therapeutic agents that display repurposing potential for the restoration of kidney function and/or acceleration of renal recovery.

Enhancement of Cognitive Benefits and Anti-Anxiety Effects of Phytolacca americana Fruits in a Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Model of Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment

Phytolacca americana fruits exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This study aims to investigate the phenolic profile of hydroethanolic extracts from both fresh (PEC) and dried (PEU) fruits of P. americana using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and to evaluate their impact on anxiety-like behavior, memory, oxidative stress, and cholinergic status in zebrafish (Danio rerio, Tübingen strain) treated with scopolamine (SCO, 100 μM). Acute administration of PEC and PEU (0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/L) was conducted for one hour per day. In silico analyses were performed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the phenolic compounds discerned in the two extracts, using platforms such as SwissAdme, Molinspiration, ProToX-III, AdmetLab 3.0, PKCSM, and PASS. Anxiety-like behavior and memory performance were assessed through specific behavioral assays, including the novel tank test (NTT), light/dark test (LD), novel approach test (NAT), Y-maze, and novel object recognition (NOR). Subsequently, the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the extent of oxidative stress in the zebrafish brain were investigated. Our findings suggest that both PEC and PEU possess anxiolytic effects, alleviating SCO-induced anxiety and enhancing cognitive performance in amnesic zebrafish. Furthermore, these extracts demonstrated the ability to mitigate cholinergic deficits by inhibiting AChE activity and supporting antioxidant defense mechanisms through increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced lipid and protein peroxidation. These results highlight the potential use of P. americana fruit extracts in managing anxiety and cognitive impairments related to dementia conditions.

Garcinia flavonoids for healthy aging: Anti-senescence mechanisms and cosmeceutical applications in skin care

Cellular senescence, the irreversible arrest of cell division, is a hallmark of aging and a key contributor to age-related disorders. Targeting senescent cells represents a promising therapeutic approach to combat these ailments. This review explores the potential of Garcinia species, a genus rich in flavonoids with established antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as a source of natural anti-senescence agents. We investigate the intricate connections between aging, cellular senescence, and oxidative stress, highlighting the detrimental effects of free radicals on cellular health. Furthermore, we analyze the diverse array of flavonoids identified within Garcinia and their established cellular mechanisms. We critically evaluate the emerging evidence for the anti-senescence potential of flavonoids in general and the limited research on Garcinia flavonoids in this context. By identifying existing knowledge gaps and paving the way for future research, this review underscores the exciting potential of Garcinia flavonoids as natural anti-senescence agents. These agents hold promise for not only promoting healthy aging but also for the development of cosmeceutical products that combat the visible signs of aging.

Epicatechin as a promising agent against arsenic-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in NMRI mice: behavioral and biochemical alterations

Epicatechin (Epi) is one of the most abundant flavonoids present in different fruits and tea leaves. Emerging research illuminates the promising potential of catechins to serve as a shield against the damaging effects of arsenic (As) exposure in diverse organs.This study sought to discern whether Epi exhibits a therapeutic efficacy against arsenic-induced neurotoxicity in a murine model.The Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice were randomly partitioned into six distinct groups, which included a control group receiving normal saline, a group receiving a daily oral dose of arsenic (10 mg/kg) for 5 weeks, groups receiving As (10 mg/kg/day) orally for 5 weeks along with different doses of Epi (25-100 mg/kg) orally for the last 2 weeks, and a group receiving Epi (100 mg/kg) orally for 2 weeks. To assess the potential effects of Epi, neurobehavioral tests, various parameters of oxidative stress, and inflammation were evaluated.The findings of this investigation revealed that As-induced neurobehavioral toxicity was associated with a notable surge in lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide (NO) concentration, accompanied by a reduction in the levels of antioxidant markers. As heightened pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were observed alongside amplified nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression. However, treatment with Epi reversed these effects.On the whole, these findings indicate that Epi may hold promise therapeutic efficacy on As-induced neurotoxicity by improving antioxidant status and mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation. Nevertheless, further research is imperative to comprehensively grasp the potential protective effects of Epi in this particular context.

Epicatechin Isolated from Litchi chinensis Sonn. (Litchi) Fruit Peel Ethyl Acetate Extract Modulated Glucose Uptake in Chang Cells and Suppressed ROS Production in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Bioactive flavonoid epicatechin has been reported in the peel of litchi fruit but isolated from its hydroalcoholic extracts. This study isolated epicatechin with cellular glucose uptake modulatory and ROS production inhibitory properties from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract using a bioassay-guided approach. The fruit peel was defatted with hexane and sequentially extracted using dichloromethane (DCM), EtOAc, methanol (MeOH) and water. In vitro phytochemical models, namely antioxidant (Fe3+ reducing, radical scavenging and anti-linoleic acid peroxidative) and glycaemic control (α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory and glucose uptake modulatory), were employed for the bioassay-guided isolation, while the isolated compound was characterised using NMR and mass spectrometry and assessed for dose-dependent inhibition of α-glucosidase and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cellular ROS production, as well as modulation of cellular glucose uptake. Relative to the other extracts, the EtOAc extract had appreciable phenol and flavonoid contents, which perhaps influenced its potent anti-lipid peroxidative (65.0%) and α-glucosidase inhibitory (52.4%) effects. The α-glucosidase inhibitory potency of the fractions (1-8) from the EtOAc extracts correlated with their flavonoid contents, with fraction 5 outperforming other fractions. The fraction comprised a pool of fractions obtained from the DCM:MeOH:water (7:3:0.281 v/v/v) solvent system. LC-MS revealed the predominant presence of epicatechin in fraction 5, which was later isolated from one of the sub-fractions (sub-fraction 4) of fraction 5. This sub-fraction had stronger anti-lipid peroxidative (65.5%), α-glucosidase inhibitory (65.8%) and glucose uptake modulatory (38.2%) effects than the other sub-fractions from fraction 5, which could have been influenced by the isolated epicatechin. Moreover, the isolated epicatechin inhibited α-glucosidase (IC50 = 35.3 µM), modulated cellular glucose uptake (EC50 = 78.5 µM) and inhibited LPS-induced ROS production in RAW 264.7 macrophages in a dose-dependent fashion [IC50 = 18.9 µM; statistically comparable (p > 0.05) to ascorbic acid, IC50 = 9.57 µM]. Epicatechin from litchi peel EtOAc extract could potentiate glucose uptake modulatory, α-glucosidase inhibitory and ROS suppressive capacities, which could be influential in the use of litchi fruit peel for managing diabetes and associated oxidative damage.

Anti-Neuroinflammatory Potential of Areca Nut Extract and Its Bioactive Compounds in Anthracene-Induced BV-2 Microglial Cell Activation

Particulate matter (PM2.5) containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is of considerable environmental importance worldwide due to its adverse effects on human health, which are associated with neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Areca catechu L. (AC) fruit is known to possess various pharmacological properties; however, the anti-neuroinflammatory roles of AC on the suppression of PAH-induced neuroinflammation are still limited. Thus, we focused on the effects and related signaling cascades of AC and its active compounds against anthracene-induced toxicity and inflammation in mouse microglial BV-2 cells. Phytochemicals in the ethanolic extract of AC (ACEE) were identified using LC-MS, and molecular docking was conducted to screen the interaction between compounds and target proteins. Significant bioactive compounds in ACEE such as arecoline, (-)-epicatechin, and syringic acid were evinced through the LC-MS spectrum. The docking study revealed that (-)-epicatechin showed the highest binding affinities against NF-κB. For cell-based approaches, anthracene induced intracellular ROS, mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and the release of TNF-α through enhancing JNK, p38, and NF-κB signaling pathways. However, the co-treatment of cells with ACEE or (-)-epicatechin could reverse those anthracene-induced changes. The overall study suggested that ACEE-derived bioactive compounds such as (-)-epicatechin may be developed as a potential anti-neuroinflammatory agent by preventing inflammation-mediated NDDs.

Effect of acute and chronic stress on memory impairment and hippocampal oxidative stress following global cerebral ischemia in adult male rats

Background and purpose

Stress, especially immobility stress, is quite common and one of the most important and influential risk factors in neurological disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effect of acute and chronic immobility stress on the level of cortical and hippocampal oxidative stress indicators and memory impairment following global cerebral ischemia.

Experimental approach

In this study, 48 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: 1, sham (S); 2, sham-acute stress (SSA); 3, sham-chronic stress (SSC); 4, ischemia (IS); 5, ischemia-acute stress (ISA); 6, ischemia-chronic stress (ISC). The Morris water maze (MWM) test was performed 14 days after surgery, and cortisol levels and oxidative stress factors such as malondialdehyde MDA and total thiol were measured.

Findings/Results

In the MWM test, the time to find the platform (latency time) in the ISC and IS groups significantly increased compared to the S group. The time spent in the target quarter in these two groups was significantly reduced compared to the S group on the day of the probe. The results showed a significant increase in cortisol levels and malondialdehyde concentration in the ISA, ISC, and IS groups compared to the S group, but there was no significant difference in total thiol concentration. No significant difference was observed in the level of oxidative stress factors in the cortex.

Conclusion and implication

Chronic immobility stress could reduce antioxidant factors in the hippocampus and exacerbate memory impairment caused by global ischemia.

Cocoa flavanols, Nrf2 activation, and oxidative stress in peripheral artery disease: mechanistic findings in muscle based on outcomes from a randomized trial

The pathophysiology of muscle damage in peripheral artery disease (PAD) includes increased oxidant production and impaired antioxidant defenses. Epicatechin (EPI), a naturally occurring flavanol, has antioxidant properties that may mediate the beneficial effects of natural products such as cocoa. In a phase II randomized trial, a cocoa-flavanol-rich beverage significantly improved walking performance compared with a placebo in people with PAD. In the present work, the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of cocoa flavanols were investigated by analyzing baseline and follow-up muscle biopsies from participants. Increases in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) target antioxidants heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NQO1) in the cocoa group were significantly associated with reduced accumulation of central nuclei, a myopathy indicator, in type II muscle fibers (P = 0.017 and P = 0.023, respectively). Protein levels of the mitochondrial respiratory complex III subunit, cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2 (UQCRC2), were significantly higher in the cocoa group than in the placebo group (P = 0.032), and increases in UQCRC2 were significantly associated with increased levels of Nrf2 target antioxidants HO-1 and NQO1 (P = 0.001 and P = 0.035, respectively). Exposure of non-PAD human myotubes to ex vivo serum from patients with PAD reduced Nrf2 phosphorylation, an indicator of activation, increased hydrogen peroxide production and oxidative stress, and reduced mitochondrial respiration. Treatment of myotubes with EPI in the presence of serum from patients with PAD increased Nrf2 phosphorylation and protected against PAD serum-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Overall, these findings suggest that cocoa flavanols may enhance antioxidant capacity in PAD via Nrf2 activation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The current study supports the hypothesis that in people with PAD, cocoa flavanols activate Nrf2, thereby increasing antioxidant protein levels, protecting against skeletal muscle damage, and increasing mitochondrial protein abundance. These results suggest that Nrf2 activation may be an important therapeutic target for improving walking performance in people with PAD.

The metabolic and toxic acute effects of phloretin in the rat liver

The current study sought to evaluate the acute effects of phloretin (PH) on metabolic pathways involved in the maintenance of glycemia, specifically gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, in the perfused rat liver. The acute effects of PH on energy metabolism and toxicity parameters in isolated hepatocytes and mitochondria, as well as its effects on the activity of a few key enzymes, were also evaluated. PH inhibited gluconeogenesis from different substrates, stimulated glycogenolysis and glycolysis, and altered oxygen consumption. The citric acid cycle activity was inhibited by PH under gluconeogenic conditions. Similarly, PH reduced the cellular ATP/ADP and ATP/AMP ratios under gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic conditions. In isolated mitochondria, PH inhibited the electron transport chain and the F_oF₁-ATP synthase complex as well as acted as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibiting the synthesis of ATP. PH also decreased the activities of malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphatase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Part of the bioenergetic effects observed in isolated mitochondria was shown in isolated hepatocytes, in which PH inhibited mitochondrial respiration and decreased ATP levels. An aggravating aspect might be the finding that PH promotes the net oxidation of NADH, which contradicts the conventional belief that the compound operates as an antioxidant. Although trypan blue hepatocyte viability tests revealed substantial losses in cell viability over 120 min of incubation, PH did not promote extensive enzyme leakage from injured cells. In line with this effect, only after a lengthy period of infusion did PH considerably stimulate the release of enzymes into the effluent perfusate of livers. In conclusion, the increased glucose release caused by enhanced glycogenolysis, along with suppression of gluconeogenesis, is the opposite of what is predicted for antihyperglycemic agents. These effects were caused in part by disruption of mitochondrial bioenergetics, a result that should be considered when using PH for therapeutic purposes, particularly over long periods and in large doses.

(-)-Epicatechin Reduces Neuroinflammation, Protects Mitochondria Function, and Prevents Cognitive Impairment in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy is a common neurological complication of sepsis. Despite advances in pathological and diagnostic investigations, its treatment remains a major challenge. In sepsis-associated encephalopathy, neuroinflammatory overactivation and mitochondrial damage are thought to contribute to cognitive and behavioral impairments. In this study, we found that administration of (−)-Epicatechin, a dietary flavonoid of the flavan-3-ol subgroup, improves memory deficits and behavior performance by ameliorating neuroinflammation, regulating mitochondria function, enhancing synaptic plasticity, and reducing neuronal loss in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis. We further show that the AMPK signaling pathway might be among the mechanisms involved in the beneficial memory effects. Our data demonstrated the potential of (−)-Epicatechin as a new drug candidate for the treatment of sepsis-associated cognitive impairment by targeting AMPK.

Biological Potential, Gastrointestinal Digestion, Absorption, and Bioavailability of Algae-Derived Compounds with Neuroprotective Activity: A Comprehensive Review

Currently, there is no known cure for neurodegenerative disease. However, the available therapies aim to manage some of the symptoms of the disease. Human neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of illnesses characterized by progressive loss of neuronal cells and nervous system dysfunction related to several mechanisms such as protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotransmission dysfunction. Neuroprotective compounds are essential in the prevention and management of neurodegenerative diseases. This review will focus on the neurodegeneration mechanisms and the compounds (proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), polysaccharides, carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, phenolic compounds, among others) present in seaweeds that have shown in vivo and in vitro neuroprotective activity. Additionally, it will cover the recent findings on the neuroprotective effects of bioactive compounds from macroalgae, with a focus on their biological potential and possible mechanism of action, including microbiota modulation. Furthermore, gastrointestinal digestion, absorption, and bioavailability will be discussed. Moreover, the clinical trials using seaweed-based drugs or extracts to treat neurodegenerative disorders will be presented, showing the real potential and limitations that a specific metabolite or extract may have as a new therapeutic agent considering the recent approval of a seaweed-based drug to treat Alzheimer’s disease.

The protective effects of rosmarinic acid on ethanol-induced gastritis in male rats: antioxidant defense enhancement

Background and purpose:

Gastritis is one of the most current gastrointestinal disorders worldwide. Alcohol consumption is one of the major factors, which provides gastritis. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is found in many plants and has powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the protective effect of RA was evaluated on the histopathological indices, antioxidant ability, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion in male rats.

Experimental approach:

Forty-two animals were divided into control, ethanol-induced gastritis, and RA groups, 6 each. The protective groups included RA administration before gastritis induction at 50 mg (R-G50), 100 mg (R-G100), 150 mg (R-G150), and 200 mg (R-G200) doses. Gastritis was induced by gavage of 1 mL pure ethanol in fasted animals. After 1 h of gastritis induction, the rats were sacrificed and stomach tissue was removed.

Findings/Results:

Histological evaluation revealed that RA significantly attenuated gastric ulcers, leucocyte infiltration, and hyperemia. It also increased mucosal layer thickness and restored gastric glands. Furthermore, RA decreased malondialdehyde level, increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione in the stomach tissue, and raised gastric PGE2 level.

Conclusion and implications:

Our study demonstrated that rosmarinic acid has a notable effect on gastritis protection that could be due to increased antioxidant defense and PGE2 secretion, eventually maintenance of mucosal barrier integrity and gastric glands.

Effects of (-)-epicatechin on mitochondria

Mitochondrial dysfunction is observed in a broad range of human diseases, including rare genetic disorders and complex acquired pathologies. For this reason, there is increasing interest in identifying safe and effective strategies to mitigate mitochondrial impairments. Natural compounds are widely used for multiple indications, and their broad healing properties suggest that several may improve mitochondrial function. This review focuses on (-)-epicatechin, a monomeric flavanol, and its effects on mitochondria. The review summarizes the available data on the effects of acute and chronic (-)-epicatechin supplementation on mitochondrial function, outlines the potential mechanisms involved in mitochondrial biogenesis induced by (-)-epicatechin supplementation and discusses some future therapeutic applications.

Oxidative stress and inflammation following sub-lethal oral exposure of cypermethrin in rats: mitigating potential of epicatechin

Cypermethrin (CYP), a synthetic pyrethroid is a common environmental toxicant owing to its wide usage as a broad-spectrum insecticide. Its exposure to non-target organisms, including man, elicits numerous adverse effects making it a major public health issue. Epicatechin (EC) has proven anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective efficacy of epicatechin with regards to altered oxidative and inflammatory parameters subsequent to CYP treatment in rats. Animals were divided into four groups. The first group served as the control, while groups 2, 3, and 4 were orally treated with EC (30 mg kg-1 body weight), CYP (25 mg kg-1 body weight), and CYP plus EC, respectively. Oral administration of CYP for 14 days increased the levels of oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxides, and advanced oxidized protein products in the liver and kidney. These were accompanied by a decrease in glutathione and total antioxidant capacity levels. The activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase was increased while catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased in these organs. Moreover, CYP increased plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. The plasma content of the nitrative nucleic acid marker, 8-nitroguanine was also markedly elevated by CYP. Administration of EC to CYP-exposed rats mitigated the induced oxidative and inflammatory effects. These data suggest that EC can attenuate the toxic effects induced by CYP exposure.

MRI imaging and histopathological study of brain iron overload of β-thalassemic mice

Brain iron overload is chronic and slow progressing and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a useful noninvasive tool for determining liver iron content, but it has not been proven to be adequate for evaluating brain iron overload. We evaluated the usefulness of MRI-derived parameters to determine brain iron concentration in β-thalassemic mice and the effects of the membrane permeable iron chelator, deferiprone. Sixteen β-thalassemic mice underwent 1.5T MRI of the brain that included a multiecho T2*-weighted sequence. Brain T2* values ranged from 28 to 31ms for thalassemic mice. For the iron overloaded thalassemic mice, brain T2* values decreased, ranging from 8 to 12ms, which correlated with the iron overload status of the animals. In addition, brain T2* values increased in the group with the treatment of deferiprone, ranging from 18 to 24ms. Our results may be useful to understand brain pathology in iron overload. Moreover, data could lead to an earlier diagnosis, assist in following disease progression, and demonstrate the benefits of iron chelation therapy.

Mitochondrial transplantation as a potential and novel master key for treatment of various incurable diseases

Mitochondria are attractive cellular organelles which are so interesting in both basic and clinical research, especially after it was found that they were arisen as a bacterial intruder in ancient cells. Interestingly, even now, they are the focus of many investigations and their function and relevance to health and disease have remained open questions. More recently, research on mitochondria have turned out their potential application in medicine as a novel therapeutic intervention. The importance of this issue is highlighted when we know that mitochondrial dysfunction can be observed in a variety of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, ischemia, diabetes, renal failure, skeletal muscles disorders, liver diseases, burns, aging, and cancer progression. In other words, transplantation of viable mitochondria into the injured tissues would replace or augment damaged mitochondria, allowing the rescue of cells and restoration of the normal function. Therefore, mitochondrial transplantation would be revolutionary for the treatment of a variety of diseases in which conventional therapies have proved unsuccessful. Here, we describe pieces of evidence of mitochondrial transplantation, discuss and highlight the current and future directions to show why mitochondrial transplantation could be a master key for treatment of a variety of diseases or injuries.

Biothiols and oxidative stress markers and polymorphisms of TOMM40 and APOC1 genes in Alzheimer's disease patients

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive disease, with frequently observed improper biothiols turnover, homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH). GSH protects cells from oxidative stress and may be determined by 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo2dG) level and its repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1). The presence of unfavorable alleles, e.g., in APOE cluster, TOMM40 or APOC1 is known to facilitate the dementia onset under oxidative stress.

The aim of the study was to analyze rs1052452, rs2075650 TOMM40 polymorphisms, rs4420638 APOC1, and their correlation with Hcy, GSH, 8-oxo2dG, OGG1 levels in plasma of AD patients and controls.

We recruited 230 individuals: 88 AD, 80 controls without (UC), 62 controls with (RC) positive family history of AD. The TOMM40 genotype was determined by HRM and capillary electrophoresis, while APOC1 by HRM. The concentrations of OGG1, 8-oxo2dG were determined by ELISA, whereas Hcy, GSH by HPLC/EC.

We showed that over 60% of AD patients had increased Hcy levels (p<0.01 vs. UC, p<0.001 vs. RC), while GSH (p<0.01 vs. UC), 8-oxo2dG (p<0.01 vs. UC, p<0.001 vs. RC) were reduced. Minor variants: rs10524523-L, rs4420638-G, rs2075650-G were significantly overrepresented in AD. For rs4420638-G, rs2075650-G variants, the association remained significant in APOE E4 non-carriers. The misbalance of analyzed biothiols, and 8-oxo2dG, OGG1 were more pronounced in carriers of major variants: rs10524523-S/VL, rs4420638-A, rs2075650-A.

We showed, for the first time, that APOC1 and TOMM40 rs2075650 polymorphisms may be independent risk factors of developing AD, whose major variants are accompanied by disruption of biothiols metabolism and inefficient removal of DNA oxidation.

Green Tea and Red Tea from Camellia sinensis Partially Prevented the Motor Deficits and Striatal Oxidative Damage Induced by Hemorrhagic Stroke in Rats

Green tea from Camellia sinensis plays a well-established neuroprotective role in several neurodegenerative diseases, including intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, the other teas of the same plant do not have their properties well understood; but they can be as effective as green tea as an alternative therapy. In this study, we investigated the effects of supplementation with green tea and red tea from Camellia sinensis on motor deficits and striatum oxidative damage in rats submitted to hemorrhagic stroke (ICH). Male Wistar rats were supplemented with green tea, red tea, or vehicle for 10 days prior to ICH induction. After injury, the rats were submitted to motor tests (open field for locomotion, rotarod for balance, and neurological deficit scale (NDS)) 1, 3, and 7 days after ICH induction, while the tea supplementation was maintained. Subsequently, the rats were euthanized to striatal tissue dissection for biochemical analyzes (lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, glutathione levels, and total antioxidant capacity). ICH caused locomotor and balance deficits, as well as increased the neurological deficit (NDS). Only red tea prevented locomotor deficits after injury. Green tea and red tea prevented balance deficits on the seventh day after ICH. On NDS evaluation, green tea presented a better neuroprotection than red tea (until day 3 after ICH injury). In addition, ICH increased reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation levels, without altering antioxidant markers. Green and red teas were effective in decreasing the lipid peroxidation levels. Therefore, green and red teas partially prevented the motor deficits and striatal oxidative damage induced by ICH. Based on our results, we can consider that the two teas seem to be equally effective to prevent motor deficits and striatal oxidative damage induced by hemorrhagic stroke in rats.

Biological activities of (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epicatechin-containing foods: Focus on cardiovascular and neuropsychological health

Recent studies have suggested that certain (-)-epicatechin-containing foods have a blood pressure-lowering capacity. The mechanisms underlying (-)-epicatechin action may help prevent oxidative damage and endothelial dysfunction, which have both been associated with hypertension and certain brain disorders. Moreover, (-)-epicatechin has been shown to modify metabolic profile, blood's rheological properties, and to cross the blood-brain barrier. Thus, (-)-epicatechin causes multiple actions that may provide unique synergy beneficial for cardiovascular and neuropsychological health. This review summarises the current knowledge on the biological actions of (-)-epicatechin, related to cardiovascular and brain functions, which may play a remarkable role in human health and longevity.

Protective effects of coenzyme Q10 and L-carnitine against statin-induced pancreatic mitochondrial toxicity in rats

Statins are widely used in patients with hyperlipidemia and whom with high risk of cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, statins also exert some adverse effects on the liver and pancreas and enhance the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The objective of the present research was to investigate the protective effects of coenzyme Q₁₀ (Co-Q₁₀) and L-carnitine (LC) on statins induced toxicity on pancreatic mitochondria in vivo. Seven groups of male Wistar rats received atorvastatin (20 mg/kg, p.o.), atorvastatin + Co-Q₁₀ (10 mg/kg, i.p.), atorvastatin + LC (500 mg/kg, i.p.), lovastatin (80 mg/kg, p.o), lovastatin + Co-Q₁₀ (10 mg/kg, i.p.), and lovastatin + LC (500 mg/kg, i.p.). Serum glucose and insulin levels were measured before and after two weeks of treatment, while the pancreas was removed and toxic effects of statins, as well as the protective effects of Co-Q₁₀ and LC were assessed. The results showed that atorvastatin and lovastatin significantly increased glucose level and decreased insulin secretion. The glucose level in Co-Q₁₀ and LC groups was significantly lower than statins alone groups. The findings also showed that statin groups had higher rate of pancreatic toxicity including higher level of reactive oxygen species production, decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and swelling in comparison to controls. These factors were significantly diminished by co-administration of Co-Q₁₀ or LC compared to statin groups alone. Additionally, supplements caused a significant increase in serum insulin and succinate dehydrogenase activity. Our study provided new evidence supporting beneficial effects of Co-Q₁₀ and LC on statin-induced pancreatic toxicity.