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Àlvarez G, Soler-Ollé A, Isabal S, León R, Blanc V. Bacterial decontamination of toothbrushes by immersion in a mouthwash containing 0.05% chlorhexidine and 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2022; 21:357-364. [PMID: 36524318 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toothbrushes are colonized by microorganisms, implying a risk of infection. That risk can be reduced by decreasing the microbial contamination of the filaments. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the antiseptic efficacy of a 0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash on toothbrushes. METHODS A total of twelve toothbrushes used three times/day for 14 days by orally and systemically healthy people were randomly split into two groups, and their heads were immersed for 2 h in PBS (control) or Perio·Aid Active Control (treatment). The microorganisms were recovered, and their number was calculated by culture, quantitative PCR, and viability PCR. Statistical differences were first assessed with a two-way mixed ANOVA and subsequently with Student's t-test. RESULTS The results showed no statistical differences in the total number of cells for the treatment (mean ± CI95% of 7.27 ± 1.09 log10 bacteria/ml) and the control (7.62 ± 0.64 log10 bacteria/ml) groups, but a significantly lower number of live cells in the treatment group (4.58 ± 0.61 log10 viable bacteria/ml and 2.15 ± 1.42 log10 cfu/ml) than in the control group (6.49 ± 1.39 log10 viable bacteria/ml and 5.04 ± 0.93 log10 cfu/ml). CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, sanitization of toothbrushes with this mouthwash reduces the number of live microorganisms adhered to the filaments. Such decrease of the bacterial load could include bacteria from the oral cavity, from the environment, and from nearby toothbrushes since the quantification was not limited to any bacterial taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Àlvarez
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Agnès Soler-Ollé
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sergio Isabal
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rubén León
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Vanessa Blanc
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Wylie MR, Merrell DS. The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:891535. [PMID: 35712721 PMCID: PMC9195866 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.891535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Azadirachta indica (A. Juss), also known as the neem tree, has been used for millennia as a traditional remedy for a multitude of human ailments. Also recognized around the world as a broad-spectrum pesticide and fertilizer, neem has applications in agriculture and beyond. Currently, the extensive antimicrobial activities of A. indica are being explored through research in the fields of dentistry, food safety, bacteriology, mycology, virology, and parasitology. Herein, some of the most recent studies that demonstrate the potential of neem as a previously untapped source of novel therapeutics are summarized as they relate to the aforementioned research topics. Additionally, the capacity of neem extracts and compounds to act against drug-resistant and biofilm-forming organisms, both of which represent large groups of pathogens for which there are limited treatment options, are highlighted. Updated information on the phytochemistry and safety of neem-derived products are discussed as well. Although there is a growing body of exciting evidence that supports the use of A. indica as an antimicrobial, additional studies are clearly needed to determine the specific mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and in vivo safety of neem as a treatment for human pathogens of interest. Moreover, the various ongoing studies and the diverse properties of neem discussed herein may serve as a guide for the discovery of new antimicrobials that may exist in other herbal panaceas across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R Wylie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - D Scott Merrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Hajiahmadi M, Faghri J, Saliminabi Z, Moshkelgosha H, Shayankia A, Heidari F. In vitro antimicrobial effects of green tea, microwaving, cold boiled water, and chlorhexidine on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans on silicone pacifiers. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2022; 19:23. [PMID: 35432794 DOI: pmid/35432794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effects of green tea, microwaving, cold boiled water, and chlorhexidine (CHX) on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans on silicone pacifiers. Materials and Methods In this in vitro experimental study, 60 equal-size samples of silicone pacifiers were cut, ultraviolet sterilized, and randomly divided into two groups (n = 30) for immersion in 0.5 McFarland standard suspension of S. mutans and C. albicans. The samples in each group were then randomly divided into five subgroups (n = 6) for disinfection with 0.12% CHX, cold boiled water, green tea, microwaving for 7 min, and distilled water. The sample suspensions were cultured on blood agar (for S. mutans) and Sabouraud dextrose agar (for C. albicans) and incubated. The number of colonies was counted after 24 and 48 h. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (P < 0.05). Results At 24 and 48 h, the S. mutans colony count was the lowest in CHX and green tea subgroups followed by microwave, cold boiled water, and distilled water subgroups (P < 0.05). Conclusion CHX and green tea can significantly decrease the S. mutans and C. albicans colony count on silicone pacifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hajiahmadi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental Research Center, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jamshid Faghri
- Bacteriology and Virology of Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Saliminabi
- General Dentist, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hadi Moshkelgosha
- Dental Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Asal Shayankia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fariba Heidari
- Dental Research Center, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Nair LSR, Soman A, George S, Jose D, Sain S, Salim S. Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacies of 0.2% Chlorhexidine and 4% Tulsi Extract in the Decontamination of Child Toothbrushes: An Observational Analytical Study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2022; 12:85-92. [PMID: 35281682 PMCID: PMC8896584 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_245_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 0.2% chlorhexidine and 4% tulsi extract as toothbrush decontaminants. Materials and Methods Of 100 children, who attended the outpatient unit of Department of Pediatric dentistry, 81 children, who satisfied all the inclusion criteria were subjected to systematic sampling, after arranging them in the alphabetical order and were grouped into three. The first child came under Group I, second under Group II, third under Group III, fourth one again under Group I, and so on till the 81st child. In the baseline phase, the children were provided precoded toothbrushes and toothpastes and instructed to place those brushes to be put after use, in single-use glasses. After obtaining the baseline value of Streptococcus mutans colony count, the participants of Group I was given 0.2% chlorhexidine, Group II was given 4% tulsi extract, and distilled water for Group III, to be used as toothbrush decontaminants for 5 days. The toothbrushes were then collected back, and were subjected to microbial analysis. Statistical analysis was performed by using Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Whitney U test with P < 0.05. Results All test solutions, 0.2% chlorhexidine and 4% tulsi extract, except for distilled water, showed a statistically significant reduction of S. mutans count. There was no statistical difference between the efficacies of 4% tulsi extract and 0.2% chlorhexidine, although the latter showed a better reduction. Conclusion Tulsi extract may well be a perfect replacement to chlorhexidine for reducing the S. mutans count in the child toothbrushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmy S R Nair
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Lekshmy S. R. Nair, Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum 695028, Kerala, India. E-mail:
| | - Anandaraj Soman
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Sageena George
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Deepak Jose
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Shaniya Sain
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Shiad Salim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Shayankia A, Hajiahmadi M, Faghri J, Saliminabi Z, Moshkelgosha H, Heidari F. In vitro antimicrobial effects of green tea, microwaving, cold boiled water, and chlorhexidine on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans on silicone pacifiers. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.340108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Singh A, Palshikar A, Chatterji T. Comparison of the efficacy of homemade herbal disinfectants with chlorhexidine for decontamination of toothbrush: a randomized controlled trial. MGM JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/mgmj.mgmj_52_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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7
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AlDhawi RZ, AlNaqa NH, Tashkandi OE, Gamal AT, AlShammery HF, Eltom SM. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Charcoal vs. Non-charcoal Toothbrushes: A Randomized Controlled Study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2020; 10:719-723. [PMID: 33437704 PMCID: PMC7791587 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_290_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the efficacy of the antimicrobial properties of charcoal vs. non-charcoal toothbrushes and the level of bacterial contamination in the oral cavity using a charcoal toothbrush. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind controlled study in which both male and female subjects aged from 18 to 35 were included (n = 30; 15 males and 15 females). The subjects were selected from (students) of Riyadh Elm University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Subjects were informed about the study and signed the consent form before participation. From January to April 2019, subjects were given charcoal and non-charcoal toothbrushes. RESULTS The Wilcoxon signed rank test showed that there was a significant difference in bacterial counts between non-charcoal and charcoal toothbrushes (P = 0.000). Of the subjects, 70% showed a decrease in the number of bacterial counts while 30% showed no increase in bacterial counts. There was a statistically significant decrease in the number of bacteria in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) with charcoal treatment (P < 0.001). Of the subjects, 96.6% showed a decrease in the count of bacteria in GCF after using a charcoal toothbrush. Only 3.3% of the subjects had the similar counts of bacteria in GCF after using the charcoal toothbrush. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that charcoal toothbrushes reduce bacterial contamination and the poor effects on oral health after 1 week of use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ahmed Tawfiq Gamal
- Assistant Professor, Preventive Dentistry Department at Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Samar Mohammad Eltom
- Laboratory Specialist in Microbiology at Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Bains VK, Bains R. Is oral hygiene as important as hand hygiene during COVID-19 pandemic? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.25259/ajohas_8_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral hygiene is an integral part of personal hygiene practices and should not be neglected. Similar to hand hygiene, oral hygiene is essential in reducing infection from the oral cavity, and thus, its transfer to the upper and lower respiratory tract. Although there is no randomized clinical trial, oral hygiene may imply to reduce the morbidity and mortality related to coronavirus disease pandemic potentially. At present, standard oral hygiene measures consist of thorough cleaning of all surfaces of teeth, interdental areas, and tongue daily. Oral health-care providers should emphasize its importance. Thorough toothbrushing for “Two Times For Two Minutes” in a day is an easy key to remember.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Bains
- Department of Periodontology, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India,
| | - Rhythm Bains
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India,
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Functional Bioglass-Biopolymer Double Nanostructure for Natural Antimicrobial Drug Extracts Delivery. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020385. [PMID: 32098412 PMCID: PMC7075305 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aseptic loosening and periprosthetic infections are the main causes of implant failure. Strategies to mitigate this drawback are therefore mandatory to avoid primary and revision replacement surgeries. A functional bioapatite–biopolymer double nanostructure fabricated by matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation to prevent infection of orthopedic and dental implants could promote osseointegration and ensure controlled delivery of natural antimicrobial drugs. The synthesized nanostructure consists of two overlapping layers, the lower from a biocompatible polymer for anticorrosive protection, and the upper of bioactive glass incorporating antimicrobial plant extract, acting as a potential drug delivery system. Morphology, composition, adherence, ability for drug delivery and biological properties (cytotoxicity and antimicrobial effect) were studied. Structures proved compact and stable, conserving a remarkable drug delivery ability for more than 21 days, i.e., enough to ensure long-term microbes’ eradication.
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Sukmasari S, Nurjanah N, Herijuliant E, Putri M. Eugenia polyantha (Wight) infusion against oral microorganisms on toothbrushes. SCIENTIFIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/sdj.sdj_38_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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11
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Wu SC, Yang ZQ, Liu F, Peng WJ, Qu SQ, Li Q, Song XB, Zhu K, Shen JZ. Antibacterial Effect and Mode of Action of Flavonoids From Licorice Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2489. [PMID: 31749783 PMCID: PMC6848462 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial pathogen that causes food poisoning, various infections, and sepsis. Effective strategies and new drugs are needed to control S. aureus associated infections due to the emergence and rapid dissemination of antibiotic resistance. In the present study, the antibacterial activity, potential mode of action, and applications of flavonoids from licorice were investigated. Here, we showed that glabrol, licochalcone A, licochalcone C, and licochalcone E displayed high efficiency against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Glabrol, licochalcone A, licochalcone C, and licochalcone E exhibited low cytotoxicity without hemolytic activity based on safety evaluation. Glabrol displayed rapid bactericidal activity with low levels of resistance development in vitro. Meanwhile, glabrol rapidly increased bacterial membrane permeability and dissipated the proton move force. Furthermore, we found that peptidoglycan, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin inhibited the antibacterial activity of glabrol. Molecular docking showed that glabrol binds to phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin through the formation of hydrogen bonds. Lastly, glabrol showed antibacterial activity against MRSA in both in vivo and in vitro models. Altogether, these results suggest that glabrol is a promising lead compound for the design of membrane-active antibacterial agents against MRSA and can be used as a disinfectant candidate as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Cheng Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Jing Peng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Qi Qu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Bin Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Vinod KS, Sunil KS, Sethi P, Bandla RC, Singh S, Patel D. A Novel Herbal Formulation versus Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Efficacy against Oral Microflora. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2018; 8:184-190. [PMID: 29780746 PMCID: PMC5946529 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_59_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare and to analyze the antimicrobial efficacy of 0.12% chlorhexidine and new formulated herbal mouthwash after using for 14 days. The objective was to signify whether the noval herbal combination could be a better alternative mouthwash to Chlorhexidine (CHX). Materials and Methods: This is a double-blinded, random controlled research study conducted in the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology. A total of 200 dental students were selected randomly, comprising of two groups, 100 in each, aged between 18 and 22 years with gingival index of score II. The first group was advised to oral rinse with 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash and the second group with new formulated herbal mouthwash for 14 days. Saliva samples were collected on the day 0 (baseline), followed by day 7 and 14 and microbial colony count was performed. The data obtained was statistically analyzed using SPSS version 16. Student's t-test was applied for comparison of the mean microbial count between the two groups. Repeated measures analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc test was applied to assess the changes from day 0 to day 7 to day 14. The statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results: Microbial colonies were reduced better in chlorhexidine group on the day 7 whereas, on day 14, greater reduction was observed in the herbal group in both gender groups with high statistical significance (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Herbal mouthwash formulation performed effectively well on long-term usage, could be used as an alternative mouthwash to overcome the disadvantages of chlorhexidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Vinod
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Triveni Institute of Dental Sciences Hospital and Research Centre, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - K S Sunil
- Department of Shalya Tantra, Dr. Krishna Gopal Dwivedi Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Sethi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Triveni Institute of Dental Sciences Hospital and Research Centre, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ram Chand Bandla
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Triveni Institute of Dental Sciences Hospital and Research Centre, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Subhasini Singh
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Triveni Institute of Dental Sciences Hospital and Research Centre, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Deepak Patel
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Triveni Institute of Dental Sciences Hospital and Research Centre, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
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