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Araújo-Neto FDC, Dosea AS, Fonseca FLD, Tavares TMA, Santos DDM, Pimentel DMM, Mesquita AR, Lyra Jr DPD. Perceptions of formal pharmacy leadership on the social role of the profession and its historical evolution: A qualitative study. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2024; 13:100405. [PMID: 38283100 PMCID: PMC10820284 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, pharmaceutical professionalism has been questioned due to the social role of pharmacy, which is ambiguous in the literature. This raises questions about the purpose of the profession among pharmacists, despite the efforts of their professional organizations and formal leaders to consolidate the occupational status of the profession. Objective To understand the social role of pharmacy in Brazil through its historical evolution based on the perceptions of formal leaders of the profession. Methods A qualitative study was conducted between July 2020 and February 2021 with pharmacists who held leadership positions in formal and professional pharmacy organizations in Brazil. The data obtained from the interviews were submitted to content analysis. Results A total of 17 pharmacists participated in this study. The data analyzed presented perceptions about the social role of the pharmaceutical profession in Brazil, which promotes access to health through different means. These include the manager pharmacist, who facilitates access to public health policies; the caring pharmacist, who promotes health education and the rational use of medicines; and the technologist pharmacist, who researches, develops, and promotes access to safe and cost-effective medicines. The interviewees also discussed the evolution of this social role based on influential factors such as legislation, clinical movement, pharmaceutical education, labor market, behaviors, and attitudes of pharmacists. Conclusion In this study, pharmaceutical professionalism was conceptualized based on its social role, which should be centered on the patient. Understanding such issues is part of the evolutionary purpose of the profession in Brazil and should be encouraged in the behaviors and attitudes of pharmacists despite the challenges faced by the profession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de Castro Araújo-Neto
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Aline Santana Dosea
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Francielly Lima da Fonseca
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Thaís Maria Araújo Tavares
- Undergraduate Pharmacy, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Douglas de Menezes Santos
- Undergraduate Pharmacy, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Rezende Mesquita
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Divaldo Pereira de Lyra Jr
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
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Bailey DS, Harding D. Professional identity and role perception of Radiographers and Clinical Technologists in Nuclear Medicine - An exploratory qualitative study. Radiography (Lond) 2024; 30:73-79. [PMID: 37871368 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An awareness of Professional Identity (PI), an individual's identity in relation to their professional group, and Role Perception (RP), an individual's view of their specific role, may enable safe and effective practice by providing an understanding of professional boundaries, behaviours and activities. This research aimed to explore and gain an understanding of the PI and RP of Radiographers and Clinical Technologists working as Nuclear Medicine Technologists (NMT's). METHODS 10 NMT's were recruited from a large National Health Service (NHS) Trust. Utilising the established methodology of Qualitative Description, data was obtained using semi-structured interviews and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS Four themes were identified: "Becoming the Unexpected" which detailed various training pathways; "Caring with Science" which described the NMT's role and defined their PI; "Same View, Different Lens" which portrayed how Radiographers and Clinical Technologists practise as team of NMT's; and "Confirmation of Professional Self" which presented how individuals view their professional status. CONCLUSION The study showed that the NMT role is highly specialised, multi-faceted and patient-centred. Their professional status is based on the nature of their role and their university level education and training. They work together under the umbrella title of NMT with a dual professional identity of "provider of care" and "user of science and technology". However, they may have an individual identity of Radiographer or Clinical Technologist that is determined by their training pathway. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This research has provided valuable understanding of the PI and RP of NMT's. By highlighting the differences in the regulatory status of this workforce, an insight into the future implications in the context of national healthcare planning has been provided, highlighting potentially significant issues that may impact on the manner in which NMT's can practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Bailey
- Workforce, Education & Professional Development Lead, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - D Harding
- Centre for Allied Health, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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Courtney J, Aragon KG, Douglas M, Malhotra A. A Resource Compendium for Embedding LGBTQIA+ Patient Care in the Professional Identity of Community Pharmacists. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2023; 87:100127. [PMID: 37852690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cultural, clinical, social, and legally competent patient care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual (LGBTQIA+) patients is currently scarcely incorporated in pharmacy curricula. Furthermore, clinical, legal, and socio-cultural training that prepares pharmacists on the job to provide LGBTQIA+ competent patient care is scant. Here, our objectives were to (1) systematically review the literature using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify trends in community pharmacists' professional identity development related to the provision of competent LGBTQIA+ patient care, and (2) create a reference guide for community pharmacists for self-directed learning. The literature search focused on 4 professional identity domains common to most pharmacists: academic and clinical competence, cultural sensitivity, knowledge of state and federal laws, and continuing professional development. FINDINGS A total of 207 articles were identified, with 93 retrieved, of which 26 articles were included in the final analysis based on title and abstract and other inclusion criteria. SUMMARY Overall, our search identified that the LGBTQIA+ health professions literature focused on the following themes: guidance for appropriate drug selection and therapy, creation of cultural sensitivity training curricula, community pharmacists' perceptions of their ability to provide LGBTQIA+ care, health system interventions, and Allyship education for advancing LGBTQIA+ care, the need for enhanced training of pharmacists for understanding the federal and state laws and requirements while providing care, and the need for a resource compendium to help community pharmacists access self-directed learning information, for which we have created a self-help resource guide for pharmacists in these 4 professional pharmacist identity domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Courtney
- California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Elk Gove, CA, USA
| | | | - Monica Douglas
- University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ashim Malhotra
- California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Elk Gove, CA, USA.
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Davey B, Lindsay D, Cousins J, Glass B. "Why Didn't They Teach Us This?" A Qualitative Investigation of Pharmacist Stakeholder Perspectives of Business Management for Community Pharmacists. PHARMACY 2023; 11:98. [PMID: 37368425 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Expanding the scope of practice has provided an opportunity to reflect on the business management role of the community pharmacist. This study aimed to determine stakeholder perspectives of what business management skills are required for the community pharmacist, potential barriers impeding changes to management in the pharmacy program or community pharmacy setting, and strategies to improve the business management role of the profession. Purposively selected community pharmacists across two states in Australia were invited to participate in semi-structured phone interviews. A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding was used to transcribe and thematically analyse interviews. Twelve stakeholders described 35 business management skills in a community pharmacy, with 13 skills consistently used by participants. Thematic analysis revealed two barriers and two strategies to improve business management skills in both the pharmacy curriculum and community pharmacy. Strategies to improve business management across the profession include pharmacy programs covering recommended managerial content, learning from experience-based education and creation of a standardised mentorship program. There is an opportunity for business management culture change within the profession, and this may require community pharmacists developing a dual thinking process to appropriately balance professionalism and business management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braedon Davey
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Daniel Lindsay
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Justin Cousins
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Beverley Glass
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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Cornett M, Palermo C, Ash S. Professional identity research in the health professions-a scoping review. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2023; 28:589-642. [PMID: 36350489 PMCID: PMC10169899 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-022-10171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Professional identity impacts the workforce at personal, interpersonal and profession levels however there is a lack of reviews of professional identity research across practising health professionals. To summarise professional identity research in the health professions literature and explore how professional identity is described a scoping review was conducted by searching Medline, Psycinfo, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, and Business Source Complete using "professional identity" and related terms for 32 health professions. Empirical studies of professional identity in post-registration health professionals were examined with health profession, career stage, background to research, theoretical underpinnings and constructs of professional identity being extracted, charted and analysed using content analysis where relevant. From 9941 studies, 160 studies across 17 health professions were identified, with nursing and medicine most common. Twenty studies focussed on professional identity in the five years post-entry to the workforce and 56 studies did not state career stage. The most common background for the research was the impact of political, social and healthcare reforms and advances. Thirty five percent of studies (n = 57) stated the use of a theory or framework of identity, the most common being classified as social theories. Individual constructs of professional identity across the research were categorised into five themes-The Lived Experience of Professional Identity; The World Around Me; Belonging; Me; and Learning and Qualifications. Descriptions of professional identity are broad, varied, rich and multi-layered however the literature is under theorised with current theories potentially inadequate to capture its complexity and make meaningful contributions to the allied health professions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Cornett
- Monash Centre for Scholarship in Health Education, Monash University, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Claire Palermo
- Monash Centre for Scholarship in Health Education, Monash University, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan Ash
- Monash Centre for Scholarship in Health Education, Monash University, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
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Khalil H, Liu C, Karimi L, Ferrier JA, Liang Z, Leggat S. General wellbeing and work impacts among community pharmacists during crisis management. Aust J Prim Health 2023; 29:56-63. [PMID: 36283681 DOI: 10.1071/py22007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community pharmacists are highly accessible for advice, as most pharmacies are open long hours and no appointment is needed. Community pharmacists, as essential community health workers, play a critical role in the fight against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to determine the general wellbeing and work impacts of pharmacists and the factors important for adaptability and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS This study adopted a cross-sectional design. Community pharmacists from various professional networks in Australia were invited through emails and social media posts to complete an anonymous online survey during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria, Australia. RESULTS Sixty-five community pharmacists completed the online survey. The respondents reported fair levels of general wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a mean self-related health score of 33.57 (s.d.=13.19) out of a maximal of 96, despite relatively high levels of job stress and emotional labour. Lower levels of general wellbeing were correlated with higher levels of job stress (r =0.645, P <0.01) and emotional labour (r =0.513, P <0.01), and lower levels of occupational self-efficacy (r =-0.566, P <0.01). Leader member exchange was negatively correlated with job stress (r =-0.419, P <0.01) and positively correlated with psychological safety (r =0.693, P <0.01). The linear regression models showed that female pharmacists had lower occupational self-efficacy (β =-0.286, P =0.024), but higher psychological safety (β =0.234, P =0.042). Higher work ability was associated with lower job stress (β =-0.529, P <0.001), higher occupational self-efficacy (β =0.511, P =0.001), and poorer self-related health (β =-0.659, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the importance of a supportive work environment in helping community pharmacists to feel psychologically safe and reduce stress during a crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Khalil
- School of Psychology and Public Health, Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic. 3086, Australia
| | - Chaojie Liu
- School of Psychology and Public Health, Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic. 3086, Australia
| | - Leila Karimi
- School of Psychology and Public Health, Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic. 3086, Australia; and School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychology, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - J Adamm Ferrier
- School of Psychology and Public Health, Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic. 3086, Australia
| | - Zhanming Liang
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia
| | - Sandra Leggat
- School of Psychology and Public Health, Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic. 3086, Australia
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Learning Theory-Driven Tips for Designing Effective Learning Solutions for the Continuous Education of Community Pharmacists to Enhance Patient-Centered Care—A Qualitative Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10071167. [PMID: 35885694 PMCID: PMC9320098 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10071167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant development of medical and pharmaceutical sciences and the changing roles of pharmacists highlight the importance of lifelong learning in their profession. Given the identified knowledge gaps in the literature in terms of pharmacists’ preferences for lifelong learning, the study aimed to evaluate the opinions and attitudes of community pharmacists towards lifelong learning, including their previous experiences and educational needs, in order to propose evidence-based tips for designing such solutions and interventions intended for them both in face-to-face and online forms. For this purpose, ten semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with Polish community pharmacists on the topic using a thematic guide. Subsequently, they were subjected to literal transcription and interpretative phenomenological analysis by two independent researchers using phenomenology as the qualitative approach. The identified themes covered the topic’s relevance for pharmacists’ work, practice-oriented form and content, previous learners’ experiences as a foundation for further learning, commercial initiatives’ risks, motivation sources, and barriers for participation in lifelong learning solutions so far. Based on the insights provided by the respondents, as well as scientifically proven learning theories and educational principles, ten tips were formulated for designing recipient-friendly learning solutions and interventions within the framework of postgraduate lifelong learning of pharmacists.
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Santarossa TM, Watson KE, Tsuyuki RT. A Twitter analysis of World Pharmacists Day 2020 images: Sending the wrong messages. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2021; 154:324-330. [PMID: 34484482 PMCID: PMC8408907 DOI: 10.1177/17151635211029985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Pharmacists are often depicted as dispensers of medication as opposed to health professionals who provide patient care. Our objective was to identify how pharmacists' roles were portrayed in images on Twitter for World Pharmacists Day (WPD) 2020. Methods A qualitative content analysis was undertaken to evaluate the images of pharmacists on WPD. Tweets were included that had a photo or image, used 1 of 5 WPD hashtags and were posted between September 24 and 26, 2020. Thematic analysis was performed independently by 2 investigators. Tweets were categorized into 5 groups: 1) drug distribution roles, 2) patient care roles, 3) no described roles, 4) not professional/unprofessional roles and 5) not relevant. Subgroup analysis was performed for the users who posted the tweets. Results Of the 970 tweets analyzed, only 11% of the overall tweets portrayed the patient care roles of pharmacists, whereas 51% portrayed drug distribution roles and 29% did not describe any particular roles of pharmacists. These proportions were similar between subgroups of tweeters. Discussion WPD is intended to promote and advocate for the pharmacy profession. The results of our study show poor messaging of pharmacists' roles and reflect a missed opportunity to showcase the full scope of pharmacy practice. Conclusion Based on the images tweeted on WPD 2020, the diversity of pharmacists' practice as skilled health care practitioners was lost in a sea of tweets portraying pharmacists' roles in drug distribution. We hope that pharmacists and pharmacy organizations will awaken to this self-induced problem for WPD 2021. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2021;154(5):xx-xx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia M Santarossa
- EPICORE Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Kaitlyn E Watson
- EPICORE Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Ross T Tsuyuki
- EPICORE Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
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Kellar J, Singh L, Bradley-Ridout G, Martimianakis MA, van der Vleuten CPM, Oude Egbrink MGA, Austin Z. How pharmacists perceive their professional identity: a scoping review and discursive analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2021; 29:299-307. [PMID: 33978740 DOI: 10.1093/ijpp/riab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this scoping review were to (a) explore how pharmacists perceive their professional roles and identities and (b) describe factors impacting which professional roles or identities pharmacists embody in different pharmacy practice settings. METHODS A scoping review using a deductive approach was undertaken for this study. Systematic searches were conducted in five databases: Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Ovid PsycINFO, EBSCO Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health and Scopus (Elsevier). Key words searched included pharmacist, identity, professional role and one variations of these. Results were double-blind screened for relevance by two authors. Data extraction was facilitated by the web-based software platform COVIDENCE. Foucauldian critical discourse analysis was used to deconstruct how pharmacists perceive their professional roles and identities. KEY FINDINGS In total, 21 701 articles were retrieved in the search. Following de-duplication and screening, 23 studies from 11 different countries were included. Five major identity themes were identified: Clinician, Dispenser, Business Person, Patient Counsellor and Physician Supporter. The dispenser identity was the most widespread, but it was viewed by many pharmacists as undesirable. The clinician identity also had a strong presence but was viewed as an identity that pharmacists aspire to embody. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review illustrates that pharmacists do not uniformly perceive themselves to be clinicians. A significant gap exists between the profession's desired identity and that embodied by practicing pharmacists. The resulting dissonance may be a contributing factor to the lack of wide-scale practice change that the profession has been seeking for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Kellar
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3M2.,Department of Pediatrics and Wilson Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3M2.,School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lachmi Singh
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3M2
| | | | - Maria Athina Martimianakis
- Department of Pediatrics and Wilson Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3M2
| | - Cees P M van der Vleuten
- School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam G A Oude Egbrink
- School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Zubin Austin
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3M2
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Psychometric validation of a growth Mindset and Team Communication Tool to measure self-views of growth mindset and team communication skills. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:818-826. [PMID: 32446650 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to develop and conduct psychometric validation of a tool to assess self-views of a growth mindset and team communication skills among pharmacists. DESIGN The Mindset and Team Communication Tool was developed to assess self-views of growth mindset and team communication. The survey consisted of 2 parts: (1) 14 items on growth mindset and (2) 13 items on team communication; a 4-point Likert scale of agreement was used as an option to answer all items. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The survey was administered to first-year student pharmacists from 2017 to 2019. The participants completed a presurvey at the beginning of the semester and a postsurvey at the end of the semester (3-month follow-up period). OUTCOME MEASURES Psychometric validation was performed by assessing the following properties: face and content validity, internal consistency reliability, construct validity, test-retest reliability, responsiveness validity, and convergent validity. RESULTS A total of 174 participants completed both the pre- and postsurvey (response rate = 92.7%). Internal consistency reliability demonstrated a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.827. Construct validity showed that all measures, except for 6 items, loaded highly onto 2 components. Test-retest reliability revealed a statistically significantly positive relationship between the pre- and postsurvey scores. Responsiveness validity demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the score when an intervention was provided. Convergent validity showed no correlation between the tool score and course grades. CONCLUSION The Mindset and Team Communication Tool demonstrated validity and reliability across a robust set of psychometric values and provides a foundation to describe pharmacists' self-views and explore associations of these views with behavior in teamwork-based environments.
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Nørgaard JD, Sporrong SK. Views on the role of community pharmacy in local communities: a case study of stakeholders' attitudes. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2019; 17:1419. [PMID: 31275494 PMCID: PMC6594432 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2019.2.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the view of the role of community pharmacy by selected stakeholders in local Danish communities. Methods A mixed method approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods was used: observations at pharmacies, questionnaires for pharmacy staff and customers, and interviews with pharmacy owners, general practitioners (GPs) and politicians. Role theory was the theoretical foundation. Data was analyzed using directed content analysis and descriptive statistics. Results Five Danish towns were visited, resulting in five pharmacist interviews, 48 questionnaire replies from pharmacy staff, 59 customer interviews, three GP interviews and four interviews with local politicians. All stakeholders found the pharmacy to have a medical focus, although to a differing degree. While pharmacy staff and GPs had the greatest knowledge and expectations regarding the pharmacy staff's level of medical knowledge, local politicians had the least. Pharmacy staff wanted to take on more responsibility. Customers generally considered the pharmacy part of the healthcare sector with a high level of knowledge on medications. GPs' attitudes appeared to be related to the amount of communication between GP office and pharmacy. Local politicians interviewed did not seem to be aware of the competencies within the pharmacy, but once informed were open to using the pharmacy as an integrated part of the local healthcare system. Conclusions There was general consensus between stakeholder groups that medicine is the main area of focus at the pharmacy. However, investigated stakeholders did not appear to be aware of the full extent of the competencies within the pharmacy, and there was a general lack of consensus about the services the pharmacy should perform. If the competencies within the pharmacy are to be fully utilized, the pharmacy must not only tell but also show the local community what they can do.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia K Sporrong
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Denmark).
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12
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Graham J, Tusing LD, Gregor CM, Wright EA. Community Pharmacists' Perceptions of Care Following the Implementation of a Transitions-of-Care Program. J Pharm Pract 2019; 33:586-591. [PMID: 30669931 DOI: 10.1177/0897190018824819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacist-led collaborative interventions can support improved medication use and adherence during transitions of care (TOC). Community pharmacists are not always actively connected with other health-care team professionals, however, and their confidence in having necessary information may vary. OBJECTIVE To assess community pharmacists' perceptions of information, care provided, and communication, before and after a postdischarge intervention designed to increase communication between inpatient and community pharmacists. METHODS A survey assessing 4 domains related to pharmacists' perceptions of information and care of hospital discharge patients was developed and distributed to 106 community pharmacists before and after a TOC interventional study. RESULTS Based on 151 responses (77 baseline, 74 followup) from 84 participants, community pharmacists have high confidence in their ability to counsel and feel that they are an important part of the healthcare team. They are less confident that they have adequate information about patients and report gaps in having adequate support and resources to provide care. When a TOC intervention was implemented, there was significant improvement in community pharmacists' feeling of having adequate information about the patients. CONCLUSION Not having adequate information regarding patients discharged from the hospital is an area of concern for community pharmacists and a modifiable opportunity to improve TOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jove Graham
- Center for Pharmacy Innovation and Outcomes, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Lorraine D Tusing
- Center for Pharmacy Innovation and Outcomes, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Christina M Gregor
- Center for Pharmacy Innovation and Outcomes, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Eric A Wright
- Center for Pharmacy Innovation and Outcomes, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
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Servia-Dopazo M, Figueiras A. Determinants of antibiotic dispensing without prescription: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73:3244-3253. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Servia-Dopazo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Santiago de Compostela University Clinical Teaching Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Adolfo Figueiras
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Santiago de Compostela University Clinical Teaching Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública ‒ CIBERESP), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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14
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Cowley M, Naunton M, Thomas J, Waddington F, Peterson GM. Does the “script” need a rewrite? Is medication advice in television medical dramas appropriate? J Clin Pharm Ther 2017; 42:765-773. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Cowley
- Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - M. Naunton
- Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - J. Thomas
- Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - F. Waddington
- Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - G. M. Peterson
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS Australia
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15
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Salim AMA, Elgizoli B. Exploring the reasons why pharmacists dispense antibiotics without prescriptions in Khartoum state, Sudan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2016; 25:59-65. [PMID: 27677640 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The principal aim of this study was to explore the perspectives of community pharmacists in Khartoum State, Sudan about why they dispense antibiotics without prescription, and to understand their opinions about why they think patients self-medicate. METHODS This was a qualitative exploratory interview study. Individual, in-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 30 community pharmacists working in Khartoum State, Sudan in the period from May to June 2015. Each interview was recorded, transcribed, anonymized and coded into themes. Thematic analysis was carried out. KEY FINDINGS The study revealed that patients' inability to afford consultation fees is the key reason that leads community pharmacists to dispense antibiotics without prescriptions. Other reasons include inaccessible health facilities and long waiting time for consultation, patient being familiar with the symptoms and had previously responded to antibiotic treatment, lack of monitoring of dispensing practices by health authority, commercial interest of pharmacists, blurred professional boundaries between pharmacists and doctors in patients' minds, and lack of pharmacists care regarding educating patients about the impact of self-medication. CONCLUSION Although different reasons were identified that lead pharmacists to dispense antibiotics without prescription, patients' inability to afford consultation fees remains the key one. It is crucial to address this problem. Improving the accessibility and quality of governmental health facilities, increasing public and pharmacists' awareness about the risks of self-medication and monitoring the dispensing practices at community pharmacies by health authorities are also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas M A Salim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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