Health Belief Model-based Intervention on Women's Knowledge and Perceived Beliefs about Warning Signs of Cancer

Effect of Education on Nutritional Knowledge of Cancer Prevention based on Health Belief Model: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review was conducted to examine the impact of education on nutritional knowledge for cancer prevention using the Health Belief Model.

METHODS

Comprehensive searches were performed in international electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, from their inception until June 16, 2024. Keywords derived from Medical Subject Headings such as "Nutrition Knowledge," "Education," "Health Belief Model," and "Cancer" were utilized. Additionally, Iranian databases like Iranmedex were searched. The quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) critical assessment checklist.

RESULTS

A total of 611 participants were enrolled in five studies. Among these participants, 78.39% were female, and 76.76% were in the intervention group. The mean age of participants was 42.12 years (SD = 6.47). The mean follow-up period was approximately 14 weeks, and the average duration of the intervention was 54 minutes. The findings indicated that education based on the Health Belief Model was effective in increasing nutritional knowledge. The meta-analysis revealed a significant improvement in nutritional knowledge among participants who received HBM-based education, with a pooled SMD of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.52-0.98, p < 0.001), indicating a moderate-to-large effect size. The intervention group demonstrated increased knowledge scores compared to controls, with an average follow-up period of 14 weeks and intervention duration of approximately 54 minutes per session.

CONCLUSION

Health professionals, such as nurses, can utilize this model to enhance nutritional knowledge. It is recommended that health managers and policymakers create environments that enable health professionals to employ educational strategies based on the Health Belief Model, thereby improving nutritional knowledge.

Lung Cancer Screening Health Belief Model: Psychometric Properties of the Arabic Version and Factors Influencing Screening and Prevention Among Jordanians

BACKGROUND

Several screening models have recently been applied to study awareness and help people make informed decisions regarding cancer screening.

AIMS

This study aimed to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and lung cancer screening health beliefs (LCSHBs) among Jordanians. Moreover, we intended to translate the LCSHBs scale into the Arabic language and test its validity and reliability.

METHODS

An online survey (Google Forms) was completed by 916 participants in Jordan via snowball sampling technique from February 10, 2024, to March 2, 2024, assessing lung cancer screening knowledge, lung cancer preventive attitudes, screening-related health beliefs, and stages of screening adoption. Linear regression analysis, correlations, and non-parametric statistics were utilized for statistical inference.

RESULTS

Participants had high mean percentage scores of 86.56% and 85.75% for knowledge and preventive attitudes towards lung cancer screening, respectively. The Arabic version of the LCSHBs model was found to be a valid and reliable tool, as indicated by principal component analysis extraction and Cronbach's alpha values. Lung cancer screening knowledge was positively associated with perceived benefits and negatively associated with perceived barriers to screening. Knowledge, perceived barriers, perceived risk of lung cancer, self-efficacy (SE) to screen, and lung cancer preventive attitudes were significantly associated with the perceived benefits of lung cancer screening (p < 0.05). We also found that the higher the SE, the higher the physical activity and the lower the perceived barriers.

CONCLUSION

The Arabic version of the LCSHBs model is valid and reliable for assessing health beliefs toward lung cancer screening. We recommend enhancing targeted interventions, educational outreach, and improving health insurance access to reduce lung cancer incidence in Jordan and promote screening behaviors.

Factors affecting cervical screening using the health belief model during the last decade: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIMS

To examine the utility of the health belief model (HBM) and other socioeconomic factors in shaping cervical screening behaviors. Also, to provide recommendations on improving screening uptake.

METHODOLOGY

A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane/CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases for articles reporting on the factors associated with cervical screening using the HBM within the period from January of 2002 to January of 2023. Effect sizes for the various HBM constructs were pre-determined using the log odds ratio (logOR) and expressed with their confidence intervals. All reporting was in line with the PRISMA guidelines.

RESULTS

A total of 21 studies were included in the final analysis comprised of 15,365 participants. Our pooled analysis demonstrated that perceived susceptibility (OR: 1.40, 95% CI, 1.03-1.89), perceived benefits (OR: 1.30; 95% CI, 1.13-1.50), and self-efficacy (OR: 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05-1.17) were significantly associated with both the uptake of and intention to adopt preventive measures against cervical cancer. Conversely, women with higher perceptions of barriers were less likely to adopt any measure for cervical cancer screening or prevention (OR: 0.72; 95% CI, 0.57-0.91). In terms of sociodemographic effectors, older age (OR: 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.19), graduate/post-graduate education (OR: 2.80; 95% CI, 1.46-5.37), higher knowledge of cervical cancer (OR: 2.21; 95% CI, 1.27-3.84), and being married (OR: 3.89; 95% CI, 1.38-10.92) were all associated with altering preventive behaviors and intentions toward cervical cancer.

CONCLUSION

This review delineates the most important and effective cognitive components that should be targeted within interventions aiming to promote cervical cancer prevention.

The relationship between family history of cancer and cancer attitudes & beliefs within the Community Initiative Towards Improving Equity and Health Status (CITIES) cohort

OBJECTIVE

To determine the relationship between family history of cancer with cancer attitudes and beliefs (CABs) and cancer screening knowledge.

METHODS

This study used data collected for the Community Initiative Towards Improving Equity and Health Status (CITIES) project which surveyed Ohioans ages 21-74. In the current analysis, we included data on age, gender, race, marital status, education, income, financial security, health insurance, CABs, knowledge about the correct age to begin cancer screenings, and presence of a first-degree relative with cancer. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association of family history of cancer with CABs and knowledge about the correct age to begin cancer screening.

RESULTS

Participants were predominantly over the age of 41, female, and white. Out of 603 participants, 295 (48.92%) reported not having a first-degree relative with cancer and 308 (51.08%) reported having a first-degree relative with cancer. Overall, 109 (18.08%) participants reported negative CABs, 378 (62.69%) reported moderate CABs, and 116 (19.24%) reported positive CABs. Participants who reported a first-degree relative with cancer were more likely to report positive CABs, but the association was not significant (p = .11). We observed that older, more educated, and married participants were more likely to have positive CABs (all p < 0.05). Family history of cancer was not associated with differences in knowledge about the correct age for beginning colorectal cancer screening (p = .85) and mammography (p = .88).

CONCLUSIONS

Having a first-degree relative with cancer was not found to be associated with CABs or knowledge about cancer screening. However, age and socioeconomic status were associated with more positive CABs and increased knowledge about cancer screening. Future research should focus on standardizing a CABs scale and expanding the generalizability of our findings.

Protection Motivation Theory and Prevention of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review

Breast cancer is a global health problem with a high rate of incidence and annual death. The protection motivation model (PMT) is a health psychology theory that has been introduced to motivate health behaviors using coping appraisal and threat appraisal. We aimed to systematically review the applicability of PMT to predict and improve the knowledge and intention (the patient's intent to undergo breast cancer screening with self/clinical breast exam or mammography) for protective behaviors among women. A systematic search was performed in May 2022 in electronic databases to investigate the role of PMT in the prediction of protection behaviors in addition to improving the knowledge about the prevention of breast cancer using specific keywords. The relevant studies were then included for data extraction. Seventeen articles including 7 interventional and 10 prediction studies were selected for data assessment. Findings demonstrated that PMT could be used to predict the rate of knowledge and intention about breast cancer risk among women. It was also shown that PMT could be considered as a framework for the prevention of breast cancer by changing the behaviors of individuals by training the participants. Fear arousal, response efficacy, and response cost were found as the main determinants of knowledge and intention rate. PMT can provide a useful framework to evaluate the factors associated with women's intentions about breast cancer. Periodical educational programs should be implemented to improve protection behaviors by increasing the intention of women to regular self-examination.

Using Online Grocery Applications during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Their Relationship with Open Innovation

This present research examines the behavioral intentions of Filipinos to use online grocery applications during the novel COVID-19 pandemic. The study proposes an integration of the health belief model (HBM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) to identify the factors affecting the acceptance and usage of Filipinos of online grocery applications in terms of the impact of health risk for COVID-19. To accurately measure the factors and their relationship to behavioral intentions and usage behavior, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to 373 residents in the Philippines. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied as an analytical method for this study. The results revealed that performance expectancy, perceived benefits, perceived severity, and cues to action significantly influenced the behavioral intentions and usage of online grocery apps during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study’s findings can be utilized as a theoretical framework for future researchers of consumer behavior; e-commerce developers; and grocery industry retailers, to enhance the innovation and services of online grocery applications. The results of this study may also be used and capitalized on by investors and managers to apply in strategizing when developing and marketing online grocery applications among consumers. Moreover, the framework of this study may be adopted and utilized by other online markets, even in different counties. Further theoretical and practical aspects are discussed in this paper.

The Determinants of Panic Buying during COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has seen an unmatched level of panic buying globally, a type of herd behavior whereby consumers buy an uncommonly huge amount of products because of a perception of scarcity. Drawing on the health belief model, perceived scarcity, and anticipated regret theories, this paper formulated a theoretical model that linked the determinants of panic buying and analyzed their interrelationships. Subsequently, data were collated from 508 consumers through an online survey questionnaire in Singapore that was conducted during the early stage of the pandemic, before the onset of the circuit breaker in April 2020. Next, an analysis of the results was done through structural equation modeling. It showed that the effect of the health belief model dimensions (i.e., perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, outcome expectation, cues to action, and self-efficacy) on panic buying is partially mediated by the consumers' perceived scarcity of products. Furthermore, the effect of perceived scarcity on panic buying is partially mediated by consumers' anticipation of regret. This paper expands on the current theoretical understanding of panic buying behavior, giving insights into the possible measures and solutions that policymakers and relevant stakeholders can uptake to manage panic buying in future a pandemic or health crisis.

Promoting sustainable physical activity among middle-aged Iranian women: a conceptual model-based interventional study

Background

Physical inactivity enhances the risk of adverse health conditions such as non-communicable diseases, morbidity, and mortality among middle- and older-aged population. This study is aimed to design, implement, and evaluate a conceptual model of physical activity (PA) promotion among middle-aged Iranian women (MAIW).

Methods

An interventional study was conducted with 80 women aged between 30 and 59 years in intervention and control groups during 2018–2019. The subjects referred to health centers were selected by the available convenience sampling method. Data collection tools to assess the MAIW' PA level (metabolic equivalent tasks (MET)-min/week) included face-to-face interviews, body mass index (BMI) measurements, the four-question form of PA vital signs in the framework of Iran's Package of Essential Non-communicable (IraPEN) program, and the questionnaire is based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs.

Results

The intervention led to a three-fold increase in the average PA (from 280.63 to 927.70 MET-min/week) of the intervention group. Although no significant difference in the BMI between both groups was found before the intervention, this educational program decreased the mean BMI from 30.36 to 28.83 kg/m² (p = 0.01). After the intervention, the values of HBM-based perceived sensitivity/severity and self-efficacy were increased from 62.09 to 71.03% and from 27.01 to 83.15%, respectively (p < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in the cue to action and perceived benefits and barriers after the intervention.

Conclusion

The developed model by increasing the motivation of MAIW could remarkably improve the PA level with a decrease in their BMI.

Trial register Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT): IRCT20200717048124N1 at 2020-08-05, retrospectively registered.

Health Belief Model on women's cancer recovery (a phenomenological study on cancer survivors)

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to determine how the Health Belief Model approach used by cancer survivors, especially women, in order to survive until after treatment.

METHOD

The data in this research were gathered from in-depth interviews, using content analysis techniques.

RESULTS

The findings suggest that the cancer symptom self-detection technique helps them to discover the problem and then seek medical help. The findings also indicate that they tried to do the healthy life behavior during the medical treatment, religious coping that could help to overcome stress as a result of the treatment, family and social support to the cancer survivor, being self-confident of the healthy behavior in helping the medical process.

CONCLUSIONS

The healthy life behavior when supported with religious coping, can be a good alternative to help cancer patients fight against the disease and survive.

Cancer Risk Studies and Priority Areas for Cancer Risk Appraisal in Uganda

Background

Research into aetiologies and prevention of the commonest cancers and implementation of primary and secondary prevention can reduce cancer risk and improve quality of life. Moreover, monitoring the prevalence of cancer risk factors in a specific population helps guide cancer prevention and early detection efforts and national cancer control programming.

Objective

This article aims to provide the scope and findings of cancer risk studies conducted in Uganda to guide researchers, health-care professionals, and policymakers.

Methods

Between November 2019 to January 2020, we searched peer-reviewed published articles in Pubmed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library (Cochrane central register of controlled trials-CENTRAL). We followed the recommendation of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses - the PRISMA. The primary focus was to identify cancer risk and prevention studies conducted in Uganda and published in peer-reviewed journals from January 2000 and January 2020. We used key Boolean search terms with their associated database strings.

Results

We identified 416 articles, screened 269 non-duplicate articles and obtained 77 full-text articles for review. Out of the 77 studies, we identified one (1%) randomized trial, two (2.5%) retrospective cohort studies and 14 (18%) case-control studies, 46 (60%) cross-sectional studies, five (6.4%) ecological studies, three panel studies (4%) and six (8%) qualitative studies. Cervical cancer was the most studied type of cancer in Uganda (23.4%, n = 18 studies), followed by lymphomas - both Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin sub-types (20.7%), n = 16 studies) and breast cancer (15.6%, n = 12 studies). In lymphoma studies, Burkitt lymphoma was the most studied type of lymphoma (76%, n = 13 studies). The studies concentrated on specific cancer risk awareness, risk perceptions, attitudes, uptake of screening, uptake of human papillomavirus vaccination, the prevalence of some of the known cancer risk factors and obstacles to accessing screening services.

Conclusion

The unmet need for comprehensive cancer risk and prevention studies is enormous in Uganda. Future studies need to comprehensively investigate the known and putative cancer risk factors and prioritize the application of the higher-hierarchy evidence-generating epidemiological studies to guide planning of the national cancer control program.