Cardioprotective effect of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Jatropha mollissima on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats

Biochemical validation for the therapeutic use of Plumeria rubra in coagulation disorders: a study combining in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches

Local healers in South Asia use Plumeria rubra Linn. leaves to treat various coagulation disorders in animals and humans. This study (in silico, in vitro, and in vivo) aimed to explore the pharmacological basis for the possible thrombolytic and anticlotting properties of the leaf extract of P. rubra. Phytoconstituents of P. rubra were dock against coagulation proteins: prothrombin, thromboplastin, and fibrin using in silico approach. Phytochemical screening, HPLC, and antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic potential were evaluated using in vitro approach. Healthy male rabbits were divided into five groups (six rabbits each). Groups 1-3 were treated with aqueous-methanolic (30:70%) extract of P. rubra at 200, 300, and 600 mg/mL respectively groups in contrast to the positive and negative control groups. Thrombolytic activity was assessed at doses of 200, 300, and 600 µg/mL in comparison with standard urokinase (600 µg/kg). Platelet adhesion was evaluated at a dose of 200, 300, and 600 µg/mL against adrenaline (2 µM) and acute oral dose toxicity was assessed using in vivo approach. In silico study resulted in an excellent binding affinity and showed significant interaction with coagulation proteins. Phytochemical analysis showed a range of phytochemical classes: alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinones, and saponins. HPLC analysis confirmed the phytoconstituents plumericin, rutin, kaempferol, and isoquercetin already reported for coagulation disorders. P. rubra showed excellent antioxidant potential and was assessed using DPPH, NO, and SOD assays. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), bleeding time (BT), prothrombin time (PT), and clotting time (CT) all went up with increasing doses in the aqueous-methanolic extract (p ≤ 0.05). Comparing the plant extract to urokinase, the plant extract demonstrated considerable (p ≤ 0.05) clot lysis. Additionally, it dose-dependently delayed the ADR-induced platelet adhesion dose-dependently (p ≤ 0.05). The outcome of this study justifies its therapeutic utility in coagulation disorders and can be used as an alternative medicine.

Phytoconstituents with cardioprotective properties: A pharmacological overview on their efficacy against myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) is considered one of the most common cardiac diseases and major cause of death worldwide. The prevalence of MI and MI-associated mortality have been increasing in recent years due to poor lifestyle habits viz. residency, obesity, stress, and pollution. Synthetic drugs for the treatment of MI provide good chance of survival; however, the demand to search more safe, effective, and natural drugs is increasing. Plants provide fruitful sources for powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents for prevention and/or treatment of MI. However, many plant extracts lack exact information about their possible dosage, toxicity and drug interactions which may hinder their usefulness as potential treatment options. Phytoconstituents play cardioprotective role by either acting as a prophylactic or adjuvant therapy to the concurrently used synthetic drugs to decrease the dosage or relief the side effects of such drugs. This review highlights the role of different herbal formulations, examples of plant extracts and types of several isolated phytoconstituents (phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, alkaloids, phenyl propanoids) in the prevention of MI with reported activities. Moreover, their possible mechanisms of action are also discussed to guide future research for the development of safer substitutes to manage MI.

Evaluation of polyherbal gel for musculoskeletal injuries in industrial workers

BACKGROUND

Industrial workers often have musculoskeletal disorders due to the nature of their work.

OBJECTIVE

The goal was to investigate the scientific use of polyherbal gel in relieving pain and stiffness due to musculoskeletal injuries and improving activities of daily living (ADLs) in industrial workers.

METHODS

A pragmatic, single-blinded, randomized control study divided 200 musculoskeletal injury patients into four parallel groups (n = 50). Groups 1 and 2 were applied polyherbal gel via phonophoresis with therapeutic ultrasound and superficial massage. Groups 3 and 4 received diclofenac diethyl-ammonium 1% gel by phonophoresis and superficial massage. The Global Pain Relief Scale, Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) were used to measure pain, stiffness, and ADLs. Data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t-test to compare mean±SD of four independent groups before and after gel application. The confidence interval was 95%, with p < 0.05 considered significant.

RESULTS

The results revealed that polyherbal gel reduced pain (NPRS, WOMAC and Global pain relief scales) more efficiently (p≤0.000) when applied with phonophoresis as compared to applied with massage and standard diclofenac (p≤0.005), furthermore, polyherbal gel when applied with phonophoresis showed more efficient results.

CONCLUSION

Industrial workers with musculoskeletal injuries benefited from the use of polyherbal gel for pain and inflammation relief. The polyherbal gel is natural, cost-effective, and easy to formulate.

Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant and antitumor activity of hydroalcoholic extract from Jatropha mollissima leaves in Wistar rats

Introduction: Despite modern sciences and advancements in new drugs or chemicals, the new era now rushes natural remedies for various illnesses and diseases that lead to end organ damage. In this study, we investigated Jatropha mollissima ethanolic extract's effect against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and renal toxicity. Methods: To determine phytochemicals, a phytochemical screening was conducted. Various assays were used to measure the antioxidant activity, including the DPPH (2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl), SOD (superoxide dismutase), NO (nitric oxide), and others. The antiproliferative effect of Jm was assessed by MTT assay; morphological analysis was performed using an inverted and phase contrast microscope, ultra morphological analysis of apoptosis with acridine orange (AO)/propidium iodide (PI) staining. Results: It was seen that doxorubicin caused elevated serum markers and abnormal changes in histological patterns. The significant reduction in cardiac and renal marker levels seen in groups given either 400 or 600 mg/kg of crude extract demonstrates that Jm has a protective effect against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity due to the presence of active phytoconstituents having antioxidant potential. There is a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability when using J. mollissima. Apoptosis was observed in the treated cells. Conclusion: In conclusion, our research lends credence to the idea that J. mollissima could be used for cancer management and have cardioprotective and nephroprotective effects.

Pharmacological Justification for the Medicinal Use of Plumeria rubra Linn. in Cardiovascular Disorders

Plumeria rubra (L.) is a traditional folkloric medicinal herb used to treat cardiovascular disorders. The present investigation was methodically planned to investigate the pharmacological foundations for the therapeutic effectiveness of P. rubra in cardiovascular illnesses and its underlying mechanisms. Ex vivo vaso-relaxant effects of crude leaf extract of P. rubra were observed in rabbit aorta ring preparations. Hypotensive effects were measured using pressure and force transducers connected to the Power Lab data acquisition system. Furthermore, P. rubra displayed cardioprotective properties in rabbits when they were exposed to adrenaline-induced myocardial infarction. In comparison to the intoxicated group, the myocardial infarction model showed decreased troponin levels, CK-MB, LDH, ALT, ALP, AST, and CRP, as well as necrosis, apoptosis, oedema, and inflammatory cell enrollment. P. rubra has revealed good antioxidant properties and prolonged the noradrenaline intoxicated platelet adhesion. Its anticoagulant, vasorelaxant, and cardioprotective effects in both in vivo and ex vivo investigations are enabled by blocking L-type calcium channels, lowering adrenaline, induced oxidative stress, and tissue tear, justifying its therapeutic utility in cardiovascular disorders.