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Johnson MG, Adam E, Watt A, Page AE. Effects of High-Speed Training on Messenger RNA Expression in Two-Year-Old Thoroughbred Racehorses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 128:104892. [PMID: 37433342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating high-speed exercise has been identified as a significant risk factor for catastrophic injuries in racing Thoroughbreds. Injuries, regardless of severity, are a main cause of withdrawal from the racing industry, raising animal welfare concerns and resulting in significant economic losses. While most of the current literature focuses on injuries incurred during racing rather than training, the present study aims to help fill this gap. As such, peripheral blood was collected weekly, prior to exercise or administration of medication, from eighteen, two-year-old Thoroughbreds throughout their first season of race training. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was isolated and used to analyze the expression of 34 genes via RT-qPCR. Statistical analysis of the noninjured horses (n = 6) showed that 13 genes were significantly correlated with increasing average weekly high-speed furlong performance. Additionally, there was a negative correlation for CXCL1, IGFBP3, and MPO with both cumulative high-speed furlongs and week of training for all horses. Comparison of both groups showed opposing correlations between the anti-inflammatory index (IL1RN, IL-10, and PTGS1) and average weekly high-speed furlong performance. Furthermore, evaluation of training effects on mRNA expression during the weeks surrounding injury, showed differences between groups in IL-13 and MMP9 at -3 and -2 weeks prior to injury. While some previously reported relationships between exercise adaptation and mRNA expression were not noted in this study, this may have been due to the small sample size. Several novel correlations, however, were identified and warrant further investigation as markers of exercise adaptation or potential risk for injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie G Johnson
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Emma Adam
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Allen E Page
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
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2
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Jarick KJ, Topczewska PM, Jakob MO, Yano H, Arifuzzaman M, Gao X, Boulekou S, Stokic-Trtica V, Leclère PS, Preußer A, Rompe ZA, Stamm A, Tsou AM, Chu C, Heinrich FR, Guerra GM, Durek P, Ivanov A, Beule D, Helfrich S, Duerr CU, Kühl AA, Stehle C, Romagnani C, Mashreghi MF, Diefenbach A, Artis D, Klose CSN. Non-redundant functions of group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Nature 2022; 611:794-800. [PMID: 36323785 PMCID: PMC7614745 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Protective immunity relies on the interplay of innate and adaptive immune cells with complementary and redundant functions. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have recently emerged as tissue-resident, innate mirror images of the T cell system, with which they share lineage-specifying transcription factors and effector machinery1. Located at barrier surfaces, ILCs are among the first responders against invading pathogens and thus could potentially determine the outcome of the immune response2. However, so far it has not been possible to dissect the unique contributions of ILCs to protective immunity owing to limitations in specific targeting of ILC subsets. Thus, all of the available data have been generated either in mice lacking the adaptive immune system or with tools that also affect other immune cell subsets. In addition, it has been proposed that ILCs might be dispensable for a proper immune response because other immune cells could compensate for their absence3-7. Here we report the generation of a mouse model based on the neuromedin U receptor 1 (Nmur1) promoter as a driver for simultaneous expression of Cre recombinase and green fluorescent protein, which enables gene targeting in group 2 ILCs (ILC2s) without affecting other innate and adaptive immune cells. Using Cre-mediated gene deletion of Id2 and Gata3 in Nmur1-expressing cells, we generated mice with a selective and specific deficiency in ILC2s. ILC2-deficient mice have decreased eosinophil counts at steady state and are unable to recruit eosinophils to the airways in models of allergic asthma. Further, ILC2-deficient mice do not mount an appropriate immune and epithelial type 2 response, resulting in a profound defect in worm expulsion and a non-protective type 3 immune response. In total, our data establish non-redundant functions for ILC2s in the presence of adaptive immune cells at steady state and during disease and argue for a multilayered organization of the immune system on the basis of a spatiotemporal division of labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja J Jarick
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrycja M Topczewska
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel O Jakob
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Yano
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohammad Arifuzzaman
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xuemei Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sotiria Boulekou
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vladislava Stokic-Trtica
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre S Leclère
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Preußer
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zoe A Rompe
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anton Stamm
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amy M Tsou
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Coco Chu
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frederik R Heinrich
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela M Guerra
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andranik Ivanov
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Beule
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sofia Helfrich
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia U Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- iPATH.Berlin - Core Unit of the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Stehle
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz-Science Campus Chronic Inflammation, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Center for Nutrition and Inflammation, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christoph S N Klose
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Yang HW, Park JH, Jo MS, Shin JM, Kim DW, Park IH. Eosinophil-Derived Osteopontin Induces the Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators and Stimulates Extracellular Matrix Production in Nasal Fibroblasts: The Role of Osteopontin in Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:777928. [PMID: 35309360 PMCID: PMC8924074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.777928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is a subtype of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and is a refractory or intractable disease. However, a reliable clinical marker or an effective treatment strategy has not yet been established. ECRS is accompanied by excessive eosinophil infiltration and Th2 inflammatory response, which is closely related to tissue remodeling in the upper airways. Objectives We sought to investigate the effect of eosinophils on tissue remodeling in ECRS. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of eosinophils on the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and extracellular matrix (ECM) in nasal fibroblasts and the key mediators that stimulate them. Methods Butyric acid was used to differentiate EOL-1 cells into eosinophils. We co-cultured differentiated EOL-1 cells and fibroblasts to measure the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and ECM in fibroblasts. Among the cytokines secreted from the differentiated EOL-1 cells, factors that induced tissue remodeling of fibroblasts were identified. Results Treatment with butyric acid (BA) differentiated EOL-1 cells into eosinophils. Differentiated EOL-1 cells induced fibroblasts to produce pro-inflammatory mediators, IL-6 and IL-8, and tissue remodeling factor, VEGF. It also induced myofibroblast differentiation and overexpression of ECM components. Differentiated EOL-1 cells overexpressed osteopontin (OPN), and recombinant OPN increased the expression of IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, and ECM components in nasal fibroblast. OPN was overexpressed in the nasal tissue of patients with ECRS and was associated with the severity of CRS. Conclusions Eosinophil-derived OPN stimulated nasal fibroblasts and contributed to inflammation and tissue remodeling in ECRS. Moreover, the expression level of OPN was proportional to the severity of ECRS. Therefore, OPN regulation is a potential treatment for ECRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Yang
- Upper Airway Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Laboratory, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Hoo Park
- Upper Airway Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Laboratory, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Sik Jo
- Upper Airway Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Laboratory, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Min Shin
- Upper Airway Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Laboratory, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Medical Device Usability Test Center, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il-Ho Park
- Upper Airway Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Laboratory, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Medical Device Usability Test Center, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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4
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Poon C, Pellow C, Hynynen K. Neutrophil Recruitment and Leukocyte Response Following Focused Ultrasound and Microbubble Mediated Blood-Brain Barrier Treatments. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2022; 20:100-116. [PMID: 35746942 PMCID: PMC9063606 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
(Appeared originally in Theranostics 2021; 11:1655-1671) Reprinted under Creative Commons Attribution License.
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5
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The twilight zone: plasticity and mixed ontogeny of neutrophil and eosinophil granulocyte subsets. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:337-346. [PMID: 34009400 PMCID: PMC8132041 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is now becoming clear that neutrophils and eosinophils are heterogeneous cells with potentially multiple subsets in health and disease. With greater marker coverage by multi-color flow cytometry and single-cell level sequencing of granulocyte populations, novel phenotypes of these cells began to emerge. Intriguingly, many newly described subsets blend distinctions between classical myeloid lineage phenotypes, which are especially true for tissue resident or recruited cells in contexts of inflammation and disease. This includes reports of neutrophils with features of eosinophils, monocytes and dendritic cells, and eosinophil subsets expressing neutrophil markers. Moreover, novel studies show the ability of immature neutrophils to transdifferentiate into mature cells belonging to other myeloid lineages (eosinophils, monocytes/macrophages). In this review, we summarize novel findings in this exciting research frontier and shed light on potential processes driving the plasticity and heterogeneity of granulocyte subsets. Specifically, we discuss the hematopoietic flexibility of granulocyte precursors in bone marrow and the adaptation of myeloid cells to local tissue microenvironments. The understanding of such intermediate and developmental phenotypes is very important, as it can teach us about origins of functionally distinct myeloid cells during inflammation, and explain reasons for successes and failures of biologics targeting terminally differentiated granulocytes.
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6
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Poon C, Pellow C, Hynynen K. Neutrophil recruitment and leukocyte response following focused ultrasound and microbubble mediated blood-brain barrier treatments. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1655-1671. [PMID: 33408773 PMCID: PMC7778596 DOI: 10.7150/thno.52710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain is limited by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). An emerging strategy to temporarily and locally increase the permeability of the BBB is the use of transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) and systematically injected microbubbles (MBs). FUS+MB BBB treatments cause an acute inflammatory response, marked by a transient upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes; however, the cellular immune response remains unknown. Methods: FUS+MB BBB treatments were monitored in real-time using two-photon fluorescence microscopy and transgenic EGFP Wistar rats, which harbour several fluorescent cell types. Leukocyte identification and counts were confirmed using magnetic resonance imaging-guided FUS+MB BBB treatments. Participation of leukocytes in reducing β-amyloid pathology following repeated FUS+MB BBB treatments was investigated in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Results: Intravascular leukocyte activity indicative of acute inflammation were identified, including transendothelial migration, formation of cell aggregates, and cell masses capable of perturbing blood flow. Leukocyte responses were only observed after the onset of sonication. Neutrophils were identified to be a key participating leukocyte. Significantly more neutrophils were detected in the sonicated hemisphere compared to the contralateral hemisphere, and to untreated controls. Three to five biweekly FUS+MB BBB treatments did not induce significantly more neutrophil recruitment, nor neutrophil phagocytosis of β-amyloid plaques, in TgCRND8 mice compared to untreated controls. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that the cellular aspect of the peripheral immune response triggered by FUS+MB BBB treatments begins immediately after sonication, and emphasizes the importance for further investigations to be conducted to understand leukocyte dynamics and cerebral blood flow responses to FUS+MB BBB treatments.
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7
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Mohd Isa KN, Hashim Z, Jalaludin J, Lung Than LT, Hashim JH. The Effects of Indoor Pollutants Exposure on Allergy and Lung Inflammation: An Activation State of Neutrophils and Eosinophils in Sputum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5413. [PMID: 32731346 PMCID: PMC7432088 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the inflammation phenotypes following indoor pollutants exposure based on marker expression on eosinophils and neutrophils with the application of chemometric analysis approaches. METHODS A cross-sectional study was undertaken among secondary school students in eight suburban and urban schools in the district of Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. The survey was completed by 96 students at the age of 14 by using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) and European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) questionnaires. The fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) was measured, and an allergic skin prick test and sputum induction were performed for all students. Induced sputum samples were analysed for the expression of CD11b, CD35, CD63, and CD66b on eosinophils and neutrophils by flow cytometry. The particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), NO2, CO2, and formaldehyde were measured inside the classrooms. RESULTS Chemometric and regression results have clustered the expression of CD63 with PM2.5, CD11b with NO2, CD66b with FeNO levels, and CO2 with eosinophils, with the prediction accuracy of the models being 71.88%, 76.04%, and 76.04%, respectively. Meanwhile, for neutrophils, the CD63 and CD66b clustering with PM2.5 and CD11b with FeNO levels showed a model prediction accuracy of 72.92% and 71.88%, respectively. CONCLUSION The findings indicated that the exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 was likely associated with the degranulation of eosinophils and neutrophils, following the activation mechanisms that led to the inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairul Nizam Mohd Isa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.N.M.I.); (J.J.)
- Environmental Health Research Cluster (EHRc), Environmental Healthcare Section, Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zailina Hashim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.N.M.I.); (J.J.)
| | - Juliana Jalaludin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.N.M.I.); (J.J.)
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Jamal Hisham Hashim
- IIGH United Nations University, UKM Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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8
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Esnault S, Kelly EA, Johnson SH, DeLain LP, Haedt MJ, Noll AL, Sandbo N, Jarjour NN. Matrix Metalloproteinase-9-Dependent Release of IL-1 β by Human Eosinophils. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7479107. [PMID: 30906226 PMCID: PMC6398033 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7479107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is often associated with airway eosinophilia, and therapies targeting eosinophils are now available to treat severe eosinophilic asthma. Eosinophilic asthma is often due to a type-2 immune response and production of IL-5, which leads to eosinophilopiesis and recruitment of mature eosinophils in the airways. A concomitant type-2 and type-17 response has been reported in some individuals. IL-17 may be enhanced by IL-1β production and can lead to neutrophilic inflammation. In fact, both eosinophilic and neutrophilic (mixed granulocytic) inflammation are simultaneously present in a large population of patients with asthma. In monocyte/macrophage cell populations, release of mature IL-1β occurs via toll-like receptor ligand-induced activation of the inflammasome. Within the inflammasome, a cascade of events leads to the activation of caspase-1, which cleaves pro-IL-1β protein into a mature, releasable, and active form. We have demonstrated that eosinophils can release IL-1β in a Toll-like receptor ligand-independent fashion. The objective of this study was to determine the mechanisms underlying the production and maturation of IL-1β in cytokine-activated eosinophils. Using eosinophils from circulating blood and from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after an airway allergen challenge, the present study demonstrates that cytokine-activated eosinophils express and release a bioactive form of IL-1β with an apparent size less than the typical 17 kDa mature form produced by macrophages. Using a zymography approach and pharmacological inhibitors, we identified matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as a protease that cleaves pro-IL-1β into a ~15 kDa form and allows the release of IL-1β from cytokine-activated eosinophils. Therefore, we conclude that activated eosinophils produce MMP-9, which causes the release of IL-1β in an inflammasome/caspase-1-independent manner. The production of IL-1β by eosinophils may be a link between the eosinophilic/type-2 immune response and the neutrophilic/type-17 immune response that is often associated with a more severe and treatment-refractory type of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Esnault
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Kelly
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sean H. Johnson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Larissa P. DeLain
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Madeline J. Haedt
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrea L. Noll
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nathan Sandbo
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nizar N. Jarjour
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
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9
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Huang S, Wang Z, Zhou J, Huang J, Zhou L, Luo J, Wan YY, Long H, Zhu B. EZH2 Inhibitor GSK126 Suppresses Antitumor Immunity by Driving Production of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2009-2020. [PMID: 30737232 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog (EZH2) is a key epigenetic regulator of gene expression and is frequently overexpressed in various cancer types, suggesting a role in oncogenesis. The therapeutic potential of EZH2 inhibitors is currently being explored, but their effect on antitumor immunity is largely unknown. Here we report that suppressing EZH2 activity using EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 resulted in increased numbers of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and fewer CD4+ and IFNγ+CD8+ T cells, which are involved in antitumor immunity. Addition of a neutralizing antibody against the myeloid differentiation antigen GR-1 or gemcitabine/5-fluorouracil-depleted MDSCs alleviated MDSC-mediated immunosuppression and increased CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell tumor infiltration and GSK126 therapeutic efficacy. Mechanistically, we identified a novel pathway of MDSC production in cancer in which EZH2 inhibition directs myeloid differentiation from primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells. These findings suggest that modulating the tumor immune microenvironment may improve the efficacy of EZH2 inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE: This study uncovers a potential mechanism behind disappointing results of a phase I clinical trial of EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 and identifies a translatable combinational strategy to overcome it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Huang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiani Huang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Yisong Y Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North California
| | - Haixia Long
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, China
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