Infections and immunity: associations with obesity and related metabolic disorders

The Impact of Obesity on Readmission and Healthcare Costs in Patients with Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Infections

Purpose

Obesity is a global public health issue linked to worsened skin and subcutaneous tissue infections (SSTIs), complicating clinical management and increasing healthcare costs. This study aimed to evaluate obesity's influence on hospitalization duration, readmission rates, and healthcare costs among patients with SSTIs, with an emphasis on sex-specific patterns.

Patients and Methods

This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from South Korea's national healthcare database. The study population comprised adults hospitalized with SSTIs between 2015 and 2020. Obesity measures included body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), categorized by standard thresholds. Statistical analyses included Cox proportional hazards models for hospitalization duration, while multivariable logistic regression evaluated readmission risks. Healthcare costs were analyzed using generalized linear models, with sex-stratified analysis to examine clinical and economic outcome disparities.

Results

Male patients demonstrated an inverse relationship between BMI and hospitalization duration and costs, with minimal WC influence. Conversely, female patients exhibited positive associations between both obesity measures and hospitalization outcomes. SSTI-related readmissions within two years increased with rising BMI and WC across both sexes (p < 0.001). Estimated readmission costs showed significant sex-specific variations, increasing 55% among males with WC ≥ 100 cm versus < 80 cm and 132% among females with WC ≥ 95 cm versus < 75 cm.

Conclusion

Obesity substantially impacts SSTI clinical severity and economic costs, with distinct sex-specific disparities. Implementing tailored antimicrobial regimens, weight management strategies, and sex-specific treatment protocols is essential for outcome optimization and cost reduction. Future research should prioritize sex-specific interventions and resource allocation strategies in SSTI management.

Obesity promotes urinary tract infection by disrupting urothelial immune defenses

Obesity is a significant public health concern that is associated with numerous health risks. Infections are a major complication of obesity, but the mechanisms responsible for increased infection risk are poorly defined. Here, we use a diet induced obesity mouse model and investigate how obesity impacts urinary tract infection (UTI) susceptibility and bladder immune defenses. Our results show that high-fat diet fed female and male mice exhibit increased susceptibility to uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) following experimental UTI. Transcriptomic analysis of bladder urothelial cells shows that obesity alters gene expression in a sex-specific manner, with distinct differentially expressed genes in male and female mice, but shared activation of focal adhesion and extracellular matrix signaling. Western blot and immunostaining confirm activation of focal adhesion kinase, a central component of the focal adhesion pathway, in the bladders of obese female and male mice. Mechanistically, experiments using primary human urothelial cells demonstrate that focal adhesion kinase overexpression promotes UPEC invasion. These findings demonstrate that obesity enhances UTI susceptibility by activating focal adhesion kinase and promoting bacterial invasion of the urothelium. Together, they explain how obesity promotes UTI vulnerability and identify modifiable targets for managing obesity-associated UTI.

Significance Statement

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs), but the underlying mechanisms promoting infection susceptibility remain poorly understood. Here, we show that diet-induced obesity drives sex-specific changes in bladder urothelial gene expression, including distinct immune responses in male and female mice. Despite these differences, both sexes exhibit activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK overexpression promotes bacterial invasion into human bladder cells. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for obesity-associated UTI susceptibility and suggest that targeting FAK signaling could offer a therapeutic strategy to prevent UTIs, with implications for personalized interventions in obesity.

Adipose Tissue in Chagas Disease: A Neglected Component of Pathogenesis

Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan T. cruzi, is a serious public health issue with high morbidity and mortality rates. Approximately 7 million people are infected, mostly in Latin America. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and poorly elucidated, particularly regarding the role of adipose tissue (AT). This review aims to explore the complex relationship between T. cruzi and AT, focusing on the possible role of this tissue in CD, as well as to explore the impact of diet on the progression of the disease. T. cruzi infects adipocytes, affecting their function. Chronic infection alters adipose physiology, contributing to systemic inflammation and metabolic disturbances. Adipokines are dysregulated, while markers of inflammation and oxidative stress increase within AT during CD. Additionally, the immune response and clinical aspects of CD may be influenced by the host's diet. High-fat diets (HFDs) impact parasite burden and cardiac pathology in murine models. The complex interaction among T. cruzi infection, AT dysfunction, and dietary factors underscore the complexity of CD pathogenesis. Despite accumulating evidence suggesting the role of AT in CD, further research is needed to elucidate its clinical implications. Understanding the bidirectional relationship between AT and T. cruzi infection may offer insights into disease progression and potential therapeutic targets, highlighting the importance of considering adipose physiology in CD management strategies.

Candida infections in COVID-19 patients: A review of prevalence, risk factors, and mortality

BACKGROUND

Candida spp. infections have increasingly been reported among COVID-19 patients, yet the epidemiological factors, diagnostic methods, and outcomes associated with these infections remain poorly understood. These infections, particularly in ICU settings, present significant challenges due to high mortality rates and rising antifungal resistance. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence, risk factors, treatment, and outcomes of Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida in COVID-19 patients, providing clinical and epidemiological insights.

METHODS

A review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, and BVS databases, covering articles published from January 2020 to May 2024. Inclusion criteria included case reports or case series providing detailed information on Candida spp. in COVID-19 patients. Data extraction focused on patient demographics, underlying diseases, antifungal and antibiotic therapies, antifungal susceptibility, resistance profiles, and outcomes. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software.

RESULTS

The review included 67 studies, totaling 223 COVID-19 patients. Male patients were predominant. Common comorbidities included hypertension, cancer, and dyslipidemia. Echinocandins were the primary antifungal treatment. Non-albicans Candida exhibited a higher resistance rate (47.10 %) compared to C. albicans (2.35 %). Overall mortality rates were high, at 60.50 % for C. albicans and 62.30 % for non-albicans. Significant risk factors for mortality included age, central venous catheter use, ICU admission, and corticosteroid therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The study identified critical risk factors and clinical characteristics in COVID-19 patients with Candida infections. The high incidence of antifungal resistance among non-albicans and high mortality rates highlight the need for vigilant monitoring and targeted antifungal strategies to improve outcomes.

Cell therapies for immune-mediated disorders

Immune-mediated disorders are a broad range of diseases, arising as consequence of immune defects, exaggerated/misguided immune response or a mixture of both conditions. Their frequency is on a rise in the developed societies and they pose a significant challenge for diagnosis and treatment. Traditional pharmacological, monoclonal antibody-based or polyclonal antibody replacement-based therapies aiming at modulation of the immune responses give very often dissatisfactory results and/or are burdened with unacceptable adverse effects. In recent years, a new group of treatment modalities has emerged, utilizing cells as living drugs, especially with the use of the up-to-date genetic engineering. These modern cellular therapies are designed to offer a high potential for more targeted, safe, durable, and personalized treatment options. This work briefly reviews the latest advances in the treatment of immune-mediated disorders, mainly those related to exaggeration of the immune response, with such cellular therapies as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and others. We highlight the main features of these therapies as new treatment options for taming the dysregulated immune system. Undoubtfully, in near future such therapies can provide lasting remissions in a range of immune-mediated disorders with reduced treatment burden and improved quality of life for the patients.

The Human Energy Balance: Uncovering the Hidden Variables of Obesity

Obesity has emerged as a global epidemic, creating an increased burden of weight-related diseases and straining healthcare systems worldwide. While the fundamental principle of energy balance-caloric intake versus expenditure-remains central to weight regulation, real-world outcomes often deviate from simplistic predictions due to a multitude of physiological and environmental factors. Genetic predispositions, variations in basal metabolic rates, adaptive thermogenesis, physical activity, and nutrient losses via fecal and urinary excretion contribute to interindividual differences in energy homeostasis. Additionally, factors such as meal timing, macronutrient composition, gut microbiota dynamics, and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) further modulate energy utilization and metabolic efficiency. This Perspective explores key physiological determinants of the energy balance, while also highlighting the clinical significance of thrifty versus spendthrifty metabolic phenotypes. Key strategies for individualized weight management include precision calorimetry, circadian-aligned meal timing, the use of protein- and whole food diets to enhance DIT, and increases in non-exercise activity, as well as mild cold exposure and the use of thermogenic agents (e.g., capsaicin-like compounds) to stimulate brown adipose tissue activity. A comprehensive, personalized approach to obesity management that moves beyond restrictive caloric models is essential to achieving sustainable weight control and improving long-term metabolic health. Integrating these multifactorial insights into clinical practice will enhance obesity treatment strategies, fostering more effective and enduring interventions.

Molecular Pathways Linking High-Fat Diet and PM2.5 Exposure to Metabolically Abnormal Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Obesity, influenced by environmental pollutants, can lead to complex metabolic disruptions. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolically abnormal obesity caused by exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Following the PRISMA guidelines, articles from 2019 to 2024 were gathered from Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, and a random-effects meta-analysis was performed, along with subgroup analyses and pathway enrichment analyses. This study was registered in the Open Science Framework. Thirty-three articles, mainly case-control studies and murine models, were reviewed, and they revealed that combined exposure to HFD and PM2.5 resulted in the greatest weight gain (82.835 g, p = 0.048), alongside increases in high-density lipoproteins, insulin, and the superoxide dismutase. HFD enriched pathways linked to adipocytokine signaling in brown adipose tissue, while PM2.5 impacted genes associated with fat formation. Both exposures downregulated protein metabolism pathways in white adipose tissue and activated stress-response pathways in cardiac tissue. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in the liver were enriched, influencing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. These findings highlight that combined exposure to HFD and PM2.5 amplifies body weight gain, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysfunction, suggesting a synergistic interaction with significant implications for metabolic health.

Increased Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Prevents Dysregulated Immune and Inflammatory Responses in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

BACKGROUND

Obesity is often associated with impaired immune responses, including enlarged spleen, increased inflammation, and impaired T-cell-mediated function, which may lead to increased susceptibility to infections. Bioactive compounds found in various fruits and vegetables (F&V) have been shown to have strong anti-inflammatory effects. However, few prospective studies have examined the effects of F&V on preventing obesity-associated dysregulation of immune and inflammatory responses.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this was to determine the impact of different levels of a mixture of F&V incorporated in a high-fat diet (HFD) on immune function changes in a diet-induced obesity animal model.

METHODS

Six-wk-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 groups (n = 12/group): matched low-fat control (LF, 10% kcal fat) or HFD (45% kcal fat) supplemented with 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% (wt/wt) freeze-dried powder of the most consumed F&V (human equivalent of 0, 3, 5-7, 8-9 servings/d, respectively) for 20 wk. Spleen weight was recorded, and the immunophenotype of splenocytes was evaluated by flow cytometry. Ex vivo splenic lymphocyte proliferation was assessed by thymidine incorporation and serum cytokines concentrations were measured by Meso Scale Discovery.

RESULTS

Mice fed the HFD exhibited significantly higher spleen weight, decreased splenic CD8+ lymphocytes, suppressed T lymphocyte proliferation, and reduced serum IL-1ß and IFN-γ concentrations compared with those fed the LF diet. Feeding mice with the HFD supplemented with 10% or 15% F&V restored HFD-associated changes of these affected biomarkers compared with those fed HFD only. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between immunologic markers and F&V level.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that increased consumption of F&V has beneficial effects in preventing HFD-associated dysregulation of immune function.

Sex differences in the inflammation-depression link: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous disorder that affects twice as many women than men. Precluding advances in more tailored and efficacious treatments for depression is the lack of reliable biomarkers. While depression is linked to elevations in inflammatory immune system functioning, this relationship is not evident among all individuals with depression and may vary based on symptom subtypes and/or sex. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined whether inflammatory immune peripheral markers of depression are sex-specific. PRISMA guidelines were followed for the systematic review, and a comprehensive search strategy that identified studies from PubMed and PsycInfo was applied. Studies were included if they reported C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and/or IL-1β for males and/or females among depressed and healthy adults. We identified 23 studies that satisfied these inclusion criteria. Random-effects meta-analysis models were fit, and measures of association were summarized between levels of circulating markers of inflammation in depressed and healthy males and females. Sex-based analyses revealed elevated levels of CRP among females with depression (Cohen's d = 0.19) relative to their healthy counterparts (p = 0.02), an effect not apparent among males (Cohen's d = -0.01). Similarly, levels of IL-6 were increased among females with depression compared to healthy controls (Cohen's d = 0.51; p = 0.04), but once again this was not found among males (Cohen's d = 0.16). While TNF-α levels were elevated among individuals with depression compared to controls (p = 0.01), no statistically significant sex differences were found. The meta-analysis for IL-1β resulted in only three articles, and thus, results are presented in the supplemental section. This meta-analysis advances our understanding of the unique involvement of inflammatory biomarkers in depression among men and women, which may help inform more tailored sex-specific treatment approaches in the future.

The Strong Effect of Propolis in Suppressing NF-κB, CysC, and ACE2 on a High-fat Diet

Background: A high fat diet (HFD)is one of the main causes of obesity and is closely linked to metabolic disorders brought on by stress and malfunctioning tissues. Propolis (Trigona Honey) is considered to be helpful in treating inflammatory diseases because it has also been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and anti-free radical properties. This study to demonstrate how much propolis supplementation affects BW, NF-κB, CysC, and ACE2 levels in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) fed a HFD. Methods: Post-test and control group designs in an experimental setup. A total of twenty-four rats were randomly assigned to four groups of six. Group I received a normal diet for sixteen weeks (ND), Group II received a high fat diet (HFD) for sixteen weeks (HFD), Group III received an HFD for sixteen weeks plus propolis for eight weeks (HFD-8), and Group IV received an HFD and propolis for sixteen weeks (HFD-16). Using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), body weight (BW), serum NF-κB, Cys C, and ACE2 levels were measured before treatment (week 0), after 8 weeks of HFD (HFD-8) (week 8), and after 16 weeks of HFD (HFD-16). Results: The mean starting weight in the ND, HFD, HFD-8, and HFD-16 groups did not differ significantly (p > 0.001). By week eight, the HFD group's body weight had increased considerably (254.83 grams vs. 202.0 grams) in comparison to the ND group (p<0.001). The HFD and HFD-8 groups' body weight increased significantly at week 16 in comparison to the ND group (334.83 grams and 269.50 grams vs. 208.67 grams) (p<0.001). At week 16, there was no discernible difference in mean BW between ND and HFD-16 (p > 0.001). There was no significant difference found in the mean initial NF-κB levels between the ND, HFD, HFD-8, and HFD-16 groups (p > 0.001). At week 8, NF-κB levels in the HFD group were significantly higher (5,038 ng/ml vs. 3,655 ng/ml) (p<0.001) than in the ND group. At week 16, NF-κB levels in the HFD and HFD-8 groups were notably higher than those in the ND group (p<0.001), at 6,136 ng/ml and 4,378 ng/ml, respectively, compared to 3,775 ng/ml. Between ND and HFD-16, there was no significant distinction in the mean NF-κB levels at week 16 (p>0.001). There was no significant difference observed in the mean CysC and ACE2 between the ND, HFD, HFD-8, and HFD-16 groups (p > 0.001). CysC and ACE2 levels in the HFD group were significantly higher than those in the ND group at week 8, and in the HFD and HFD-8 groups, they were significantly higher than those in the ND group at week 16. When propolis is administered for eight weeks, the rise in BW, NF-κB, CysC, and ACE2 is suppressed until the eighth week, at which point it increases once more until the sixteenth week. Propolis administration, however, will halt the rise in BW, NF-κB, CysC, and ACE2 until the sixteenth week. Conclusion: Propolis administration for 16 weeks can suppress the increase in BW, LI, RI, NF-κB, CysC and ACE2 levels in rats given a high fat diet (HFD).

How market integration impacts human disease ecology

Market integration (MI), or the shift from subsistence to market-based livelihoods, profoundly influences health, yet its impacts on infectious diseases remain underexplored. Here, we synthesize the current understanding of MI and infectious disease to stimulate more research, specifically aiming to leverage concepts and tools from disease ecology and related fields to generate testable hypotheses. Embracing a One Health perspective, we examine both human-to-human and zoonotic transmission pathways in their environmental contexts to assess how MI alters infectious disease exposure and susceptibility in beneficial, detrimental and mixed ways. For human-to-human transmission, we consider how markets expand contact networks in ways that facilitate infectious disease transmission while also increasing access to hygiene products and housing materials that likely reduce infections. For zoonotic transmission, MI influences exposures to pathogens through agricultural intensification and other market-driven processes that may increase or decrease human encounters with disease reservoirs or vectors in their shared environments. We also consider how MI-driven changes in noncommunicable diseases affect immunocompetence and susceptibility to infectious disease. Throughout, we identify statistical, survey and laboratory methods from ecology and the social sciences that will advance interdisciplinary research on MI and infectious disease.

Cellular immune response to a single dose of live attenuated hepatitis a virus vaccine in obese children and adolescents

Background

Limited data are currently available regarding the cellular immune response to a live attenuated hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine, especially in children with obesity. The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to compare the activation of antigen-specific interferon (IFN)-γ+ T cells in obese children and adolescents with healthy individuals before and after immunization with a single dose of live attenuated HAV vaccine.

Methods

Blood samples were obtained from the 2021 study by Dumrisilp et al. investigating the immunogenicity of the live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine in children and young adults. Prior to enrollment, all 212 subjects had never received any HAV vaccine and tested negative for anti-HAV antibodies. The participants were vaccinated with a freeze-dried, live attenuated HAV vaccine of the H2 strain. In this study, we analyzed the stored peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from a subgroup of 30 obese subjects and 30 normal-weight healthy controls of the same age and sex. PBMCs were collected before and 8-9 weeks after HAV vaccination for further analysis. These cells were stimulated with a recombinant antigen derived from HAV-VP3, and the immune response was evaluated using the IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay.

Results

The between-group analysis indicated that the T-cell response of obese participants was comparable to that of normal-weight controls both before and after vaccination. The change in IFN-γ production from before to after vaccination in the obese group was not significantly different from that of the control group. Additionally, in the obese group, no correlation was found between IFN-γ production and clinical characteristics such as sex, body mass index, waist circumference, and acanthosis nigricans.

Conclusion

Testing for cellular immune response provides a comprehensive understanding of the overall immune response to vaccination. This study, the first to explore this significant aspect, suggests that obesity does not affect the short-term cellular immune response to live attenuated HAV vaccination.

Sarcoma Size and Limb Dimensions Predict Complications, Recurrence, and Death in Patients with Soft Tissue Sarcoma in the Thigh: A Multidimensional Analysis

BACKGROUND

Limb-sparing resections of thigh soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) can result in adverse outcomes. Identifying preoperative predictors for wound healing complications, tumor recurrence, and mortality is crucial for informed reconstructive decision-making. We hypothesized that preoperative measurements of thigh and tumor dimensions could serve as reliable indicators for postoperative complications, recurrence, and death.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In this retrospective cohort study conducted from March 2016 to December 2021, we analyzed patients undergoing thigh STS excisions followed by reconstruction. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scans provided necessary thigh and tumor dimensions. Univariate and multivariate regression assessed relationships between these dimensions and postoperative outcomes, including complications, recurrence, and death.

RESULTS

Upon the analysis of 123 thighs, we found thigh width to be highly predictive of postoperative complications, even surpassing body mass index (BMI) and retaining significance in multivariate regression [odds ratio (OR) 1.19; 95% CI 1.03-1.39; p = 0.03]. Sarcoma-to-thigh width and thickness ratios predicted STS recurrence, with the thickness ratio retaining significance in multivariate regression (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.001-1.05; p = 0.041). Notably, greater thigh thickness was independently protective against mortality in multivariate analysis (OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.65-0.98; p = 0.030).

CONCLUSIONS

Thigh width outperformed BMI in association with postoperative complications. This may create an opportunity for intervention, where weight loss can play a role during the neoadjuvant therapy period to potentially reduce complications. Sarcoma-to-thigh width and thickness ratios, particularly the latter, hold substantial predictive value in terms of STS recurrence. Moreover, thigh thickness is an independent predictor of survival.

Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and its effect on α-synuclein and prion protein misfolding: consequences for neurodegeneration

Abnormal behavior of α-synuclein and prion proteins is the hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and prion illnesses, respectively, being complex neurological disorders. A primary cause of protein aggregation, brain injury, and cognitive loss in prion illnesses is the misfolding of normal cellular prion proteins (PrPC) into an infectious form (PrPSc). Aggregation of α-synuclein causes disruptions in cellular processes in Parkinson's disease (PD), leading to loss of dopamine-producing neurons and motor symptoms. Alteration in the composition or activity of gut microbes may weaken the intestinal barrier and make it possible for prions to go from the gut to the brain. The gut-brain axis is linked to neuroinflammation; the metabolites produced by the gut microbiota affect the aggregation of α-synuclein, regulate inflammation and immunological responses, and may influence the course of the disease and neurotoxicity of proteins, even if their primary targets are distinct proteins. This thorough analysis explores the complex interactions that exist between the gut microbiota and neurodegenerative illnesses, particularly Parkinson's disease (PD) and prion disorders. The involvement of the gut microbiota, a complex collection of bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses etc., in various neurological illnesses is becoming increasingly recognized. The gut microbiome influences neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter synthesis, mitochondrial function, and intestinal barrier integrity through the gut-brain axis, which contributes to the development and progression of disease. The review delves into the molecular mechanisms that underlie these relationships, emphasizing the effects of microbial metabolites such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in regulating brain functioning. Additionally, it looks at how environmental influences and dietary decisions affect the gut microbiome and whether they could be risk factors for neurodegenerative illnesses. This study concludes by highlighting the critical role that the gut microbiota plays in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) and prion disease. It also provides a promising direction for future research and possible treatment approaches. People afflicted by these difficult ailments may find hope in new preventive and therapeutic approaches if the role of the gut microbiota in these diseases is better understood.

Anti-Obesity Effects of Marine Macroalgae Extract Caulerpa lentillifera in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

Obesity is a multifactorial disease characterized by an excessive accumulation of fat, which in turn poses a significant risk to health. Bioactive compounds obtained from macroalgae have demonstrated their efficacy in combating obesity in various animal models. The green macroalgae Caulerpa lentillifera (CL) contains numerous active constituents. Hence, in the present study, we aimed to elucidate the beneficial anti-obesity effects of extracts derived from C. lentillifera using a Caenorhabditis elegans obesity model. The ethanol (CLET) and ethyl acetate (CLEA) extracts caused a significant decrease in fat consumption, reaching up to approximately 50-60%. Triglyceride levels in 50 mM glucose-fed worms were significantly reduced by approximately 200%. The GFP-labeled dhs-3, a marker for lipid droplets, exhibited a significant reduction in its level to approximately 30%. Furthermore, the level of intracellular ROS displayed a significant decrease of 18.26 to 23.91% in high-glucose-fed worms treated with CL extracts, while their lifespan remained unchanged. Additionally, the mRNA expression of genes associated with lipogenesis, such as sbp-1, showed a significant down-regulation following treatment with CL extracts. This finding was supported by a significant decrease (at 16.22-18.29%) in GFP-labeled sbp-1 gene expression. These results suggest that C. lentillifera extracts may facilitate a reduction in total fat accumulation induced by glucose through sbp-1 pathways. In summary, this study highlights the anti-obesity potential of compounds derived from C. lentillifera extracts in a C. elegans model of obesity, mediated by the suppression of lipogenesis pathways.