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Santos MM, Costa TC, Mendes TAO, Dutra LL, Silva DNL, Araújo RD, Serão NVL, Rennó LN, Silva YFRS, Detmann E, Martín-Tereso J, Carvalho IP, Gionbelli MP, Duarte MS. Can the post-ruminal urea release impact liver metabolism, and nutritional status of beef cows at late gestation? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293216. [PMID: 37856443 PMCID: PMC10586634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effects of post-ruminal supply of urea (PRU) on nutritional status, and liver metabolism of pregnant beef cows during late gestation. Twenty-four Brahman dams, pregnant from a single sire, and weighing 545 kg ± 23 kg were confined into individual pens at 174 ± 23 d of gestation, and randomly assigned into one of two dietary treatments up to 270 d of gestation: Control (CON, n = 12), consisting of a basal diet supplemented with conventional urea, where the cows were fed with diets containing 13.5 g conventional urea per kg dry matter; and PRU (PRU, n = 12), consisting of a basal diet supplemented with a urea coated to extensively prevent ruminal degradation while being intestinally digestible, where the cows were fed with diets containing 14,8 g urea protected from ruminal degradation per kg dry matter. Post-ruminal supply of urea reduced the urine levels of 3-methylhistidine (P = 0.02). There were no differences between treatments for dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.76), total digestible nutrient (TDN) intake (P = 0.30), and in the body composition variables, such as, subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT; P = 0.72), and rib eye area (REA; P = 0.85). In addition, there were no differences between treatments for serum levels of glucose (P = 0.87), and serum levels of glucogenic (P = 0.28), ketogenic (P = 0.72), glucogenic, and ketogenic (P = 0.45) amino acids, neither for urea in urine (P = 0.51) as well as urea serum (P = 0.30). One the other hand, enriched pathways were differentiated related to carbohydrate digestion, and absorption, glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway, and biosynthesis of amino acids of the exclusively expressed proteins in PRU cows. Shifting urea supply from the rumen to post-ruminal compartments decreases muscle catabolism in cows during late gestation. Our findings indicate that post-ruminal urea supplementation for beef cows at late gestation may improve the energy metabolism to support maternal demands. In addition, the post-ruminal urea release seems to be able to trigger pathways to counterbalance the oxidative stress associated to the increase liver metabolic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M. Santos
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Muscle Biology, and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaís C. Costa
- Muscle Biology, and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Tiago A. O. Mendes
- Department of Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Luana L. Dutra
- Department of Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Davi N. L. Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Muscle Biology, and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Renato D. Araújo
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Muscle Biology, and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Nick V. L. Serão
- StatsGaze Data Science Solutions, Liverpool, NY, United States of America
| | - Luciana N. Rennó
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Yamê F. R. S. Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Edenio Detmann
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mateus P. Gionbelli
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcio S. Duarte
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Niehues MB, Tomaz LDA, Ferreira MS, Baldassini WA, Chardulo LAL, Sartor AB, Ribeiro RV, Fogaça LA, Arrigoni MDB, Martins CL, Machado Neto OR. Assessment of corn wet distillers grains fed to crossbred bulls on feeding behavior, rumen morphology, liver abscesses and blood parameters. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271461. [PMID: 35951618 PMCID: PMC9371291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn ethanol production has been growing in Brazil in the last ten years, generating by-products to feedlot diets. This study evaluates the effects of the inclusion of low-fat corn wet distillers grains (LF-WDG) on feeding behavior, ruminal health, liver abscesses and blood parameters of F1 Angus-Nellore bulls feedlot finished. Our hypothesis is that evaluation of data from feeding behavior, rumen and liver health would help to explain animal performance. In this trail, one-hundred animals were fed for 129 days with diets containing amounts of 0 (control), 15, 30 and 45% of LF-WDG replacing corn grain and soybean meal. Evaluations of fluctuation of dry matter intake (DMI) were carried out. Additionally, feeding behavior data were assessed by monitoring (24-h period) the feeding, rumination, time spent eating (TSE), and time expended on other activities (resting and number of meals per day). Blood variables such as pH, bicarbonate, total CO2 content, and base excess in extracellular fluid (Beecf) were determined. After slaughter, rumen epithelium was classified according to the incidence of lesions (rumenitis) and abnormalities (papillae clumped), and samples were collected for morphology and histology evaluations. Moreover, livers were scored for severity of abscesses as follow: as unabscessed (0), one or two small abscesses (A−), two to four small active abscesses (A) or one or more large, active abscesses (A+). The DMI (kg/day) differed (P = 0.03) among treatments and there is a tendency of 15 and 30 LF-WDG (% DM) had lower %DMI fluctuation compared to 0 or 45%. The TSE increased linearly (P < 0.01) as the amounts of inclusion of LF-WDG increased. Moreover, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake, NDF consumption rate and NDF rumination efficiency increased linearly (P < 0.01) in response to LF-WDG feeding. The incidence of rumenitis tended (P = 0.08) to be greater at 45% LF-WDG, while keratin thickness decreased linearly in bulls fed LF-WDG (P < 0.01). The severity of liver abscesses (score A+) increased linearly (P = 0.02). Regarding blood parameters, only Beecf decreased linearly (P < 0.01) in response to LF-WDG feeding. Therefore, the hypothesis of the current study was confirmed. We previous reported that F1 Angus-Nellore bulls fed LF-WDG show greater weight gain (1.94 ± 0.09 kg/day) and final body weight (620 ± 18.8 kg) when compare to control (1.8 ± 0.09 kg/day and 602 ± 18.8 kg, respectively). Here, we conclude that inclusion of 15 to 30% LF-WDG in feedlot diets improved feeding behavior without impairing ruminal health and blood parameters, driving performance and weigh gain of crossbred bulls. However, bulls fed 45% LF-WDG had greater severity of liver abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Betânia Niehues
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laís de Aquino Tomaz
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus Silva Ferreira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Welder Angelo Baldassini
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Artur Loyola Chardulo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Bárbara Sartor
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard Vaquero Ribeiro
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Fogaça
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário de Beni Arrigoni
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cyntia Ludovico Martins
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otávio Rodrigues Machado Neto
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Ferreira M, Niehues MB, Tomaz LA, Baldassini W, Ladeira M, Arrigoni M, Martins CL, Gionbelli T, Paulino P, Neto ORM. Dry matter intake, performance, carcass traits and expression of genes of muscle protein metabolism in cattle fed increasing levels of de-oiled wet distillers grains. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Immunolocalization of Na+/K+-ATPase and proliferative activity of enterocytes after administration of glucan in chickens fed T-2 toxin. ACTA VET BRNO 2019. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201887040371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of polysaccharide glucan in chickens fed low doses of T-2 toxin was assessed. The binder effect of β-D-glucan on jejunal mucosa in relation to the expression of Na+/K+-ATPase, proliferative activity of enterocytes and number of goblet cells was investigated. A total of 40 one-day-old chickens were allocated to four groups: control (C), β-D-glucan (G), T-2 toxin (T) and combined β-D-glucan+T-2 toxin (GT). The chickens were individually administrated per os 1.0 mg/bird/day of β-D-glucan derived from Candida albicans on days 11, 12, and 21 of the experiment (totally 3 mg per bird). T-2 toxin at a concentration of 1.45 μg·kg-1 was added to the feed from day 14 to day 28 of the experiment. The α subunit-specific anti-Na+/K+-ATPase antibody was used to identify the protein by immunofluorescence in the cell membrane of jejunal enterocytes. Higher expression of Na+/K+-ATPase was found in the jejunal epithelial cells and lamina propria in the chickens fed T-2 toxin and administered glucan (P < 0.05) compared to control. The number of proliferated enterocytes was higher in group T compared to group G and control (P < 0.001), as well group GT (P < 0.01). Goblet cell density did not present significant differences between groups of chickens, but group G showed the highest values. These data suggest that administration of pure T-2 toxin at low doses affects primarily the protein synthesis of actively dividing cells. Higher distribution of Na+/K+-ATPase in enterocytes of chickens in GT group suggests positive influence of glucan and mycotoxin on the ion pump. A binding effect of this immunomodulator on the digestive tract mucosa in the applied setup was not observed.
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Estrada-Angulo A, Castro-Pérez B, Urías-Estrada J, Ríos-Rincón F, Arteaga-Wences Y, Barreras A, López-Soto M, Plascencia A, Zinn R. Influence of protein level on growth performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics of Pelibuey × Katahdin lambs finished with isocaloric diets. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Salim H, Wood KM, Cant JP, Swanson KC. Influence of feeding increasing levels of dry or modified wet corn distillers’ grains plus solubles in whole corn grain-based finishing diets on hepatic and renal mass, and glutathione peroxidase and urea cycle enzyme activities in finishing cattle. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2014-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salim, H., Wood, K. M., Cant, J. P. and Swanson, K. C. 2015. Influence of feeding increasing levels of dry or modified wet corn distillers’ grains plus solubles in whole corn grain-based finishing diets on hepatic and renal mass, and glutathione peroxidase and urea cycle enzyme activities in finishing cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 407–415. Forty-two cross-bred steers (BW=357±5.8 kg) fed whole corn grain-based finishing diets were used in a completely randomized block (60, 120, or 180 d on feed) design (2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments plus control) to determine the effect of inclusion level [0 (control), 16.7, 33.3, and 50% of diet DM) and form (dry (DDGS) or modified wet (MWDGS)] of distillers’ grains plus solubles (DGS) on hepatic and renal glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and hepatic urea cycle enzyme activities. Kidney weight (g kg−1of BW) increased linearly (P=0.004) with increasing inclusion levels of DGS. There were no effects (P≥0.11) of dietary treatment on hepatic and renal GPx activity (U g−1, U mg−1of protein, and kU liver−1). Hepatic carbamoyl phosphate synthetase activity (kU liver−1and U kg−1of BW) tended to linearly increase (P=0.09 and P=0.10, respectively) with increasing inclusion level of DGS. Hepatic ornithine transcarbamoylase and argininosuccinate synthetase activity (kU liver−1and U kg−1of BW) increased linearly (P≤0.05) with increasing inclusion levels of DGS. These data indicate that steers adapt to feeding up to 50% DGS by increasing kidney mass and activity of urea cycle enzymes in liver to allow for clearance of excess nitrogen. Also, hepatic and renal GPx activity, as an indicator of Se status, is not affected when typical finishing diets are fed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Salim
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
- Department of Animal Production, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt 12311
| | - K. M. Wood
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A1
| | - J. P. Cant
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - K. C. Swanson
- Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND USA 58108-6050
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Nuñez A, Felix T, Loerch S, Schoonmaker J. Effect of dried distillers grains with solubles or corn in growing cattle diets, followed by a corn-based finishing diet, on performance of feedlot cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Prezotto LD, Lemley CO, Camacho LE, Doscher FE, Meyer AM, Caton JS, Awda BJ, Vonnahme KA, Swanson KC. Effects of nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation on maternal and foetal hepatic and small intestinal energy utilization. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:797-807. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. D. Prezotto
- Department of Animal Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND USA
| | - C. O. Lemley
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences; Mississippi State University; MS USA
| | - L. E. Camacho
- Department of Animal Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND USA
| | - F. E. Doscher
- Department of Animal Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND USA
| | - A. M. Meyer
- Division of Animal Science; University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
| | - J. S. Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND USA
| | - B. J. Awda
- College of Applied Biotechnology; Al-Nahrain University; Jadriah Baghdad Iraq
| | - K. A. Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND USA
| | - K. C. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo ND USA
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Schoonmaker JP, Claeys MC, Lemenager RP. Effect of increasing distillers grains inclusion on performance and carcass characteristics of early-weaned steers1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1784-90. [PMID: 23345559 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-5075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Schoonmaker
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - M. C. Claeys
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - R. P. Lemenager
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Montanholi Y, Fontoura A, Swanson K, Coomber B, Yamashiro S, Miller S. Small intestine histomorphometry of beef cattle with divergent feed efficiency. Acta Vet Scand 2013; 55:9. [PMID: 23379622 PMCID: PMC3598877 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The provision of feed is a major cost in beef production. Therefore, the improvement of feed efficiency is warranted. The direct assessment of feed efficiency has limitations and alternatives are needed. Small intestine micro-architecture is associated with function and may be related to feed efficiency. The objective was to verify the potential histomorphological differences in the small intestine of animals with divergent feed efficiency. METHODS From a population of 45 feedlot steers, 12 were selected with low-RFI (superior feed efficiency) and 12 with high-RFI (inferior feed efficiency) at the end of the finishing period. The animals were processed at 13.79 ± 1.21 months of age. Within 1.5 h of slaughter the gastrointestinal tract was collected and segments from duodenum and ileum were harvested. Tissue fragments were processed, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Photomicroscopy images were taken under 1000x magnification. For each animal 100 intestinal crypts were imaged, in a cross section view, from each of the two intestinal segments. Images were analyzed using the software ImageJ(®). The measurements taken were: crypt area, crypt perimeter, crypt lumen area, nuclei number and the cell size was indirectly calculated. Data were analyzed using general linear model and correlation procedures of SAS(®). RESULTS Efficient beef steers (low-RFI) have a greater cellularity (indicated by nuclei number) in the small intestinal crypts, both in duodenum and ileum, than less efficient beef steers (high-RFI) (P < 0.05). The mean values for the nuclei number of the low-RFI and high-RFI groups were 33.16 and 30.30 in the duodenum and 37.21 and 33.65 in the ileum, respectively. The average size of the cells did not differ between feed efficiency groups in both segments (P ≥ 0.10). A trend was observed (P ≤ 0.10) for greater crypt area and crypt perimeter in the ileum for cattle with improved feed efficiency. CONCLUSION Improved feed efficiency is associated with greater cellularity and no differences on average cell size in the crypts of the small intestine in the bovine. These observations are likely to lead to an increase in the energy demand by the small intestine regardless of the more desirable feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Montanholi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, 70-50 Stone Road East, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Ananda Fontoura
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Universitária s/n, 68745-000, Castanhal, Pará, Brasil
| | - Kendall Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, PO box 6050, Fargo, 58108-6050, ND, USA
| | - Brenda Coomber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, 3-50 Stone Road East, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Shigeto Yamashiro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, 3-50 Stone Road East, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Miller
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, 70-50 Stone Road East, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
- Livestock Gentec, 1400 College Plaza 8215-112 Street, Edmonton, T6G 2C8, AB, Canada
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