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Hayat MA, Ding J, Zhang X, Liu T, Zhang J, Bokhari SG, Akbar H, Wang H. Enhanced Autophagy in Damaged Laminar Tissue of Acute Laminitis Induced by Oligofructose Overloading in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2478. [PMID: 37570287 PMCID: PMC10416948 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining the autophagy activity in the laminar tissue of dairy cows with oligofructose-induced laminitis. Twelve healthy non-pregnant Holstein cows were randomly divided into two groups of six cows each, entitled the control group and the oligofructose overload group (OF group), respectively. At 0 h, cows in the OF group were gavaged with oligofructose (17 g/kg BW) dissolved in warm deionized water (20 mL/kg BW) through an oral rumen tube, and the dairy cows in the control group were gavaged with the same volume of deionized water by the same method. At -72 h before, as well as 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, 24 h, 36 h, 48 h, 60 h, and 72 h after perfusion, clinical evaluations of both groups were monitored. After 72 h, the laminar tissues of the dairy cows in both groups were collected to examine the genes and proteins. The gene expression of ATG5, ATG12, and Beclin1 significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas that of P62 and mTOR significantly decreased (p < 0.01) in the OF group relative to the control group. The protein expression of Beclin-1 significantly increased (p < 0.05), while that of LC3II significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the OF group relative to the control group. However, the protein expression of P62 non-significantly reduced (p > 0.05) in the OF group comparative to the control group. Furthermore, the distribution of the Beclin1 protein in the laminar tissue significantly increased (p < 0.01), while that of the P62 protein significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the OF group than the control group. These findings indicate that the imbalanced gene and protein-level status of autophagy-related markers may be the basic cause for the failure of the epidermal attachment. However, a more detailed gene and protein-level study is needed to further clarify the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of bovine laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abid Hayat
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (X.Z.); (T.L.); (J.Z.)
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiafeng Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Xianhao Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (X.Z.); (T.L.); (J.Z.)
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (X.Z.); (T.L.); (J.Z.)
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (X.Z.); (T.L.); (J.Z.)
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shehla Gul Bokhari
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Pet Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.G.B.); (H.A.)
| | - Hamid Akbar
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Pet Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.G.B.); (H.A.)
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (X.Z.); (T.L.); (J.Z.)
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin 150030, China
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Characterization of the Bacterial Community of Rumen in Dairy Cows with Laminitis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121996. [PMID: 34946945 PMCID: PMC8700892 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminitis is the inflammation of the lamella, and it has caused great economic loss to the dairy industry and attracted wide attention around the world. In recent years, microbiota are considered to play a significant role in various diseases processes. Therefore, our study aimed to explore the characteristics of ruminal microbiota in laminitis cows. The serum of bovines with or without laminitis was collected to detect concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lactic acid, and histamine, and ruminal fluid was collected for 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The results showed a significant increase in LPS and lactic acid levels in the laminitis group compared to the control group cows. In addition, a higher abundance of Candidatus Saccharimonas, Saccharofermentans, Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-009 genus, Acetobacter pasteurianus, Clostridium papyrosolvens, Ruminococcaceae bacterium AE2021, Porphyromonas crevioricanis, Pseudomonas boreopolis, Pseudomonas psychrotolerans, Rothia nasimurium, and Rothia pickettii was detected in the rumen fluid of laminitis bovines. In conclusion, this article confirms that there are differences in rumen microbiota between healthy and laminitis bovines. The elevated abundance of bacteria that enrich acid-enhancing metabolites, as well as increase the concentration of lactic acid and LPS, could be harmful factors to bovines and increase the risk of laminitis.
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Okabayashi K, Kanai S, Katakura F, Takeuchi R, Yamauchi T, Nakayama S, Kinoshita R, Koie H, Narita T. Activation of canine neutrophils by platelet-activating factor. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 241:110336. [PMID: 34649042 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential for innate immunity as the first line of defence. Neutrophils act as phagocytic white blood cells to kill bacteria and other microorganisms. A strong respiratory burst of neutrophils, dependent on reactive oxygen species, is produced during phagocytosis. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a signalling molecule with several prominent roles in tissue injury, inflammation, and platelet aggregation. However, the detailed mechanisms and intracellular signalling pathways involved in PAF-mediated neutrophil activation remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of PAF on changes in calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and oxygen radical (O2-) generation in activating canine neutrophils. We further evaluated these effects of PAF with inhibition of G protein-coupled receptors using the specific inhibitor suramin. Blood samples were collected from a total of five dogs and neutrophils were isolated. PAF stimulation of canine neutrophils caused an increase in [Ca2+]i as well as the generation of O2-, and the PAF receptor was sensitive to suramin. The results suggested that PAF stimulation of canine neutrophils may cause Ca2+ influx from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm (as the first wave) and then trigger store-operated Ca2+ entry (as the second wave), which is an important intracellular signal transduction pathway for neutrophil activation. Furthermore, O2- generation by PAF stimulation may depend on the intracellular signalling pathway, with increasing inositol trisphosphate levels and [Ca2+]i via G protein-coupled receptors. The finding that PAF-activating platelet aggregation is involved in canine neutrophil activation suggests a close relationship between haemostasis and neutrophil activation in dogs, offering new insight into the response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Okabayashi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Kanai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Katakura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Riku Takeuchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamauchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shunya Nakayama
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Rie Kinoshita
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koie
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takanori Narita
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
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Man S, Liu T, Yao Y, Lu Y, Ma L, Lu F. Friend or foe? The roles of inulin-type fructans. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 252:117155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Quiroga J, Alarcón P, Manosalva C, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Hidalgo MA, Carretta MD, Burgos RA. Mitochondria-derived ATP participates in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps induced by platelet-activating factor through purinergic signaling in cows. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 113:103768. [PMID: 32692996 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation eliminates/prevents the spread of infectious agents. Platelet activating factor (PAF) is involved in infectious diseases of cattle because it recruits and activates neutrophils. However, its ability to induce NET release and the role of metabolism in this process is not known. We investigated if inhibition of glycolysis, mitochondrial-derived adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and purinergic signaling though P2X1 purinoceptors interfered with NET formation induced by PAF. We inhibited bovine neutrophils with 2-deoxy-d-glucose, rotenone, carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and NF449 to evaluate PAF-mediated NET extrusion. PAF induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization and triggered extracellular ATP release via pannexin-1. Inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism prevented extracellular ATP release. Inhibition of glycolysis, complex-I activity and oxidative phosphorylation prevented NET formation induced by PAF. Inhibition of P2X1 purinergic receptors inhibited mitochondrial hyperpolarization and NET formation. We concluded that PAF-induced NET release is dependent upon glycolysis, mitochondrial ATP synthesis and purinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Quiroga
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Manosalva
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - María Angélica Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María Daniella Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael Agustín Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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D-Lactate Increases Cytokine Production in Bovine Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes via MCT1 Uptake and the MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and NFκB Pathways. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112105. [PMID: 33202791 PMCID: PMC7698040 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ruminal acidosis (ARA) is caused by the excessive intake of highly fermentable carbohydrates, followed by the massive production of D-lactate and the appearance of neutrophilic aseptic polysynovitis. Bovines with ARA develop different lesions, such as ruminitis, polioencephalomalacia (calves), liver abscess and lameness. Lameness in cattle with ARA is closely associated with the presence of laminitis and polysynovitis. However, despite decades of research in bovine lameness as consequence of ruminal acidosis, the aetiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are components of synovial tissue, and under pathological conditions, FLSs increase cytokine production, aggravating inflammatory responses. We hypothesized that D-lactate could induce cytokine production in bovine FLSs. Analysis by qRT-PCR and ELISA revealed that D-lactate, but not L-lactate, increased the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in a monocarboxylate transporter-1-dependent manner. In addition, we observed that the inhibition of the p38, ERK1/2, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB pathways reduced the production of IL-8 and IL-6. In conclusion, our results suggest that D-lactate induces an inflammatory response; this study contributes to the literature by revealing a potential key role of D-lactate in the polysynovitis of cattle with ARA.
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Ding J, Li S, Jiang L, Li Y, Zhang X, Song Q, Hayat MA, Zhang JT, Wang H. Laminar Inflammation Responses in the Oligofructose Overload Induced Model of Bovine Laminitis. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:351. [PMID: 32766286 PMCID: PMC7381234 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine laminitis causes substantial economic losses and animal welfare problems in dairy farms worldwide. Previously published studies have reported that the inflammatory response plays a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease. To our knowledge, inflammation associated with bovine laminitis induced by high levels of exposure to oligofructose (OF) has not been reported and characterized. In fact, the disease manifestations in this model closely approximate those of clinical laminitis. The objective of this study was to characterize the inflammatory response in OF-induced bovine laminitis. A total of 12 Chinese Holstein dairy heifers were utilized in this study. The heifers were randomly divided into two groups, treatment (n = 6) and control (n = 6). The treatment group heifers were administered OF solutions via a stomach tube (dose: 17 g/kg of body weight). Upon development of a lameness score of 2 with consecutive positive reactions in the same claw, they would be humanely euthanized. Control heifers were administered deionized water (dose: 2 L/100 kg of body weight) and humanely euthanized at 72 h. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were performed to determine the messenger RNA (mRNA) concentrations of inflammatory mediators in the lamellae. Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand-1 (CXCL-1), macrophage cationic peptide-2 (MCP-2), E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase-1 (iNOS-1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the treatment group. No significant difference was found for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-10, CXCL-6, and MCP-1. These results demonstrated and characterized the laminar inflammatory response leading to the pathogenesis of bovine laminitis at the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Ding
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shuaichen Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lihong Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yuepeng Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xianhao Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Qiaozhi Song
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad A Hayat
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Tao Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
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Li S, Ding J, Jiang L, Hayat MA, Song Q, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang J. Dynamic ROS Production and Gene Expression of Heifers Blood Neutrophil in a Oligofructose Overload Model. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:211. [PMID: 32373641 PMCID: PMC7186304 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alimentary oligofructose (OF) overload can induce several diseases in cattle, such as ruminal acidosis, laminitis, and synovitis. The role of blood polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) remains unclear during OF overload. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the expression profile of genes in blood PMN in a model of OF overload. Twelve clinically healthy and non-pregnant Chinese Holstein heifers, aged between 18 and 26 mo, weighing 335–403 kg, BCS (5-point scale) ranges 2.7–3.3 were used for the experiments. OF heifers (n = 6) received 17 g/kg of BW oligofructose dissolved in 2 L/100 kg of BW tap water and the CON heifers (n = 6) received 2 L/100 kg of BW tap water. Blood PMN was isolated for each heifer 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h after administration. PMN was analyzed either by endogenous and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced ROS production or by quantitative real-time PCR. After 12 h, PMA-induced ROS production decreased, which was sustained until 48 h. The expressions of inflammation markers (IL1α, IL1β, IL6, IL10, TNFα, STAT3, TLR4, MMP9, and HP) and eicosanoids (ALOX5, ALOX5AP, and PLA2G4A) were upregulated. The expression of adhesion and migration (CXCR2, CXCL8, CD62L, ITGA4, ITGAM, and ITGB2) in OF heifers was increased compared with CON heifers. The expression of oxidative stress (SOD2 and S100A8) was upregulated, while SOD1 and MPO were downregulated. In metabolism and receptor genes, the expressions of GRα and INSR decreased after 12 h, while Fas increased until 6 h and then decreased at 18 h. The expression of LDHA and PANX1 did not show any differences after OF overload. These findings indicate that OF overload induced systemic activation of PMN, which provides a step toward a better understanding of the role of innate immune responses in response to oral OF administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaichen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jiafeng Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lihong Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Abid Hayat
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Qiaozhi Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yuepeng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xianhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
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Characterization of Oligofructose-Induced Acute Rumen Lactic Acidosis and the Appearance of Laminitis in Zebu Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030429. [PMID: 32143332 PMCID: PMC7143802 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize oligofructose-induced acute rumen lactic acidosis and its consequences in zebu cattle. We used 29 Nellore heifers which were submitted to experimental induction of laminitis by oligofructose excess. During the induction period, the animals underwent clinical examination, including laminitis diagnosis (hoof pressure testing and locomotion score) and blood and ruminal fluid sampling every six hours (over the initial 24 h) and every 12 h (up to 72 h), after the highest dose. Almost half of the animals (48.1%) required treatment with bicarbonate and saline to correct metabolic acidosis and dehydration. Due to this treatment, the animals were analyzed in treated (n = 13) and non-treated (n = 14) groups. The induction model promoted marked reduction in rumen pH, rumen anaerobiosis, carbon dioxide pressure, and increase in rumen lactate, blood osmolarity, and cortisol concentration. The animals treated had lower values of rumen pH and marked dehydration, evidenced by the increase in globular volume and serum urea. The clinical condition caused by excess oligofructose is severe, with the differential of the appearance of ephemeral fever and respiratory compensation against systemic acidosis, in addition to the frequent appearance of laminitis.
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Hidalgo AI, Carretta MD, Alarcón P, Manosalva C, Müller A, Navarro M, Hidalgo MA, Kaehne T, Taubert A, Hermosilla CR, Burgos RA. Pro-inflammatory mediators and neutrophils are increased in synovial fluid from heifers with acute ruminal acidosis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:225. [PMID: 31269952 PMCID: PMC6610826 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute ruminal acidosis (ARA) is a metabolic disease of cattle characterized by an aseptic synovitis. ARA is the result of an increased intake of highly fermentable carbohydrates that frequently occurs in dairy cattle subjected to high production requirements. In human joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and gout, several pro-inflammatory molecules are increased in the synovial fluid, including cytokines, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), metalloproteinases, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The aim of this study was to identify the presence of proinflammatory mediators and neutrophils in the synovial fluid of heifers with ARA, induced by an oligofructose overload. Five heifers were challenged with an oligofructose overload (13 g/kg BW) dissolved in water. As a control, a similar vehicle volume was used in four heifers. Synovial fluid samples were collected from the tarso-crural joint and PGE2, IL-6, IL-1β, ATP, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin, glucose, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), cellular free DNA, NETs, and serpin B1 were analyzed at 0, 9, and 24 h post treatment. RESULTS At 9 h post oligofructose overload, an increase of IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2, serpin B1 and LDH was detected in the joints when compared to the control group. At 24 h, the synovial fluid was yellowish, viscous, turbid, and contained abundant neutrophils. An increase of DNA-backbone-like traps, histone 3 (H3cit), aggregated neutrophil extracellular traps (aggNETs), and serpin B1 were observed 24 h post treatment. Furthermore, albumins, LDH, ATP, MMP-9, IL-6, and IL-1β were increased after 24 h. CONCLUSIONS The overall results indicate that IL-1β, IL-6 and PGE2, were the earliest proinflammatory parameters that increased in the synovial fluid of animals with ARA. Furthermore, the most sever inflammatory response in the joint was observed after 24 h and could be associated with a massive presence of neutrophils and release of aggNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra I Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María D Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Manosalva
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Pharmacy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ananda Müller
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Max Navarro
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María A Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Thilo Kaehne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44-0, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos R Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Liu J, Li H, Zhu W, Mao S. Dynamic changes in rumen fermentation and bacterial community following rumen fluid transplantation in a sheep model of rumen acidosis: implications for rumen health in ruminants. FASEB J 2019; 33:8453-8467. [PMID: 30973755 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802456r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, rumen fluid transplantation (RT) has been successfully applied to treat acute rumen acidosis in ruminants, but how it functions in the ruminal microbial homeostasis and host function remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the dynamic changes of rumen fermentation and bacterial communities following RT and its beneficial effects on rumen epithelial morphology and function in a sheep model of rumen acidosis. The results showed that RT resulted in dynamic changes in rumen fermentation and increased the concentrations of total volatile fatty acid, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, but it decreased the levels of lactate and LPS in the rumen. Illumina MiSeq Sequencing data showed that RT facilitated rapid rebuilt of ruminal bacterial homeostasis (8 d in control vs. 2 d in RT) from a markedly dysbiotic acidosis state to a healthy level (similar with those of donors). At the genus level, RT increased the relative abundance of unclassified Bacteroidales, unclassified Prevotellaceae, unclassified Ruminococcaceae, and Acetitomaculum. Additionally, RT also accelerated recovery of the predicted metagenomic function of ruminal bacteria. Rumen papillae morphology results showed that RT alleviated the damage of rumen epithelia induced by acute rumen acidosis and increased the length of rumen papillae. Furthermore, real-time PCR results showed that RT modulated mRNA expression of genes related to cytokines and tight junctions in the rumen epithelia. In summary, these results reveal that RT accelerates recovery of rumen fermentation and bacterial homeostasis and modulates rumen epithelial morphology and function for sheep suffering from rumen acidosis.-Liu, J., Li, H., Zhu, W., Mao, S. Dynamic changes in rumen fermentation and bacterial community following rumen fluid transplantation in a sheep model of rumen acidosis: implications for rumen health in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Liu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Alarcon P, Hidalgo AI, Manosalva C, Cristi R, Teuber S, Hidalgo MA, Burgos RA. Metabolic disturbances in synovial fluid are involved in the onset of synovitis in heifers with acute ruminal acidosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5452. [PMID: 30932023 PMCID: PMC6443794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ruminal acidosis (ARA) is the result of increased intake of highly fermentable carbohydrates, which frequently occurs in dairy cattle and is associated with aseptic polysynovitis. To characterise the metabolic changes in the joints of animals with ARA, we performed an untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomic analysis of synovial fluid. Seven heifers were challenged with an intraruminal oligofructose overload (13 g/kg of body weight [BW]) dissolved in water. Synovial fluid samples were collected at 0, 9 and 24 h post-overload. Metabolome analysis revealed the presence of 67 metabolites. At 9 h post-overload, glyceric acid, cellobiose, fructose and lactic acid were all increased, whereas at 24 h, sorbitol, lactic acid and fructose levels were all increased >10-fold. At 24 h, citric acid and threonine levels were significantly reduced. We detected increased L- and D-lactate, and the presence of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in synovial fluid. Furthermore, using bovine fibroblast-like synoviocytes, we observed that D-lactate induces IL-6 synthesis. Our results suggest that ARA produces severe metabolomic changes in synovial fluid, including disturbances in starch and sucrose metabolism, and increased lactate levels. These changes were observed prior to the appearance of synovitis, suggesting a potential role in the onset of polysynovitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Alarcon
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandra I Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Manosalva
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Pharmacy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Raul Cristi
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Stefanie Teuber
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria A Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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13
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Alarcon P, Manosalva C, Carretta MD, Hidalgo AI, Figueroa CD, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Hidalgo MA, Burgos RA. Fatty and hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors: The missing link of immune response and metabolism in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 201:77-87. [PMID: 29914687 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fatty and hydroxycarboxylic acids are one of the main intermediates of energy metabolism in ruminants and critical in the milk production of cattle. High production demands on a dairy farm can induce nutritional imbalances and metabolism disorders, which have been widely associated with the onset of sterile inflammatory processes and increased susceptibility to infections. The literature suggests that short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and hydroxycarboxylic acids are relevant modulators of the host innate inflammatory response. For instance, increased SCFA and lactate levels are associated with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) and the activation of pro-inflammatory processes mediated by diverse leukocyte and vascular endothelial cells. As such, free LCFA and the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate are significantly increased in the plasma 1-2 weeks postpartum, coinciding with the time period in which cows are more susceptible to acquiring infectious diseases that the host innate immune system should actively oppose. Today, many of these pro-inflammatory responses can be related to the activation of specific G protein-coupled receptors, including GPR41/FFA3 and GPR43/FFA2 for SCFA; GPR40/FFA1 and GPR120/FFA4 for LCFA, GPR109A/HCA2 for ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate, and GPR81/HCA1 for lactate, all expressed in different bovine tissues. The activation of these receptors modulates the release of intracellular granules [e.g., metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and lactoferrin], radical oxygen species (ROS) production, chemotaxis, and the production of relevant pro-inflammatory mediators. The article aimed to review the role of natural ligands and receptors and the resulting impact on the host innate immune reaction of cattle and, further, to address the most recent evidence supporting a potential connection to metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Alarcon
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Manosalva
- Pharmacy Institute, Faculty of Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - M D Carretta
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A I Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C D Figueroa
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - M A Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - R A Burgos
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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14
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Lv XX, Liu SS, Li K, Cui B, Liu C, Hu ZW. Cigarette smoke promotes COPD by activating platelet-activating factor receptor and inducing neutrophil autophagic death in mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:74720-74735. [PMID: 29088819 PMCID: PMC5650374 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most important effector cells during the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although neutrophil elastase is critical in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced lung parenchyma, the mechanism by which CS triggers elastase release from neutrophils remains unclear. Here we report that CS induction of autophagy in neutrophils by activating platelet- activating factor receptor (PAFR) promotes COPD progression in mouse. We found that the dead neutrophils were increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from CS-exposed mice. Blocking PAFR suppressed the CS-induced autophagy in neutrophils, protected neutrophils from death, and reduced elastase release. Mechanistically, CS enhanced ROS production and High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) expression through activation of PAFR. The elevated HMGB1 interacted with beclin1, which promoted the dissociation of Bcl-2 from beclin1 and the assembly of autophagy core complex. Moreover, the antagonism of PAFR by rupatadine, a prescription PAFR inhibitor, protected against the development of emphysema, and reduced the autophagic death of neutrophils after CS exposure. These results suggest that CS contributes to the pathogenesis of COPD partly by inducing a PAFR-dependent autophagic death of neutrophils. Therefore, PAFR may be a therapeutic target for COPD and inhibition of PAFR may provide potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xi Lv
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Liu
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Bing Cui
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo-Wei Hu
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
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15
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Alarcón P, Manosalva C, Conejeros I, Carretta MD, Muñoz-Caro T, Silva LMR, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Hidalgo MA, Burgos RA. d(-) Lactic Acid-Induced Adhesion of Bovine Neutrophils onto Endothelial Cells Is Dependent on Neutrophils Extracellular Traps Formation and CD11b Expression. Front Immunol 2017; 8:975. [PMID: 28861083 PMCID: PMC5559443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine ruminal acidosis is of economic importance as it contributes to reduced milk and meat production. This phenomenon is mainly attributed to an overload of highly fermentable carbohydrate, resulting in increased d(−) lactic acid levels in serum and plasma. Ruminal acidosis correlates with elevated acute phase proteins in blood, along with neutrophil activation and infiltration into various tissues leading to laminitis and aseptic polysynovitis. Previous studies in bovine neutrophils indicated that d(−) lactic acid decreased expression of L-selectin and increased expression of CD11b to concentrations higher than 6 mM, suggesting a potential role in neutrophil adhesion onto endothelia. The two aims of this study were to evaluate whether d(−) lactic acid influenced neutrophil and endothelial adhesion and to trigger neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production (NETosis) in exposed neutrophils. Exposure of bovine neutrophils to 5 mM d(−) lactic acid elevated NET release compared to unstimulated neutrophil negative controls. Moreover, this NET contains CD11b and histone H4 citrullinated, the latter was dependent on PAD4 activation, a critical enzyme in DNA decondensation and NETosis. Furthermore, NET formation was dependent on d(−) lactic acid plasma membrane transport through monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1). d(−) lactic acid enhanced neutrophil adhesion onto endothelial sheets as demonstrated by in vitro neutrophil adhesion assays under continuous physiological flow conditions, indicating that cell adhesion was a NET- and a CD11b/ICAM-1-dependent process. Finally, d(−) lactic acid was demonstrated for the first time to trigger NETosis in a PAD4- and MCT1-dependent manner. Thus, d(−) lactic acid-mediated neutrophil activation may contribute to neutrophil-derived pro-inflammatory processes, such as aseptic laminitis and/or polysynovitis in animals suffering acute ruminal acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Manosalva
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Pharmacy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ivan Conejeros
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María D Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Tamara Muñoz-Caro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Liliana M R Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - María A Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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