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Ivanov G, Klement E, Gelman B, Elnekave E, Karniely S. Foot and mouth disease viruses are recurrently introduced to Israel and spread by extensively reared sheep and cattle: Insights from a whole-genome sequence analysis. Virology 2024; 590:109950. [PMID: 38104361 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite routine vaccination, Israel experiences recurrent outbreaks of foot and mouth disease (FMD). We analyzed VP1 coding sequences of viruses isolated during FMD outbreaks from 2001 to 2011 in Israel and neighboring nations. The Israeli strains were aligned with strains from neighboring countries in corresponding years, implying repeated FMD virus incursions. In 2007 a large FMD epidemic, caused by a serotype O virus, occurred in Israel. Bayesian analysis of whole-genome sequences of viruses isolated during this epidemic revealed predominant transmission among extensively farmed beef-cattle and small ruminants. Small ruminants were key in spreading to beef-cattle, which then transmitted the virus to feedlot-cattle. Wild gazelles had a minor role in transmission. The results may suggest probable transmission of FMD virus from the Palestinian Authority to Israel. Targeting extensive farms via enhanced surveillance and vaccination could improve FMDV control. Given cross-border transmission, a collaborative FMD mitigation strategy across the Middle-East is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Ivanov
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Boris Gelman
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Ehud Elnekave
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Sharon Karniely
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.
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Elnekave E, van Maanen K, Shilo H, Gelman B, Storm N, Berdenstain S, Berke O, Klement E. Prevalence and risk factors for foot and mouth disease infection in small ruminants in Israel. Prev Vet Med 2015; 125:82-8. [PMID: 26774447 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, 27% of the foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Israel affected small ruminant (SR) farms. FMD outbreaks reoccur in Israel despite vaccination of all livestock and application of control measures. We performed a cross-sectional serological study, aimed at estimating the prevalence of FMD infection in SR in Israel and the possible risk factors for infection. Overall, 2305 samples of adult sheep (n=1948) and goats (n=357) were collected during 2011-14 in two separate surveys. One survey was based on random sampling of intensive management system farms and the other was originally aimed at the detection of Brucella melitensis at extensive and semi-intensive management system farms. Sera were tested by NS blocking ELISA (PrioCHECK(®)). The serological prevalence of antibodies against non structural proteins (NSP) of FMD virus was estimated at 3.7% (95% confidence interval (CI95%)=3.0% -4.5%). Additionally, a significantly lower infection prevalence (p value=0.049) of 1.0% (CI95%=0.1%-3.6%) was found in a small sample (197 sera) of young SR, collected during 2012. The positive samples from adult SR were scattered all over Israel, though two significant infection clusters were found by the spatial scan statistic. Occurrence of an outbreak on a non-SR farm within 5km distance was associated with a fifteen times increase in the risk of FMD infection of SR in the univariable analysis. Yet, this variable was not included in the multivariable analysis due to collinearities with the other independent variables. Multivariable logistic regression modeling found significantly negative associations (P value<0.05) of grazing and being in a herd larger than 500 animals with risk of infection. Grazing herds and herds larger than 500 animals, both represent farms that are intensively or semi-intensively managed. Higher maintenance of bio-safety, fewer introductions of new animals and higher vaccination compliance in these farms may explain their lower risk of infection by FMD virus. We conclude that despite the wide distribution of infection among SR farms, low farm level prevalence indicates that in Israel SR pose only limited role in the transmission and dissemination of FMD. This conclusion may be applicable for other endemic countries in which, similar to Israel, all livestock are vaccinated against FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Elnekave
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Kees van Maanen
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EUFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Italy
| | - Hila Shilo
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Boris Gelman
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, The Foot and Mouth Disease laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Nick Storm
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, The Foot and Mouth Disease laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Svetlane Berdenstain
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Brucellosis referent laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Olaf Berke
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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