1
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Rinella L, Fiorentino G, Compagno M, Grange C, Cedrino M, Marano F, Bosco O, Vissio E, Delsedime L, D'Amelio P, Bussolati B, Arvat E, Catalano MG. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) drives growth and metastases in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2024:10.1038/s41417-024-00783-7. [PMID: 38740881 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is associated with a poor prognosis and remains an incurable fatal disease. Therefore, the identification of molecular markers involved in cancer progression is urgently needed to develop more-effective therapies. The present study investigated the role of the Wnt signaling modulator Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) in the growth and metastatic progression of mCRPC. DKK1 silencing through siRNA and deletion via CRISPR/Cas9 editing were performed in two different metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer cell lines (PC3 and DU145). A xenograft tumor model was used to assess tumor growth and metastases. In in vitro experiments, both DKK1 silencing and deletion reduced cell growth and migration of both cell lines. DKK1 knockout clones (DKK1-KO) exhibited cell cycle arrest, tubulin reorganization, and modulation of tumor metastasis-associated genes. Furthermore, in DKK1-KO cells, E-cadherin re-expression and its membrane co-localization with β-catenin were observed, contributing to reduced migration; Cadherin-11, known to increase during epithelial-mesenchymal transition, was down-regulated in DKK1-KO cells. In the xenograft mouse model, DKK1 deletion not only reduced tumor growth but also inhibited the formation of lung metastases. In conclusion, our findings support the key role of DKK1 in the growth and metastatic dissemination of mCRPC, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Rinella
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Mara Compagno
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), Molinette Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Grange
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Cedrino
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Marano
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ornella Bosco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Vissio
- Unit of Pathology, Molinette Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Delsedime
- Unit of Pathology, Molinette Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Arvat
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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2
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Nazzaro G, Carugno A, Bortoluzzi P, Buffon S, Astrua C, Zappia E, Trovato E, Caccavale S, Pellegrino V, Paolino G, Balestri R, Lacava R, Ciccarese G, Verdelli A, Barruscotti S, Valenti M, Toni G, Giacalone S, Zavattaro E, Gironi LC, Mercuri SR, Ribero S, Gisondi P, Sena P, Marzano AV. Efficacy and tolerability of tirbanibulin 1% ointment in the treatment of cancerization field: a real-life Italian multicenter observational study of 250 patients. Int J Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38605473 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.17168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tirbanibulin 1% ointment is approved for the field treatment of Olsen grade I actinic keratoses (AKs) of the face and scalp. METHODS We performed a multicenter retrospective study involving 15 dermatologic units in Italy to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of tirbanibulin in a real-life setting. 250 patients were enrolled. Tirbanibulin, 1% ointment, was applied daily for five consecutive days. The efficacy of treatment was measured with modifications of the Actinic Keratosis Area and Severity Index (AKASI). A satisfactory response was defined by complete (100% reduction in the number of lesions) or partial clearance (75-99%) of treated AKs. RESULTS Overall, the AKASI score was significantly reduced in the studied population (mean, from 4.1 ± 2.7 to 1.4 ± 1.5; P < 0.001). A satisfactory response was observed in 222 (88.8%) cases. The proportion of satisfactory responses was higher when follow-up was performed after 8 weeks (34/35, 97.1%). The reduction in AKASI was significant in patients with Olsen grade II or III lesions (from 5.3 ± 2.8 to 1.6 ± 1.6; P < 0.001). A satisfactory response was observed in 91/104 (87.5%) cases. AKASI reduction was also significant in patients with trunk or limb AKs (from 7.0 ± 1.3 to 2.0 ± 1.6; P = 0.018) since a satisfactory response was observed in 7/8 (87.5%) cases. Tirbanibulin was well tolerated; all adverse events (AEs) included transient local reactions at the site of treatment. Overall, 231 patients had at least one AE. Only 7 (2.8%) grade 4 AEs were recorded. CONCLUSION Our retrospective study confirmed that tirbanibulin 1% ointment is effective and well tolerated in a real-life setting and is also promising for Olsen grade II and grade III AKs and AKs localized on difficult-to-treat areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Nazzaro
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Carugno
- Dermatology Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Bortoluzzi
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Buffon
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Astrua
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Dermatology Clinic, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Zappia
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Dermatology Clinic, Turin, Italy
- Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emanuele Trovato
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Caccavale
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pellegrino
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paolino
- Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Dermatologic Clinic, Università Vita-Salute, San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Balestri
- Division of Dermatology, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), Trento and Rovereto, Italy
| | - Rossella Lacava
- Division of Dermatology, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), Trento and Rovereto, Italy
| | - Giulia Ciccarese
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alice Verdelli
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, USL Toscana Centre, European Reference Network-Skin Member, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Barruscotti
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Dermatology Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Valenti
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Toni
- Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Serena Giacalone
- Institute of Dermatology, ASST Valle Olona, Ospedale Sant'Antonio Abate, Gallarate, Italy
| | - Elisa Zavattaro
- Department of Health Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Laura C Gironi
- Department of Health Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Santo R Mercuri
- Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Dermatologic Clinic, Università Vita-Salute, San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Ribero
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Dermatology Clinic, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Gisondi
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Sena
- Dermatology Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Angelo V Marzano
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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3
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Cui Y, Zhang J, Zhang G. The Potential Strategies for Overcoming Multidrug Resistance and Reducing Side Effects of Monomer Tubulin Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1874-1895. [PMID: 37349994 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230622142505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubulin is an essential target in tumor therapy, and this is attributed to its ability to target MT dynamics and interfere with critical cellular functions, including mitosis, cell signaling, and intracellular trafficking. Several tubulin inhibitors have been approved for clinical application. However, the shortcomings, such as drug resistance and toxic side effects, limit its clinical application. Compared with single-target drugs, multi-target drugs can effectively improve efficacy to reduce side effects and overcome the development of drug resistance. Tubulin protein degraders do not require high concentrations and can be recycled. After degradation, the protein needs to be resynthesized to regain function, which significantly delays the development of drug resistance. METHODS Using SciFinder® as a tool, the publications about tubulin-based dual-target inhibitors and tubulin degraders were surveyed with an exclusion of those published as patents. RESULTS This study presents the research progress of tubulin-based dual-target inhibitors and tubulin degraders as antitumor agents to provide a reference for developing and applying more efficient drugs for cancer therapy. CONCLUSION The multi-target inhibitors and protein degraders have shown a development prospect to overcome multidrug resistance and reduce side effects in the treatment of tumors. Currently, the design of dual-target inhibitors for tubulin needs to be further optimized, and it is worth further clarifying the detailed mechanism of protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Guifang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
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4
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Moore A, Hurley K, Moore SA, Moore L. Real-world experience with histological confirmation of clinical response of squamous cell carcinoma to topical tirbanibulin. JAAD Case Rep 2023; 40:141-144. [PMID: 37817888 PMCID: PMC10562085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Moore
- Arlington Center for Dermatology, Arlington, Texas
- Arlington Research Center, Arlington, Texas
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Texas Christian University School of Medicine, Fort Worth, Texas
- University of North Texas Health Science Center Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Kara Hurley
- University of North Texas Health Science Center Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Stephen A. Moore
- Arlington Center for Dermatology, Arlington, Texas
- Arlington Research Center, Arlington, Texas
| | - Luke Moore
- Arlington Center for Dermatology, Arlington, Texas
- Arlington Research Center, Arlington, Texas
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5
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Schlesinger T, Stockfleth E, Grada A, Berman B. Tirbanibulin for Actinic Keratosis: Insights into the Mechanism of Action. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:2495-2506. [PMID: 36415541 PMCID: PMC9675993 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s374122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common pre-neoplastic skin lesion constituted by uncontrolled proliferation of atypical keratinocytes that may evolve to squamous cell carcinoma. With global prevalence increasing, AK is expected to be the most common carcinoma of the skin. Tirbanibulin is a reversible tubulin polymerization inhibitor with potent anti-proliferative and anti-tumoral effects. In-vivo and in-vitro studies have shown that tirbanibulin significantly inhibits cell proliferation, tumor growth and downregulates Src signaling with no overt toxicity. Early phase and Phase III trials have shown high lesion clearance, compliance, and few side effects of once daily tirbanibulin treatment. This review discusses tirbanibulin anti-cancer activity, focusing on tubulin polymerization and Src signaling inhibitory effects, highlighting relevant literature and novel preclinical results from the ATNXUS-KX01-001 study. Furthermore, we address the relevant findings obtained in recent clinical trials to evaluate the safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, clearance efficacy, and side effects of the 1% tirbanibulin ointment applied once daily. In summary, we highlight preclinical and clinical evidence on the use of tirbanibulin as an effective and safe treatment option for AK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ayman Grada
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brian Berman
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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6
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Topical Tirbanibulin, a Dual Src Kinase and Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitor, for the Treatment of Plaque-Type Psoriasis: Phase I Results. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102159. [PMID: 36297594 PMCID: PMC9608911 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plaque-type psoriasis is a common skin disorder. Tirbanibulin (KX01) is a new Src kinase inhibitor with potent antiproliferative activity against keratinocytes and has been approved for treatment of actinic keratosis. This Phase I study investigates the safety and activity of KX01 ointment in patients with plaque-type psoriasis. We recruited 28 patients from two medical centers in Taiwan. This study was performed in four stages. Double-blind treatments were randomized in stages I (KX01 0.01% + placebo, two rounds of two-week treatment) and II (KX01 0.1% + placebo, four weeks) and open-labelled in stages III (KX01 1%, five days) and IV (KX01 1%, five days weekly for four weeks). The safety, tolerability, KX01 concentration, target area score, physician global assessment, and disease relapse were determined. Most treatment-emergent adverse events were mild-to-moderate application site reactions. Three (50.0%) subjects from the stage IV group showed ≥50% reduction in the target area score (TAS50), while two subjects (33.3%) showed a clinically meaningful improvement in the physician global assessment score. KX01 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1% were safe and well-tolerated. KX01 1% at four weeks showed a promising activity for the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis.
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7
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Berman B, Grada A, Berman DK. Profile of Tirbanibulin for the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2022; 15:S3-S10. [PMID: 36408375 PMCID: PMC9586524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Actinic keratosis (AK) is a chronic disease resulting from deleterious effects of long-term, cumulative, epidermal exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. UV-induced mutations in p53, ras, and p16 genes lead to the emergence of abnormal epidermal actinic keratosis (AKs) cells, which proliferate while avoiding apoptosis and may lead to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. There are both lesion-targeted and field-directed topical treatments. This review is of new and emerging information on tirbanibulin and tirbanibulin 1% ointment, which is approved for topical field treatment of actinic keratosis on the face and scalp. Potent antiproliferative and proapoptotic activities result from tirbanibulin's inhibition tubulin polymerization and disruption of microtubule formation and Src kinase signaling. Tirbanibulin 1% ointment is an effective treatment of facial and scalp AK after five consecutive once-daily applications, as measured by complete and partial clearance and percent reduction in the number of lesions. Localized skin reactions are usually mild to moderate, resolving within a month. The short and well-tolerated course of therapy results in very high patient adherence to the treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Berman
- Dr. B. Berman is with the Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in Miami, Florida, and the Center for Clinical and Cosmetic Research in Aventura, Florida
| | - Ayman Grada
- Dr. Grada is with the Department of Dermatology at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Daniela K Berman
- Ms. D. Berman is with the University of California Berkeley Plant Gene Expression Center in Berkeley, California
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8
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Omar AM, Khayat MT, Ahmed F, Muhammad YA, Malebari AM, Ibrahim SM, Khan MI, Shah DK, Childers WE, El-Araby ME. SAR Probing of KX2-391 Provided Analogues With Juxtaposed Activity Profile Against Major Oncogenic Kinases. Front Oncol 2022; 12:879457. [PMID: 35669422 PMCID: PMC9166630 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.879457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tirbanibulin (KX2-391, KX-01), a dual non-ATP (substrate site) Src kinase and tubulin-polymerization inhibitor, demonstrated a universal anti-cancer activity for variety of cancer types. The notion that KX2-391 is a highly selective Src kinase inhibitor have been challenged by recent reports on the activities of this drug against FLT3-ITD mutations in some leukemic cell lines. Therefore, we hypothesized that analogues of KX2-391 may inhibit oncogenic kinases other than Src. A set of 4-aroylaminophenyl-N-benzylacetamides were synthesized and found to be more active against leukemia cell lines compared to solid tumor cell lines. N-(4-(2-(benzylamino)-2-oxoethyl)phenyl)-4-chlorobenzamide (4e) exhibited activities at IC50 0.96 µM, 1.62 µM, 1.90 µM and 4.23 µM against NB4, HL60, MV4-11 and K562 leukemia cell lines, respectively. We found that underlying mechanisms of 4e did not include tubulin polymerization or Src inhibition. Such results interestingly suggested that scaffold-hopping of KX2-391 may change the two main underlying cytotoxic mechanisms (Src and tubulin). Kinase profiling using two methods revealed that 4e significantly reduces the activities of some other potent oncogenic kinases like the MAPK member ERK1/2 (>99%) and it also greatly upregulates the pro-apoptotic c-Jun kinase (84%). This research also underscores the importance of thorough investigation of total kinase activities as part of the structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelsattar M Omar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maan T Khayat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farid Ahmed
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yosra A Muhammad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azizah M Malebari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara M Ibrahim
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad I Khan
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Wayne E Childers
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Moustafa E El-Araby
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Liao M, Qin R, Huang W, Zhu HP, Peng F, Han B, Liu B. Targeting regulated cell death (RCD) with small-molecule compounds in triple-negative breast cancer: a revisited perspective from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapies. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:44. [PMID: 35414025 PMCID: PMC9006445 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of human breast cancer with one of the worst prognoses, with no targeted therapeutic strategies currently available. Regulated cell death (RCD), also known as programmed cell death (PCD), has been widely reported to have numerous links to the progression and therapy of many types of human cancer. Of note, RCD can be divided into numerous different subroutines, including autophagy-dependent cell death, apoptosis, mitotic catastrophe, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and anoikis. More recently, targeting the subroutines of RCD with small-molecule compounds has been emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy, which has rapidly progressed in the treatment of TNBC. Therefore, in this review, we focus on summarizing the molecular mechanisms of the above-mentioned seven major RCD subroutines related to TNBC and the latest progress of small-molecule compounds targeting different RCD subroutines. Moreover, we further discuss the combined strategies of one drug (e.g., narciclasine) or more drugs (e.g., torin-1 combined with chloroquine) to achieve the therapeutic potential on TNBC by regulating RCD subroutines. More importantly, we demonstrate several small-molecule compounds (e.g., ONC201 and NCT03733119) by targeting the subroutines of RCD in TNBC clinical trials. Taken together, these findings will provide a clue on illuminating more actionable low-hanging-fruit druggable targets and candidate small-molecule drugs for potential RCD-related TNBC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minru Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Hong-Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.,Antibiotics Research and Re-Evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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10
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Nardou K, Nicolas M, Kuttler F, Cisarova K, Celik E, Quinodoz M, Riggi N, Michielin O, Rivolta C, Turcatti G, Moulin AP. Identification of New Vulnerabilities in Conjunctival Melanoma Using Image-Based High Content Drug Screening. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061575. [PMID: 35326726 PMCID: PMC8946509 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that numerous similarities exist between the genomic landscapes of both conjunctival and cutaneous melanoma. Since alterations of several components of the MAP kinases, PI3K/mTOR, and cell cycle pathways have been reported in conjunctival melanoma, we decided to assess the sensitivity of conjunctival melanoma to targeted inhibition mostly of kinase inhibitors. A high content drug screening assay based on automated fluorescence microscopy was performed in three conjunctival melanoma cell lines with different genomic backgrounds with 489 kinase inhibitors and 53 other inhibitors. IC50 and apoptosis induction were respectively assessed for 53 and 48 compounds. The genomic background influenced the response to MAK and PI3K/mTOR inhibition, more specifically cell lines with BRAF V600E mutations were more sensitive to BRAF/MEK inhibition, while CRMM2 bearing the NRASQ61L mutation was more sensitive to PI3k/mTOR inhibition. All cell lines demonstrated sensitivity to cell cycle inhibition, being more pronounced in CRMM2, especially with polo-like inhibitors. Our data also revealed new vulnerabilities to Hsp90 and Src inhibition. This study demonstrates that the genomic background partially influences the response to targeted therapy and uncovers a large panel of potential vulnerabilities in conjunctival melanoma that may expand available options for the management of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Nardou
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland; (K.N.); (M.N.)
| | - Michael Nicolas
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland; (K.N.); (M.N.)
| | - Fabien Kuttler
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.K.); (G.T.)
| | - Katarina Cisarova
- Medical Genetics Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Elifnaz Celik
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (E.C.); (M.Q.); (C.R.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Quinodoz
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (E.C.); (M.Q.); (C.R.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Nicolo Riggi
- Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Oncology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (E.C.); (M.Q.); (C.R.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Gerardo Turcatti
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.K.); (G.T.)
| | - Alexandre Pierre Moulin
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland; (K.N.); (M.N.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Khayat MT, Omar AM, Ahmed F, Khan MI, Ibrahim SM, Muhammad YA, Malebari AM, Neamatallah T, El-Araby ME. Insights on Cancer Cell Inhibition, Subcellular Activities, and Kinase Profile of Phenylacetamides Pending 1 H-Imidazol-5-One Variants. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:794325. [PMID: 35069208 PMCID: PMC8766756 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.794325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural changes of small-molecule drugs may bring interesting biological properties, especially in the field of kinase inhibitors. We sought to study tirbanibulin, a first-in-class dual Src kinase (non-ATP competitive)/tubulin inhibitor because there was not enough reporting about its structure–activity relationships (SARs). In particular, the present research is based on the replacement of the outer ring of the biphenyl system of 2-[(1,1′-biphenyl)-4-yl]-N-benzylacetamide, the identified pharmacophore of KX chemotype, with a heterocyclic ring. The newly synthesized compounds showed a range of activities in cell-based anticancer assays, agreeing with a clear SAR profile. The most potent compound, (Z)-N-benzyl-4-[4-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-2-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl]phenylacetamide (KIM-161), demonstrated cytotoxic IC50 values at 294 and 362 nM against HCT116 colon cancer and HL60 leukemia cell lines, respectively. Profiling of this compound (aqueous solubility, liver microsomal stability, cytochrome P450 inhibition, reactivity with reduced glutathione, and plasma protein binding) confirmed its adequate drug-like properties. Mechanistic studies revealed that this compound does not depend on tubulin or Src kinase inhibition as a factor in forcing HL60 to exit its cell cycle and undergo apoptosis. Instead, KIM-161 downregulated several other kinases such as members of BRK, FLT, and JAK families. It also strongly suppresses signals of ERK1/2, GSK-3α/β, HSP27, and STAT2, while it downregulated AMPKα1 phosphorylation within the HL60 cells. Collectively, these results suggest that phenylacetamide-1H-imidazol-5-one (KIM-161) could be a promising lead compound for further clinical anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maan T Khayat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelsattar M Omar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Egypt.,Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farid Ahmed
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad I Khan
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara M Ibrahim
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yosra A Muhammad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azizah M Malebari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thikryat Neamatallah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moustafa E El-Araby
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Gilaberte Y, Fernández-Figueras M. Tirbanibulina: revisión de su mecanismo de acción novedoso y de cómo encaja en el tratamiento de la queratosis actínica. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2022; 113:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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13
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Cristina Mendonça Nogueira T, Vinicius Nora de Souza M. New FDA oncology small molecule drugs approvals in 2020: Mechanism of action and clinical applications. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116340. [PMID: 34416511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, fifty-three new drugs, including forty small-molecules (thirty-six new chemical entities and four new diagnostic agents) and thirteen biologic drugs were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This year, small-molecules continue to play a role in innovative treatments representing around 75% of all drugs accepted by FDA. The dominant therapeutic area was oncology, accounting for twenty-three new approvals, including thirteen new chemical entities, four new diagnostic agents, and thirteen biologic drugs. Recognizing the importance of small-molecules on cancer treatment, this review aims to provide an overview regarding the clinical applications and mechanism of action of the thirteen new small-molecules (excluding new diagnostic agents) approved by FDA in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Cristina Mendonça Nogueira
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos-Far Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041- 250 Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Nora de Souza
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos-Far Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041- 250 Brazil.
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14
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Shuai W, Wang G, Zhang Y, Bu F, Zhang S, Miller DD, Li W, Ouyang L, Wang Y. Recent Progress on Tubulin Inhibitors with Dual Targeting Capabilities for Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7963-7990. [PMID: 34101463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules play a crucial role in multiple cellular functions including mitosis, cell signaling, and organelle trafficking, which makes the microtubule an important target for cancer therapy. Despite the great successes of microtubule-targeting agents in the clinic, the development of drug resistance and dose-limiting toxicity restrict their clinical efficacy. In recent years, multitarget therapy has been considered an effective strategy to achieve higher therapeutic efficacy, in particular dual-target drugs. In terms of the synergetic effect of tubulin and other antitumor agents such as receptor tyrosine kinases inhibitors, histone deacetylases inhibitors, DNA-damaging agents, and topoisomerase inhibitors in combination therapy, designing dual-target tubulin inhibitors is regarded as a promising approach to overcome these limitations and improve therapeutic efficacy. In this Perspective, we discussed rational target combinations, design strategies, structure-activity relationships, and future directions of dual-target tubulin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Faqian Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Sicheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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15
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Mologni L, Marzaro G, Redaelli S, Zambon A. Dual Kinase Targeting in Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13010119. [PMID: 33401428 PMCID: PMC7796318 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A new option to treat cancer is based on the use of so-called multi-targeting drugs. This strategy can replace the standard treatment based on the co-administration of several drugs. An increased and uncontrolled activity of kinases (enzymes devoted to the regulation of several cell pathways) is often seen in hematological malignancies. The development of multi-kinase inhibitors is having a great impact on the treatment of this kind of cancer. Here, we review the most recent findings on this novel class of drugs. Abstract Pharmacological cancer therapy is often based on the concurrent inhibition of different survival pathways to improve treatment outcomes and to reduce the risk of relapses. While this strategy is traditionally pursued only through the co-administration of several drugs, the recent development of multi-targeting drugs (i.e., compounds intrinsically able to simultaneously target several macromolecules involved in cancer onset) has had a dramatic impact on cancer treatment. This review focuses on the most recent developments in dual-kinase inhibitors used in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and lymphoid tumors, giving details on preclinical studies as well as ongoing clinical trials. A brief overview of dual-targeting inhibitors (kinase/histone deacetylase (HDAC) and kinase/tubulin polymerization inhibitors) applied to leukemia is also given. Finally, the very recently developed Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTAC)-based kinase inhibitors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mologni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Giovanni Marzaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Sara Redaelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Alfonso Zambon
- Department of Chemistry and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-059-2058-640
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16
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Islam R, Lam KW. Recent progress in small molecule agents for the targeted therapy of triple-negative breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Niu L, Yang J, Yan W, Yu Y, Zheng Y, Ye H, Chen Q, Chen L. Reversible binding of the anticancer drug KXO1 (tirbanibulin) to the colchicine-binding site of β-tubulin explains KXO1's low clinical toxicity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18099-18108. [PMID: 31628188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
KXO1 (tirbanibulin or KX2-391) is as a non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of SRC proto-oncogene nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (SRC) and is being clinically investigated for the management of various cancers and actinic keratosis. Recently, KXO1 has also been shown to strongly inhibit tubulin. Interestingly, unlike conventional tubulin-targeting drugs, KXO1 has exhibited low toxicity in preclinical and clinical studies, but the reason for this remains elusive, as are the KXO1-binding site and other details of the interaction of KXO1 with tubulin. Here, cell-based experiments revealed that KXO1 induces tubulin depolymerization and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest at low nanomolar concentrations, similar to colchicine, used as a positive control. Results from biochemical experiments, including an N,N-ethylenebis(iodoacetamide) competition assay, disclosed that KXO1 binds to the colchicine-binding site on β-tubulin, further confirmed by the crystal structure of the tubulin-KXO1 complex at 2.5-Å resolution. A high-quality electron density map of the crystallographic data enabled us to unambiguously determine the position and orientation of KXO1 in the colchicine-binding site, revealing the detailed interactions between KXO1 and tubulin. We also found that KXO1 binds reversibly to purified tubulin, induces a totally reversible cellular effect (G2/M cell cycle arrest), and possesses no cellular toxicity 5 days after drug washout, explaining KXO1's low toxicity. In summary, we show that KXO1 binds to the colchicine-binding site of tubulin and resolved the crystal structure of the tubulin-KXO1 complex. Importantly, KXO1's reversible binding to tubulin explains its clinically low toxicity, an insight that could guide further clinical applications of KXO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yamei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haoyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China; Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611730, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China.
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18
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Arnst KE, Banerjee S, Chen H, Deng S, Hwang DJ, Li W, Miller DD. Current advances of tubulin inhibitors as dual acting small molecules for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1398-1426. [PMID: 30746734 DOI: 10.1002/med.21568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule (MT)-targeting agents are highly successful drugs as chemotherapeutic agents, and this is attributed to their ability to target MT dynamics and interfere with critical cellular functions, including, mitosis, cell signaling, intracellular trafficking, and angiogenesis. Because MT dynamics vary in the different stages of the cell cycle, these drugs tend to be the most effective against mitotic cells. While this class of drug has proven to be effective against many cancer types, significant hurdles still exist and include overcoming aspects such as dose limited toxicities and the development of resistance. Newer generations of developed drugs attack these problems and alternative approaches such as the development of dual tubulin and kinase inhibitors are being investigated. This approach offers the potential to show increased efficacy and lower toxicities. This review covers different categories of MT-targeting agents, recent advances in dual inhibitors, and current challenges for this drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinsie E Arnst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Souvik Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shanshan Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Dong-Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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19
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KX2-361: a novel orally bioavailable small molecule dual Src/tubulin inhibitor that provides long term survival in a murine model of glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2018; 140:519-527. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2992-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Smolinski MP, Bu Y, Clements J, Gelman IH, Hegab T, Cutler DL, Fang JWS, Fetterly G, Kwan R, Barnett A, Lau JYN, Hangauer DG. Discovery of Novel Dual Mechanism of Action Src Signaling and Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors (KX2-391 and KX2-361). J Med Chem 2018; 61:4704-4719. [PMID: 29617135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of potent, peptide site directed, tyrosine kinase inhibitors has remained an elusive goal. Herein we describe the discovery of two such clinical candidates that inhibit the tyrosine kinase Src. Compound 1 is a phase 3 clinical trial candidate that is likely to provide a first in class topical treatment for actinic keratosis (AK) with good efficacy and dramatically less toxicity compared to existing standard therapy. Compound 2 is a phase 1 clinical trial candidate that is likely to provide a first in class treatment of malignant glioblastoma and induces 30% long-term complete tumor remission in animal models. The discovery strategy for these compounds iteratively utilized molecular modeling, along with the synthesis and testing of increasingly elaborated proof of concept compounds, until the final clinical candidates were arrived at. This was followed with mechanism of action (MOA) studies that revealed tubulin polymerization inhibition as the second MOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Smolinski
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Yahao Bu
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - James Clements
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics , Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center , Elm and Carlton Streets , Buffalo , New York 14263 , United States
| | - Taher Hegab
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - David L Cutler
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Jane W S Fang
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Gerald Fetterly
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Rudolf Kwan
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Allen Barnett
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Johnson Y N Lau
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - David G Hangauer
- Athenex Inc. , Conventus Building, 1001 Main Street, Suite 600 , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
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