The examination of protective effects of gallic acid against damage of oxidative stress during induced-experimental renal ischemia-reperfusion in experiment

Gallic Acid Improves Therapeutic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Adipose Tissue in Acute Renal Injury Following Rhabdomyolysis Induced by Glycerol

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is identified by a progressive reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and retention of nitrogenous waste products. Traumatic and nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis is recently considered the main cause of AKI. According to several studies, stem cell treatment is a promising therapeutic strategy for many types of disorders including AKI. The main limitation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy is reducing cell survival in response to oxidative stress products in injured organ areas. Gallic acid (GA) as a well-known antioxidant has been reported to confer potent-free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to assess the influence of MSCs and GA in acute renal injury following rhabdomyolysis induced by glycerol. A total of 70 healthy rats were divided into seven groups (10 in each group): control, AKI (glycerol, intramuscular), cell therapy (AKI + intravenous injection of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (AMCs), AKI + AMCs + GA (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, 3 days a week for 3 consecutive weeks), and positive control group (the most effective dose of gallic acid). After the treatment, rats were sacrificed; blood, urine, and kidney tissues were collected; and qualitative and quantitative parameters (including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (SGOT), oxidative stress markers kidney function parameters) and histopathological indexes were assayed. Our results revealed that co-treatment of AMCs plus GA into AKI rats decreased BUN and creatinine and ameliorated kidney injury parameters after 3 weeks. Improved oxidative stress markers such as decreased MDA and increased SOD and CAT were significant in the GA + AMCs group compared to the AMCs alone in AKI rats. Also, the histopathological appearances of AKI rats including renal tubule cavity expansion and renal tubular epithelial cell edema, and interstitial inflammation, were alleviated using GA + AMCs treatment compared to the control. The obtained results of the current study documented that antioxidants could make mesenchymal stem cells more resistant to the condition in which they are supposed to be transplanted and probably improve the efficacy of stem cell therapy in AKI patients.

The renoprotective effects of gallic acid on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity through anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammatory effects, and downregulation of lncRNA TUG1

Cisplatin, an antineoplastic drug used in cancer therapy, -induced nephrotoxicity mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Gallic acid (GA) is identified as an antioxidant substance with free radical scavenging properties. This research was designed to examine the ameliorative impact of GA caused by cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity through apoptosis and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Taurine-upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) expression. Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats (200 - 220 g) were randomly allocated to four groups: (1) control group; (2) rats treated with cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.) on the fourth day; and the two other groups include rats pretreated with GA (20 and 40 mg/kg by gavage) for s7 days and cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.) at the fourth day. The rats were anesthetized and sacrificed for collecting samples, 72 h after cisplatin administration. The blood samples were used to investigate biochemical factors and kidney tissue was evaluated for measuring oxidative stress and inflammatory factors and the gene expression of molecular parameters. The results indicated that GA administration increased the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) mRNA and lncRNA TUG1 expression, and reduced Bcl-2-associated x protein (Bax), and caspase-3 expression. Likewise, the TAC level increased, and kidney MDA content decreased by administration of GA. GA also decreased the inflammatory factor levels, including IL-1β and TNF-α. Moreover, GA led to the improvement of kidney dysfunction as evidenced by reducing plasma BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and Cr (creatinine). Taken together, GA could protect the kidney against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis properties and reduction of lncRNA TUG1 expression.

Tannic Acid Improves Renal Function Recovery after Renal Warm Ischemia-Reperfusion in a Rat Model

Background and purpose: Ischemia–reperfusion injury is encountered in numerous processes such as cardiovascular diseases or kidney transplantation; however, the latter involves cold ischemia, different from the warm ischemia found in vascular surgery by arterial clamping. The nature and the intensity of the processes induced by ischemia types are different, hence the therapeutic strategy should be adapted. Herein, we investigated the protective role of tannic acid, a natural polyphenol in a rat model reproducing both renal warm ischemia and kidney allotransplantation. The follow-up was done after 1 week. Experimental approach: To characterize the effect of tannic acid, an in vitro model of endothelial cells subjected to hypoxia–reoxygenation was used. Key results: Tannic acid statistically improved recovery after warm ischemia but not after cold ischemia. In kidneys biopsies, 3 h after warm ischemia–reperfusion, oxidative stress development was limited by tannic acid and the production of reactive oxygen species was inhibited, potentially through Nuclear Factor erythroid-2-Related factor 2 (NRF2) activation. In vitro, tannic acid and its derivatives limited cytotoxicity and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that tannic acid efficiently interacts with biological membranes, allowing efficient lipid oxidation inhibition. Tannic acid also promoted endothelial cell migration and proliferation during hypoxia. Conclusions: Tannic acid was able to improve renal recovery after renal warm ischemia with an antioxidant effect putatively extended by the production of its derivatives in the body and promoted cell regeneration during hypoxia. This suggests that the mechanisms induced by warm and cold ischemia are different and require specific therapeutic strategies.

Gallic acid protects rat liver mitochondria ex vivo from bisphenol A induced oxidative stress mediated damages

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Bisphenol A induces oxidative stress mediated liver mitochondrial damage.

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Bisphenol A induced damage is being protected when mitochondria are co-incubated with gallic acid.

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Scanning electron microscopy of mitochondrial tomography supports the biochemical observations.

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Gallic acid may be used as future remedial measure for the protection of bisphenol A induced damages of liver mitochondria.

Humans are often exposed to bisphenol A (BPA), the monomer of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, through BPA contaminated drinking water, beverages and foods, packaged in polycarbonate plastic bottles and cans coated with epoxy resins due to leaching. Several research groups have reported that BPA may cause damage of mitochondria in liver, kidney, heart and brain cells by inducing oxidative stress. The antioxidant efficacy of gallic acid (GA), a polyphenol compound obtained from plants, against different toxicants induced oxidative stress has been well established. The aim of the present study was to examine the protective efficacy of GA against BPA induced oxidative damages of the rat liver mitochondria ex vivo. In our study, we have found a significant decrease in the intactness of mitochondria; a significant increase (P ≤ 0.001) in the levels of lipid peroxidation end product (i.e. malondialdehyde) and protein carbonylation product; and also a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.001) in the reduced glutathione content; when mitochondria were incubated with BPA (160 μM/ml) only. These results indicate that BPA probably causes damage to the cellular macromolecules through oxidative stress. We have observed significant counteractions (P ≤ 0.001) against BPA induced alterations in mitochondrial intactness, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation products formation and reduced glutathione content when mitochondria were incubated with BPA and GA (20 μg/ml/ 40 μg/ml/ 80 μg/ml) in combination in a dose-dependent manner. Gallic acid also showed significant restorations (P ≤ 0.001) of the activities of antioxidant enzymes, Krebs cycle enzymes, respiratory chain enzymes and thiolase when mitochondria were incubated with BPA and dosage of GA (20 μg/ml/ 40 μg/ml/ 80 μg/ml) in combination compared to BPA incubated mitochondria. Furthermore, GA significantly (P ≤ 0.001) counteracted the BPA induced decrease in tryptophan and NADH auto-fluroscence levels in mitochondria. This result suggests that GA protects the mitochondria probably by reducing the oxidative stress. Besides, GA protects the mitochondrial surface from BPA induced oxidative damages as viewed under the scanning electron microscope. Considering all the results, it can be concluded that GA shows potent efficacy in protecting the rat liver mitochondria ex vivo from BPA induced oxidative stress mediated damages.

Pharmacological effects of gallic acid in health and diseases: A mechanistic review

OBJECTIVES

Gallic acid is a natural phenolic compound found in several fruits and medicinal plants. It is reported to have several health-promoting effects. This review aims to summarize the pharmacological and biological activities of gallic acid in vitro and animal models to depict the pharmacological status of this compound for future studies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All relevant papers in the English language were collected up to June 2018. The keywords of gallic acid, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, gastrointestinal-, cardiovascular-, metabolic-, neuropsychological-, and miscellaneous- diseases were searched in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus.

RESULTS

Several beneficial effects are reported for gallic acid, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic properties. This compound has been reported to have therapeutic activities in gastrointestinal, neuropsychological, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders.

CONCLUSION

Current evidence confirms the pharmacological and therapeutic interventions of gallic acid in multiple health complications; however, available data are limited to just cellular and animal studies. Future investigations are essential to further define the safety and therapeutic efficacy of gallic acid in humans.