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Duan Z, Yang D, Yuan P, Dai X, Chen G, Wu D. Advances, opportunities and challenges in developing therapeutic cancer vaccines. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 193:104198. [PMID: 37949152 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines have shown promising efficacy in helping immunotherapy for cancer patients, but the systematic characterization of the clinical application and the method for improving efficacy is lacking. Here, we mainly summarize the classification of therapeutic cancer vaccines, including protein vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, cellular vaccines and anti-idiotypic antibody vaccines, and subdivide the above vaccines according to different types and delivery forms. Additionally, we outline the clinical efficacy and safety of vaccines, as well as the combination strategies of therapeutic cancer vaccines with other therapies. This review will provide a detailed overview and rationale for the future clinical application and development of therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Duan
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiaoming Dai
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Guodong Chen
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Daichao Wu
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Enemark MBH, Sørensen EF, Hybel TE, Andersen MD, Madsen C, Lauridsen KL, Honoré B, d'Amore F, Plesner TL, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Ludvigsen M. IDO1 Protein Is Expressed in Diagnostic Biopsies from Both Follicular and Transformed Follicular Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087314. [PMID: 37108483 PMCID: PMC10139172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a lymphoid neoplasia characterized by an indolent clinical nature. Despite generally favorable prognoses, early progression and histological transformation (HT) to a more aggressive lymphoma histology remain the leading causes of death among FL patients. To provide a basis for possible novel treatment options, we set out to evaluate the expression levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), an immunoinhibitory checkpoint molecule, in follicular and transformed follicular biopsies. The expression levels of IDO1 were assessed using immunohistochemical staining and digital image analysis in lymphoma biopsies from 33 FL patients without subsequent HT (non-transforming FL, nt-FL) and 20 patients with subsequent HT (subsequently transforming FL, st-FL) as well as in paired high-grade biopsies from the time of HT (transformed FL, tFL). Despite no statistical difference in IDO1 expression levels seen between the groups, all diagnostic and transformed lymphomas exhibited positive expression, indicating its possible role in novel treatment regimens. In addition, IDO1 expression revealed a positive correlation with another immune checkpoint inhibitor, namely programmed death 1 (PD-1). In summary, we report IDO1 expression in all cases of FL and tFL, which provides the grounds for future investigations of anti-IDO1 therapy as a possible treatment for FL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Beck Hairing Enemark
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Trine Engelbrecht Hybel
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maja Dam Andersen
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Madsen
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Bent Honoré
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Francesco d'Amore
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Maja Ludvigsen
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Zhang S, Wang H, Ding X, Xiao Y, Shao Z, You C, Gu Y, Jiang Y. Bidirectional Crosstalk between Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines and the Tumor Microenvironment: Beyond Tumor Antigens. Fundamental Research 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Brochez L, Kruse V, Schadendorf D, Muller AJ, Prendergast GC. Editorial: Targeting Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases and Tryptophan Dioxygenase for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:789473. [PMID: 34938297 PMCID: PMC8686161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.789473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Brochez
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Ghent and Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vibeke Kruse
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Ghent and Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of L-tryptophan. Functionally, IDO1 has played a pivotal role in cancer immune escape via catalyzing the initial step of the kynurenine pathway, and overexpression of IDO1 is also associated with poor prognosis in various cancers. Currently, several small-molecule candidates and peptide vaccines are currently being assessed in clinical trials. Furthermore, the "proteolysis targeting chimera" (PROTAC) technology has also been successfully used in the development of IDO1 degraders, providing novel therapeutics for cancers. Herein, we review the biological functions of IDO1, structural biology and also extensively summarize medicinal chemistry strategies for the development of IDO1 inhibitors in clinical trials. The emerging PROTAC-based IDO1 degraders are also highlighted. This review may provide a comprehensive and updated overview on IDO1 inhibitors and their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ya-Hong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yihui Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Wyatt M, Greathouse KL. Targeting Dietary and Microbial Tryptophan-Indole Metabolism as Therapeutic Approaches to Colon Cancer. Nutrients 2021; 13:1189. [PMID: 33916690 PMCID: PMC8066279 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan metabolism, via the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway, and microbial transformation of tryptophan to indolic compounds are fundamental for host health; both of which are altered in colon carcinogenesis. Alterations in tryptophan metabolism begin early in colon carcinogenesis as an adaptive mechanism for the tumor to escape immune surveillance and metastasize. The microbial community is a key part of the tumor microenvironment and influences cancer initiation, promotion and treatment response. A growing awareness of the impact of the microbiome on tryptophan (Trp) metabolism in the context of carcinogenesis has prompted this review. We first compare the different metabolic pathways of Trp under normal cellular physiology to colon carcinogenesis, in both the host cells and the microbiome. Second, we review how the microbiome, specifically indoles, influence host tryptophan pathways under normal and oncogenic metabolism. We conclude by proposing several dietary, microbial and drug therapeutic modalities that can be utilized in combination to abrogate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Wyatt
- Human Health, Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7346, USA;
| | - K. Leigh Greathouse
- Human Science and Design, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7346, USA
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Westergaard MCW, Milne K, Pedersen M, Hasselager T, Olsen LR, Anglesio MS, Borch TH, Kennedy M, Briggs G, Ledoux S, Kreuzinger C, Decken IV, Donia M, Castillo-Tong DC, Nelson BH, Svane IM. Changes in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment during Disease Progression in Patients with Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3828. [PMID: 33352957 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy has been a successful treatment for many cancers. However, no immunotherapy treatment has been approved for ovarian cancer due to low efficacy in this patient group. This study investigated the cellular and molecular changes from primary ovarian tumors, at the time of diagnosis, to recurrence, where the disease returns after surgery and chemotherapies. Here we examined the immune contexture to better understand subdued responses to immunotherapy and identify additional, potentially complimentary, therapeutic targets. Indications of the development of adaptive immune resistance during disease progression were observed, with increases in immune and stromal cell infiltration accompanied by the expression of immune suppressive markers. We observed high gene expression of the immune checkpoint genes LAG3 and HAVCR2 (TIM3) in most tumors and increased expression of the immune checkpoint genes TIGIT and CTLA4 in recurrent tumors, compared to the primaries. These markers may be potential candidates for immunotherapy targeting in ovarian cancer. Abstract Anti-PD1/PDL1 therapy has proven efficacious against many cancers but only reached modest objective response rates against recurrent ovarian cancer. A deeper understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) may reveal other immunosuppressive mechanisms that warrant investigation as immunotherapeutic targets for this challenging disease. Matched primary and recurrent tumors from patients with high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) were analyzed by multicolor immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence for the presence of T cells, B cells, macrophages, and for the expression of immunosuppressive and HLA molecules. Cancer- and immune-related gene expression was assessed by NanoString analysis. Recurrent tumors showed increased infiltration by immune cells, displayed higher expression of PDL1, IDO, and HLA molecules, and contained more stromal tissue. NanoString analysis demonstrated increased expression of gene signatures related to chemokines and T cell functions in recurrent tumors. The ovarian tumors showed high gene expression of LAG3 and HAVCR2 (TIM3) and enhanced levels of TIGIT and CTLA4 in recurrent tumors compared to primary tumors. The majority of HGSC developed into a more inflamed phenotype during progression from primary to recurrent disease, including indications of adaptive immune resistance. This suggests that recurrent tumors may be particularly sensitive to inhibition of adaptive immune resistance mechanisms.
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Schollbach J, Kircher S, Wiegering A, Anger F, Rosenwald A, Germer CT, Löb S. The local immune phenotype influences prognosis in patients with nodal-positive rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Int J Colorectal Dis 2020; 35:365-370. [PMID: 31828368 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-019-03466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INDROCUTION The local immune contexture in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) has important prognostic value after neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgical resection. In this study, we examined the prognostic role of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO1) and infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+) according to the nodal stage of LARC patients. MASTERIAL AND METHODS Expression of IDO1 and CD8 was evaluated through immunohistochemistry in 106 archival tumour tissue samples from patients following neoadjuvant chemoradiation and radical resection. The average infiltration of IDO1+ and CD8+ cells was calculated and expressed as total scores as previously described. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to describe overall and disease-free survival. RESULTS In nodal-positive tumours (N+), IDO-positivity was associated with a reduced disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.063) and CD8-positivity with an impaired OS (p = 0.024). Patients with a N+ LARC and a high total IDO1 score showed a clear advantage regarding five-year disease-free survival rates compared with patients with a low total IDO1 score (N+ 5y-DFS IDO1 high: 66.7% vs IDO low: 19%). We also detected better 5-years-OS rates in N+ LARC with a high total CD8 score (N+ 5y-OS CD8 high: 83.3% vs CD8 low: 32.3%). These survival benefits were not evident in patients with N-tumours. CONCLUSION Analysis of the local CD8 and IDO1 expression influences prognosis in nodal-positive LARC patients after multimodal therapy and may be a helpful tool in specifying individual adjuvant treatment strategies according to different immune profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schollbach
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Armin Wiegering
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.,Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Anger
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Löb
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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Schollbach J, Kircher S, Wiegering A, Seyfried F, Klein I, Rosenwald A, Germer CT, Löb S. Prognostic value of tumour-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes in rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation: is indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) a friend or foe? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:563-575. [PMID: 30671614 PMCID: PMC11028246 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The prognostic value of the local immune phenotype in patients with colorectal cancer has been extensively studied. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy may potentially influence these immune responses. In this study, we examined the prognostic role of indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO1) and infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+) in locally advanced rectal carcinomas after neoadjuvant treatment. Expression of IDO1 and CD8 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 106 archival tumour tissue samples from patients following neoadjuvant chemoradiation and radical resection. The average infiltration of IDO1+ and CD8+ cells was calculated along the tumour invasive front, in the tumour centre and within the neoplastic cells and expressed as total scores. Of the tumour specimens evaluable for immunohistochemistry, 100% showed CD8+ lymphocyte infiltration and 93.4% stained positive for IDO1. Total IDO1 score positively correlated with total CD8 score for all three subsites (p = 0.002, Kendall-tau-b 0.357). A high total CD8 score was positively correlated with lower ypUICC-stages (p = 0.047) and lower ypT-categories (p = 0.032). Total IDO1 expression showed a clear trend towards a lower risk of recurrence (p = 0.078). A high total IDO1 score was an independent prognostic marker for prolonged disease-free survival (HR 0.38, p = 0.046) and a high total CD8 score for favourable overall survival (HR 0.16, p = 0.029). Analysis of the local CD8 and IDO1 expression profile may be a helpful tool in predicting prognosis for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schollbach
- Department of General-, Visceral-, Transplant-, Vascular- and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Armin Wiegering
- Department of General-, Visceral-, Transplant-, Vascular- and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Seyfried
- Department of General-, Visceral-, Transplant-, Vascular- and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Klein
- Department of General-, Visceral-, Transplant-, Vascular- and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of General-, Visceral-, Transplant-, Vascular- and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Löb
- Department of General-, Visceral-, Transplant-, Vascular- and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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Sfera A, Gradini R, Cummings M, Diaz E, Price AI, Osorio C. Rusty Microglia: Trainers of Innate Immunity in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1062. [PMID: 30564191 PMCID: PMC6288235 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, is marked by progressive cognitive and functional impairment believed to reflect synaptic and neuronal loss. Recent preclinical data suggests that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia may contribute to the elimination of viable neurons and synapses by promoting a neurotoxic astrocytic phenotype, defined as A1. The innate immune cells, including microglia and astrocytes, can either facilitate or inhibit neuroinflammation in response to peripherally applied inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS. Depending on previous antigen encounters, these cells can assume activated (trained) or silenced (tolerized) phenotypes, augmenting or lowering inflammation. Iron, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and LPS, the cell wall component of gram-negative bacteria, are microglial activators, but only the latter can trigger immune tolerization. In Alzheimer's disease, tolerization may be impaired as elevated LPS levels, reported in this condition, fail to lower neuroinflammation. Iron is closely linked to immunity as it plays a key role in immune cells proliferation and maturation, but it is also indispensable to pathogens and malignancies which compete for its capture. Danger signals, including LPS, induce intracellular iron sequestration in innate immune cells to withhold it from pathogens. However, excess cytosolic iron increases the risk of inflammasomes' activation, microglial training and neuroinflammation. Moreover, it was suggested that free iron can awaken the dormant central nervous system (CNS) LPS-shedding microbes, engendering prolonged neuroinflammation that may override immune tolerization, triggering autoimmunity. In this review, we focus on iron-related innate immune pathology in Alzheimer's disease and discuss potential immunotherapeutic agents for microglial de-escalation along with possible delivery vehicles for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Roberto Gradini
- Department of Pathology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eddie Diaz
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Amy I Price
- Evidence Based Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Osorio
- Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
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Liu M, Wang X, Wang L, Ma X, Gong Z, Zhang S, Li Y. Targeting the IDO1 pathway in cancer: from bench to bedside. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:100. [PMID: 30068361 PMCID: PMC6090955 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenases (IDO1 and IDO2) and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase (TDO) are tryptophan catabolic enzymes that catalyze the conversion of tryptophan into kynurenine. The depletion of tryptophan and the increase in kynurenine exert important immunosuppressive functions by activating T regulatory cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, suppressing the functions of effector T and natural killer cells, and promoting neovascularization of solid tumors. Targeting IDO1 represents a therapeutic opportunity in cancer immunotherapy beyond checkpoint blockade or adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor T cells. In this review, we discuss the function of the IDO1 pathway in tumor progression and immune surveillance. We highlight recent preclinical and clinical progress in targeting the IDO1 pathway in cancer therapeutics, including peptide vaccines, expression inhibitors, enzymatic inhibitors, and effector inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Abstract
Iron-containing enzymes such as heme enzymes play crucial roles in biological systems. Three distinct heme-containing dioxygenase enzymes, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) catalyze the initial and rate-limiting step of l-tryptophan catabolism through the kynurenine pathway in mammals. Overexpression of these enzymes causes depletion of tryptophan and the accumulation of metabolic products, which contributes to tumor immune tolerance and immune dysregulation in a variety of disease pathologies. In the past few decades, IDO1 has garnered the most attention as a therapeutic target with great potential in cancer immunotherapy. Many potential inhibitors of IDO1 have been designed, synthesized and evaluated, among which indoximod (d-1-MT), INCB024360, GDC-0919 (formerly NLG-919), and an IDO1 peptide-based vaccine have advanced to the clinical trial stage. However, recently, the roles of TDO and IDO2 have been elucidated in immune suppression. In this review, the current drug discovery landscape for targeting TDO, IDO1 and IDO2 is highlighted, with particular attention to the recent use of drugs in clinical trials. Moreover, the crystal structures of these enzymes, in complex with inhibitors, and the mechanisms of Trp catabolism in the first step, are summarized to provide information for facilitating the discovery of new enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daojing Yan
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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13
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Batista-Duharte A, Téllez-Martínez D, Fuentes DLP, Carlos IZ. Molecular adjuvants that modulate regulatory T cell function in vaccination: A critical appraisal. Pharmacol Res 2018; 129:237-50. [PMID: 29175113 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are substances used to enhance the efficacy of vaccines. They influence the magnitude and alter the quality of the adaptive immune response to vaccine antigens by amplifying or modulating different signals involved in the innate immune response. The majority of known adjuvants have been empirically identified. The limited immunogenicity of new vaccine antigens and the need for safer vaccines have increased the importance of identifying single, well-defined adjuvants with known cellular and molecular mechanisms for rational vaccine design. Depletion or functional inhibition of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) by molecular adjuvants has become an emergent approach in this field. Different successful results have been obtained for specific vaccines, but there are still unresolved issues such as the risk of autoimmune disease induction, the involvement of cells other than Tregs and optimization for different conditions. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of current approaches to inhibit Tregs with molecular adjuvants for vaccine improvement, highlights the progress being made, and describes ongoing challenges.
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Brochez L, Chevolet I, Kruse V. The rationale of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibition for cancer therapy. Eur J Cancer 2017; 76:167-182. [PMID: 28324751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO, also referred to as IDO1) has been demonstrated to be a normal endogenous mechanism of acquired peripheral immune tolerance in vivo. In the field of oncology, IDO expression and/or activity has been observed in several cancer types and has usually been associated with negative prognostic factors and worse outcome measures. This manuscript reviews current available data on the role of IDO in cancer and the current results obtained with IDO inhibition, both in animal models and in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials in humans. Preliminary results with IDO inhibitors, usually combined with other anti-cancer drugs, seem encouraging. Further studies are needed to clarify the conditions in which IDO inhibitors can be of value as an anti-cancer strategy. In addition, further research should address whether the expression of IDO in tissue or blood can be a marker to select patients who can benefit most from IDO inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Brochez
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Dermatology Research Unit, Ghent, Belgium; Immuno-Oncology Network Ghent (ION Ghent), Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Belgium.
| | - Ines Chevolet
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Dermatology Research Unit, Ghent, Belgium; Immuno-Oncology Network Ghent (ION Ghent), Belgium
| | - Vibeke Kruse
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Immuno-Oncology Network Ghent (ION Ghent), Belgium
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Vacchelli E, Bloy N, Aranda F, Buqué A, Cremer I, Demaria S, Eggermont A, Formenti SC, Fridman WH, Fucikova J, Galon J, Spisek R, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Immunotherapy plus radiation therapy for oncological indications. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1214790. [PMID: 27757313 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1214790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant cells succumbing to some forms of radiation therapy are particularly immunogenic and hence can initiate a therapeutically relevant adaptive immune response. This reflects the intrinsic antigenicity of malignant cells (which often synthesize a high number of potentially reactive neo-antigens) coupled with the ability of radiation therapy to boost the adjuvanticity of cell death as it stimulates the release of endogenous adjuvants from dying cells. Thus, radiation therapy has been intensively investigated for its capacity to improve the therapeutic profile of several anticancer immunotherapies, including (but not limited to) checkpoint blockers, anticancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, cytokines, and several small molecules with immunostimulatory effects. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical advances in this field of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Norma Bloy
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Group of Immune receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Wolf Hervé Fridman
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eric Tartour
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM, U970, Paris, France; Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France; Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1015, CICBT1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Ishibashi K, Kumai T, Ohkuri T, Kosaka A, Nagato T, Hirata Y, Ohara K, Oikawa K, Aoki N, Akiyama N, Sado M, Kitada M, Harabuchi Y, Celis E, Kobayashi H. Epigenetic modification augments the immunogenicity of human leukocyte antigen G serving as a tumor antigen for T cell-based immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1169356. [PMID: 27471649 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1169356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immune escape has been a major problem for developing effective immunotherapy. The human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is a non-classical MHC class I molecule whose primary function is to protect the fetus from the mother's immune system. While HLA-G is hardly found in normal adult tissues, various tumor cells are known to express it, aiding their escape from the immune system. Thus, HLA-G is an attractive immunotherapy target. CD4(+) helper T lymphocytes (HTLs) play an important role in the immune reaction against tumors by assisting in the generation and persistence of CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or by displaying direct antitumor effects. We report here that HLA-G expression in breast cancer significantly correlates with a poor prognosis. Also, we describe that the MHC class II-binding peptide HLA-G26-40 was effective in eliciting tumor-reactive CD4(+) T cell responses. Furthermore, treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine increased HLA-G expression in tumors and subsequently enhanced recognition by HLA-G26-40-specific HTLs. These findings predict that a combination immunotherapy targeting HLA-G together with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor could be useful against some cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ishibashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan; Respiratory and Breast Center, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Kumai
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan; Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Augusta University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Takayuki Ohkuri
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University , Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Akemi Kosaka
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University , Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nagato
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University , Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yui Hirata
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Kenzo Ohara
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Kensuke Oikawa
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University , Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Aoki
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University , Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Akiyama
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital , Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Sado
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital , Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kitada
- Respiratory and Breast Center, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital , Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Harabuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University , Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Esteban Celis
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Augusta University Cancer Center , Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University , Asahikawa, Japan
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Mehraj V, Routy JP. Tryptophan Catabolism in Chronic Viral Infections: Handling Uninvited Guests. Int J Tryptophan Res 2015; 8:41-8. [PMID: 26309411 PMCID: PMC4527356 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s26862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Tryptophan (l-Trp) is an essential amino acid that possesses diverse metabolic, neurological, and immunological roles spanning from the synthesis of proteins, neurotransmitter serotonin, and neurohormone melatonin, to its degradation into immunosuppressive catabolites by indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the kynurenine pathway (KP). Trp catabolites, by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), play an important role in antimicrobial defense and immune regulation. IDO/AhR acts as a double-edged sword by both depleting l-Trp to starve the invaders and by contributing to the state of immunosuppression with microorganisms that were not cleared during acute infection. Pathogens experiencing Trp deprivation by IDO-mediated degradation include certain bacteria, parasites, and less likely viruses. However, chronic viral infections highjack the host immune response to create a state of disease tolerance via kynurenine catabolites. This review covers the latest data involving chronic viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), herpes, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) and their cellular interplay with Trp catabolites. Strategies developed by viruses to escape immune control also represent new avenues for therapeutic interventions based on Trp metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Mehraj
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. ; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. ; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. ; Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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