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Liu S, Liu H, Gong C, Li G, Li Q, Pan Z, He X, Jiang Z, Li H, Zhang C. MiR-10b-5p Regulates Neuronal Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced by Spinal Cord Injury Through UBR7. Neuroscience 2024; 543:13-27. [PMID: 38382692 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of miR-10b-5p on autophagy and apoptosis in neuronal cells after spinal cord injury (SCI) and the molecular mechanism. Bioinformatics was used to analyze the differentially expressed miRNAs. The expression of related genes and proteins were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot, respectively. Cell proliferation was detected by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay (TUNEL). Coimmunoprecipitation confirmed the interaction between UBR7 and Wnt1 or Beclin1. Autophagy was detected by the dansylcadaverine (MDC). The Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) score was used to evaluate motor function, and hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Nissl staining were used to detect spinal cord tissue repair and neuronal changes. The result shows that the expression of miR-10b-5p was downregulated in the SCI models, and transfection of a miR-10b-5p mimic inhibited neuronal cell apoptosis. MiR-10b-5p negatively regulated the expression of UBR7, and the inhibitory effect of the miR-10b-5p mimic on neuronal cell apoptosis was reversed by overexpressing UBR7. In addition, UBR7 can regulate apoptosis by affecting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by promoting Wnt1 ubiquitination. Treatment with the miR-10b-5p mimic effectively improved motor function, inhibited neuronal cell apoptosis, and promoted spinal cord tissue repair in SCI rats. Overall, miR-10b-5p can alleviate SCI by downregulating UBR7 expression, inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway ubiquitination to reduce neuronal apoptosis, or inhibiting Beclin 1 ubiquitination to promote autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Qujing No.1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Huali Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Qujing No.1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Chunyan Gong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Qujing No.1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Guiliang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Qujing No.1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Qiaofen Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Qujing No.1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Zhipeng Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Qujing No.1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Xiaona He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Qujing No.1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Zhilv Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Qujing No.1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Qujing No.1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Chunjun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China.
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Jeong DE, Lee HS, Ku B, Kim CH, Kim SJ, Shin HC. Insights into the recognition mechanism in the UBR box of UBR4 for its specific substrates. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1214. [PMID: 38030679 PMCID: PMC10687169 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-end rule pathway is a proteolytic system involving the destabilization of N-terminal amino acids, known as N-degrons, which are recognized by N-recognins. Dysregulation of the N-end rule pathway results in the accumulation of undesired proteins, causing various diseases. The E3 ligases of the UBR subfamily recognize and degrade N-degrons through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Herein, we investigated UBR4, which has a distinct mechanism for recognizing type-2 N-degrons. Structural analysis revealed that the UBR box of UBR4 differs from other UBR boxes in the N-degron binding sites. It recognizes type-2 N-terminal amino acids containing an aromatic ring and type-1 N-terminal arginine through two phenylalanines on its hydrophobic surface. We also characterized the binding mechanism for the second ligand residue. This is the report on the structural basis underlying the recognition of type-2 N-degrons by the UBR box with implications for understanding the N-end rule pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Eun Jeong
- Critical Disease Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seon Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kim
- Critical Disease Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Proteome Structural Biology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Critical Disease Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Hoang Dong N, Audrey L, Leopold MN, Javier M, Hugues A, Luigi B, Gilles B, Scott MS, Sophie R. Osteoclast microRNA Profiling in Rheumatoid Arthritis to Capture the Erosive Factor. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10776. [PMID: 37614303 PMCID: PMC10443079 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), only a subset of patients develop irreversible bone destruction. Our aim was to identify a microRNA (miR)-based osteoclast-related signature predictive of erosiveness in RA. Seventy-six adults with erosive (E) or nonerosive (NE) seropositive RA and 43 sex- and age-matched healthy controls were recruited. Twenty-five miRs from peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived osteoclasts selected from RNA-Seq (discovery cohort) were assessed by qPCR (replication cohort), as were 33 target genes (direct targets or associated with regulated pathways). The top five miRs found differentially expressed in RA osteoclasts were either decreased (hsa-miR-34a-3p, 365b-3p, 374a-3p, and 511-3p [E versus NE]) or increased (hsa-miR-193b-3p [E versus controls]). In vitro, inhibition of miR-34a-3p had an impact on osteoclast bone resorption. An integrative network analysis of miRs and their targets highlighted correlations between mRNA and miR expression, both negative (CD38, CD80, SIRT1) and positive (MITF), and differential gene expression between NE versus E (GXYLT1, MITF) or versus controls (CD38, KLF4). Machine-learning models were used to evaluate the value of miRs and target genes, in combination with clinical data, to predict erosion. One model, including a set of miRs (predominantly 365b-3p) combined with rheumatoid factor titer, provided 70% accuracy (area under the curve [AUC] 0.66). Adding genes directly targeted or belonging to related pathways improved the predictive power of the model for the erosive phenotype (78% accuracy, AUC 0.85). This proof-of-concept study indicates that identification of RA subjects at risk of erosions may be improved by studying miR expression in PBMC-derived osteoclasts, suggesting novel approaches toward personalized treatment. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hoang Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional GenomicsUniversity of Sherbrooke and Research Centre of the Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie – Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CIUSSSE‐CHUS)SherbrookeCanada
| | - Lortie Audrey
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Sherbrooke and Research Centre of the Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie – Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CIUSSSE‐CHUS)SherbrookeCanada
| | - Mbous Nguimbus Leopold
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Sherbrooke and Research Centre of the Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie – Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CIUSSSE‐CHUS)SherbrookeCanada
| | - Marrugo Javier
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Sherbrooke and Research Centre of the Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie – Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CIUSSSE‐CHUS)SherbrookeCanada
| | - Allard‐Chamard Hugues
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Sherbrooke and Research Centre of the Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie – Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CIUSSSE‐CHUS)SherbrookeCanada
| | - Bouchard Luigi
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional GenomicsUniversity of Sherbrooke and Research Centre of the Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie – Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CIUSSSE‐CHUS)SherbrookeCanada
- Department of Medical BiologyCIUSS du Saguenay‐Lac‐Saint‐Jean Hôpital Universitaire de ChicoutimiSaguenayCanada
| | - Boire Gilles
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Sherbrooke and Research Centre of the Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie – Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CIUSSSE‐CHUS)SherbrookeCanada
| | - Michelle S Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional GenomicsUniversity of Sherbrooke and Research Centre of the Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie – Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CIUSSSE‐CHUS)SherbrookeCanada
| | - Roux Sophie
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Sherbrooke and Research Centre of the Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie – Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CIUSSSE‐CHUS)SherbrookeCanada
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Jung JU, Ghosh A, Earnest S, Deaton SL, Cobb MH. UBR5 is a novel regulator of WNK1 stability. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1176-C1186. [PMID: 35442829 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00417.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The with no lysine (K) 1 (WNK1) protein kinase maintains cellular ion homeostasis in many tissues through actions on ion cotransporters and channels. Increased accumulation of WNK1 protein leads to pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), a form of familial hypertension. WNK1 can be degraded via its adaptor-dependent recruitment to the Cullin3-RBX1 E3 ligase complex by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Disruption of this process also leads to disease. To determine if this is the primary mechanism of WNK1 turnover, we examined WNK1 protein stability and degradation by measuring its rate of decay after blockade of translation. Here, we show that WNK1 protein degradation exhibits atypical kinetics in Hela cells. Consistent with this apparent complexity, we found that multiple degradative pathways can modulate cellular WNK1 protein amount. WNK1 protein is degraded not only by the proteasome, but also by the lysosome. Non-lysosomal cysteine proteases calpain and caspases also influence WNK1 degradation, as inhibitors of these proteases modestly increased WNK1 protein expression. Importantly, we discovered that the E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR5 interacts with WNK1 and its deficiency results in increased WNK1 protein. Our results further demonstrate that increased WNK1 in UBR5-depleted cells is attributable to reduced lysosomal degradation of WNK1 protein. Taken together, our findings provide insights into the multiplicity of degradative pathways involved in WNK1 turnover and uncover UBR5 as a previously unknown regulator of WNK1 protein stability that leads to lysosomal degradation of WNK1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ung Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Anwesha Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Svetlana Earnest
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Staci L Deaton
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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5
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Bracci N, de la Fuente C, Saleem S, Pinkham C, Narayanan A, García-Sastre A, Balaraman V, Richt JA, Wilson W, Kehn-Hall K. Rift Valley fever virus Gn V5-epitope tagged virus enables identification of UBR4 as a Gn interacting protein that facilitates Rift Valley fever virus production. Virology 2022; 567:65-76. [PMID: 35032865 PMCID: PMC8877469 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus that was first reported in the Rift Valley of Kenya which causes significant disease in humans and livestock. RVFV is a tri-segmented, negative-sense RNA virus consisting of a L, M, and S segments with the M segment encoding the glycoproteins Gn and Gc. Host factors that interact with Gn are largely unknown. To this end, two viruses containing an epitope tag (V5) on the Gn protein in position 105 or 229 (V5Gn105 and V5Gn229) were generated using the RVFV MP-12 vaccine strain as a backbone. The V5-tag insertion minimally impacted Gn functionality as measured by replication kinetics, Gn localization, and antibody neutralization assays. A proteomics-based approach was used to identify novel Gn-binding host proteins, including the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, UBR4. Depletion of UBR4 resulted in a significant decrease in RVFV titers and a reduction in viral RNA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bracci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University
| | - Cynthia de la Fuente
- The National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, DEA,National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University
| | - Sahar Saleem
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University
| | - Chelsea Pinkham
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University
| | | | - Velmurugan Balaraman
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University
| | - William Wilson
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, USDA
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University,Center for Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,Corresponding Author: Kylene Kehn-Hall, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Integrated Life Sciences Building, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA,
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6
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Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Abdeen A, Ashraf GM, Perveen A, Hafeez A, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM. Evidence Linking Protein Misfolding to Quality Control in Progressive Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:2025-2043. [PMID: 32552649 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200618114924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several proteolytic systems including ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system (UPS), chaperonemediated autophagy (CMA), and macroautophagy are used by the mammalian cells to remove misfolded proteins (MPs). UPS mediates degradation of most of the MPs, where Ub-conjugated substrates are deubiquitinated, unfolded, and passed through the proteasome's narrow chamber, and eventually break into smaller peptides. It has been observed that the substrates that show a specific degradation signal, the KFERQ sequence motif, can be delivered to and go through CMA-mediated degradation in lysosomes. Macroautophagy can help in the degradation of substrates that are prone to aggregation and resistant to both the CMA and UPS. In the aforesaid case, cargoes are separated into autophagosomes before lysosomal hydrolase-mediated degradation. Even though the majority of the aggregated and MPs in the human proteome can be removed via cellular protein quality control (PQC), some mutant and native proteins tend to aggregate into β-sheet-rich oligomers that exhibit resistance to all identified proteolytic processes and can, therefore, grow into extracellular plaques or inclusion bodies. Indeed, the buildup of protease-resistant aggregated and MPs is a usual process underlying various protein misfolding disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) for example Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion diseases. In this article, we have focused on the contribution of PQC in the degradation of pathogenic proteins in NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.,Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Alharbi YM, Bima AI, Elsamanoudy AZ. An Overview of the Perspective of Cellular Autophagy: Mechanism, Regulation, and the Role of Autophagy Dysregulation in the Pathogenesis of Diseases. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2021; 9:47-54. [PMID: 34350099 PMCID: PMC8291096 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_33_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process that eliminates unnecessary cytoplasmic materials, such as long-age proteins, destroyed organelles, and foreign microorganisms. Macroautophagy (MaA), chaperone-mediated autophagy, and microautophagy are the three main types of autophagy. It is regulated by the integration of signaling from the AMPK and mTOR-ULK1 pathways. Autophagy plays a physiological role in health, and its dysregulation could be a pathophysiologic mechanism in different disease conditions. In the current study, we reviewed papers of Google Scholar database, PubMed, PubMed Central, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, and MedlinePlus with no time limitation and a recent World Health Organization report. In the current review, it could be concluded that autophagy plays many physiological functions, including immune system modulation, and regulates different cellular processes such as metabolism, protein synthesis, and cellular transportation. Dysregulation of autophagy is implicated in tumorigenesis, aging, age-related neurodegeneration, and endothelial dysfunctions. Autophagy dysregulation is also implicated in the newly discovered CoV-COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser M. Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhadi I. Bima
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Z. Elsamanoudy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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8
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Zhao G, Wang C, Wang Y, Wang L, Xu B, Guo X. Role of Apis cerana cerana N-terminal asparagine amidohydrolase (AccNtan1) in oxidative stress. J Biochem 2020; 168:337-348. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractN-Terminal asparagine amidohydrolase is a component of the ubiquitin-dependent N-end rule pathway of protein degradation that has been implicated in a variety of physiological functions, including the sensing of heme, oxygen, nitric oxide, selective elimination of misfolded proteins and the repair of DNA. We identified the Apis cerana cerana N-terminal asparagine amidohydrolase (AccNtan1) gene from A. cerana cerana and investigated its role in oxidation resistance. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis revealed that N-terminal asparagine amidohydrolase is highly conserved in insect species. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the expression levels of AccNtan1 were significantly lower in the wing, honey sac and abdomen than in other tissues and were significantly higher in early stages of development, including the larva, prepupa and pink-eyed pupa stages, than in later stages. We further observed that AccNtan1 expression was induced by several environmental stressors, including aberrant temperature, H2O2, UV, heavy metals and pesticides. Moreover, a bacteriostatic assay suggested that overexpression of AccNtan1 enhances the resistance of bacteria to oxidative stress. In addition, knockdown of AccNtan1 using RNA interference significantly affected the expression levels of most antioxidant genes and the activity levels of several antioxidant enzymes. Thus, we hypothesize that AccNtan1 plays important roles in environmental stress responses and antioxidative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No.61, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No.61, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No.61, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No.61, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No.61, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road No.61, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
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9
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Leboeuf D, Abakumova T, Prikazchikova T, Rhym L, Anderson DG, Zatsepin TS, Piatkov KI. Downregulation of the Arg/N-degron Pathway Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Chemotherapy In Vivo. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1092-1104. [PMID: 32087767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-degron pathway is an emerging target for anti-tumor therapies, because of its capacity to positively regulate many hallmarks of cancer, including angiogenesis, cell proliferation, motility, and survival. Thus, inhibition of the N-degron pathway offers the potential to be a highly effective anti-cancer treatment. With the use of a small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated approach for selective downregulation of the four Arg/N-degron-dependent ubiquitin ligases, UBR1, UBR2, UBR4, and UBR5, we demonstrated decreased cell migration and proliferation and increased spontaneous apoptosis in cancer cells. Chronic treatment with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) loaded with siRNA in mice efficiently downregulates the expression of UBR-ubiquitin ligases in the liver without any significant toxic effects but engages the immune system and causes inflammation. However, when used in a lower dose, in combination with a chemotherapeutic drug, downregulation of the Arg/N-degron pathway E3 ligases successfully reduced tumor load by decreasing proliferation and increasing apoptosis in a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma, while avoiding the inflammatory response. Our study demonstrates that UBR-ubiquitin ligases of the Arg/N-degron pathway are promising targets for the development of improved therapies for many cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luke Rhym
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard and MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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10
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Perrar A, Dissmeyer N, Huesgen PF. New beginnings and new ends: methods for large-scale characterization of protein termini and their use in plant biology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2021-2038. [PMID: 30838411 PMCID: PMC6460961 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of protein function and abundance plays an important role in virtually every aspect of plant life. Diversifying mechanisms at the RNA and protein level result in many protein molecules with distinct sequence and modification, termed proteoforms, arising from a single gene. Distinct protein termini define proteoforms arising from translation of alternative transcripts, use of alternative translation initiation sites, and different co- and post-translational modifications of the protein termini. Also site-specific proteolytic processing by endo- and exoproteases generates truncated proteoforms, defined by distinct protease-generated neo-N- and neo-C-termini, that may exhibit altered activity, function, and localization compared with their precursor proteins. In eukaryotes, the N-degron pathway targets cytosolic proteins, exposing destabilizing N-terminal amino acids and/or destabilizing N-terminal modifications for proteasomal degradation. This enables rapid and selective removal not only of unfolded proteins, but also of substrate proteoforms generated by proteolytic processing or changes in N-terminal modifications. Here we summarize current protocols enabling proteome-wide analysis of protein termini, which have provided important new insights into N-terminal modifications and protein stability determinants, protein maturation pathways, and protease-substrate relationships in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Perrar
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3 Analytics, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nico Dissmeyer
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and Degradation, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- ScienceCampus Halle – Plant-based Bioeconomy, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3 Analytics, Jülich, Germany
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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11
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Schaaf MB, Houbaert D, Meçe O, Agostinis P. Autophagy in endothelial cells and tumor angiogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:665-679. [PMID: 30692642 PMCID: PMC6460396 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, autophagy is the major pathway for the degradation and recycling of obsolete and potentially noxious cytoplasmic materials, including proteins, lipids, and whole organelles, through the lysosomes. Autophagy maintains cellular and tissue homeostasis and provides a mechanism to adapt to extracellular cues and metabolic stressors. Emerging evidence unravels a critical function of autophagy in endothelial cells (ECs), the major components of the blood vasculature, which delivers nutrients and oxygen to the parenchymal tissue. EC-intrinsic autophagy modulates the response of ECs to various metabolic stressors and has a fundamental role in redox homeostasis and EC plasticity. In recent years moreover, genetic evidence suggests that autophagy regulates pathological angiogenesis, a hallmark of solid tumors. In the hypoxic, nutrient-deprived, and pro-angiogenic tumor microenvironment, heightened autophagy in the blood vessels is emerging as a critical mechanism enabling ECs to dynamically accommodate their higher bioenergetics demands to the extracellular environment and connect with other components of the tumor stroma through paracrine signaling. In this review, we provide an overview of the major cellular mechanisms regulated by autophagy in ECs and discuss their potential role in tumor angiogenesis, tumor growth, and response to anticancer therapy. Vascular homeostasis relies on the proper behavior of endothelial cells (ECs). Emerging evidence indicate a critical role of autophagy, a vesicular process for lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic content, in EC biology. While EC-intrinsic autophagy promotes EC function and quiescent state through redox homeostasis and possibly metabolic control, a role for EC-associated autophagy in cancer seems more complex. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco B Schaaf
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diede Houbaert
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Odeta Meçe
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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Kim ST, Lee YJ, Tasaki T, Mun SR, Hwang J, Kang MJ, Ganipisetti S, Yi EC, Kim BY, Kwon YT. The N-recognin UBR4 of the N-end rule pathway is targeted to and required for the biogenesis of the early endosome. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.217646. [PMID: 30111582 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-end rule pathway is a proteolytic system in which single N-terminal residues of proteins act as N-degrons. These degrons are recognized by N-recognins, facilitating substrate degradation via the ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome system (UPS) or autophagy. We have previously identified a set of N-recognins [UBR1, UBR2, UBR4 (also known as p600) and UBR5 (also known as EDD)] that bind N-degrons through their UBR boxes to promote proteolysis by the proteasome. Here, we show that the 570 kDa N-recognin UBR4 is associated with maturing endosomes through an interaction with Ca2+-bound calmodulin. The endosomal recruitment of UBR4 is essential for the biogenesis of early endosomes (EEs) and endosome-related processes, such as the trafficking of endocytosed protein cargos and degradation of extracellular cargos by endosomal hydrolases. In mouse embryos, UBR4 marks and plays a role in the endosome-lysosome pathway that mediates the heterophagic proteolysis of endocytosed maternal proteins into amino acids. By screening 9591 drugs through the DrugBank database, we identify picolinic acid as a putative ligand for UBR4 that inhibits the biogenesis of EEs. Our results suggest that UBR4 is an essential modulator in the endosome-lysosome system.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Tae Kim
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States
| | - Yoon Jee Lee
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Takafumi Tasaki
- Division of Protein Regulation Research, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.,Department of Medical Zoology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Su Ran Mun
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonsung Hwang
- World Class Institute, Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jueng Kang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Srinivasrao Ganipisetti
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene C Yi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- World Class Institute, Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea .,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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13
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Kim ST, Lee YJ, Tasaki T, Hwang J, Kang MJ, Yi EC, Kim BY, Kwon YT. The N-recognin UBR4 of the N-end rule pathway is required for neurogenesis and homeostasis of cell surface proteins. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202260. [PMID: 30157281 PMCID: PMC6114712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-end rule pathway is a proteolytic system in which single N-terminal amino acids of proteins act as a class of degrons (N-degrons) that determine the half-lives of proteins. We have previously identified a family of mammals N-recognins (termed UBR1, UBR2, UBR4/p600, and UBR5/EDD) whose conserved UBR boxes bind N-degrons to facilitate substrate ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Amongst these N-recognins, UBR1 and UBR2 mediate ubiquitination and proteolysis of short-lived regulators and misfolded proteins. Here, we characterized the null phenotypes of UBR4-deficient mice in which the UBR box of UBR4 was deleted. We show that the mutant mice die around embryonic days 9.5–10.5 (E9.5–E10.5) associated with abnormalities in various developmental processes such as neurogenesis and cardiovascular development. These developmental defects are significantly attributed to the inability to maintain cell integrity and adhesion, which significantly correlates to the severity of null phenotypes. UBR4-loss induces the depletion of many, but not all, proteins from the plasma membrane, suggesting that UBR4 is involved in proteome-wide turnover of cell surface proteins. Indeed, UBR4 is associated with and required to generate the multivesicular body (MVB) which transiently store endocytosed cell surface proteins before their targeting to autophagosomes and subsequently lysosomes. Our results suggest that the N-recognin UBR4 plays a role in the homeostasis of cell surface proteins and, thus, cell adhesion and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Tae Kim
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Yoon Jee Lee
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Takafumi Tasaki
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Joonsung Hwang
- World Class Institute, Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jueng Kang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene C. Yi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- World Class Institute, Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YTK); (BYK)
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YTK); (BYK)
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14
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Kwon YT, Ciechanover A. The Ubiquitin Code in the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Autophagy. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:873-886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Domitrovic T, Fausto AK, Silva TDF, Romanel E, Vaslin MFS. Plant arginyltransferases (ATEs). Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:253-260. [PMID: 28199445 PMCID: PMC5452128 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of protein stability and/or degradation of misfolded and damaged proteins are essential cellular processes. A part of this regulation is mediated by the so-called N-end rule proteolytic pathway, which, in concert with the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), drives protein degradation depending on the N-terminal amino acid sequence. One important enzyme involved in this process is arginyl-t-RNA transferase, known as ATE. This enzyme acts post-translationally by introducing an arginine residue at the N-terminus of specific protein targets to signal degradation via the UPS. However, the function of ATEs has only recently begun to be revealed. Nonetheless, the few studies to date investigating ATE activity in plants points to the great importance of the ATE/N-end rule pathway in regulating plant signaling. Plant development, seed germination, leaf morphology and responses to gas signaling in plants are among the processes affected by the ATE/N-end rule pathway. In this review, we present some of the known biological functions of plant ATE proteins, highlighting the need for more in-depth studies on this intriguing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Domitrovic
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Virologia IMPPG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna K Fausto
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Virologia IMPPG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiane da F Silva
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisson Romanel
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Maite F S Vaslin
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Virologia IMPPG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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16
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Khanam H, Ali A, Asif M, Shamsuzzaman. Neurodegenerative diseases linked to misfolded proteins and their therapeutic approaches: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:1121-1141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Wadas B, Piatkov KI, Brower CS, Varshavsky A. Analyzing N-terminal Arginylation through the Use of Peptide Arrays and Degradation Assays. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20976-20992. [PMID: 27510035 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nα-terminal arginylation (Nt-arginylation) of proteins is mediated by the Ate1 arginyltransferase (R-transferase), a component of the Arg/N-end rule pathway. This proteolytic system recognizes proteins containing N-terminal degradation signals called N-degrons, polyubiquitylates these proteins, and thereby causes their degradation by the proteasome. The definitively identified ("canonical") residues that are Nt-arginylated by R-transferase are N-terminal Asp, Glu, and (oxidized) Cys. Over the last decade, several publications have suggested (i) that Ate1 can also arginylate non-canonical N-terminal residues; (ii) that Ate1 is capable of arginylating not only α-amino groups of N-terminal residues but also γ-carboxyl groups of internal (non-N-terminal) Asp and Glu; and (iii) that some isoforms of Ate1 are specific for substrates bearing N-terminal Cys residues. In the present study, we employed arrays of immobilized 11-residue peptides and pulse-chase assays to examine the substrate specificity of mouse R-transferase. We show that amino acid sequences immediately downstream of a substrate's canonical (Nt-arginylatable) N-terminal residue, particularly a residue at position 2, can affect the rate of Nt-arginylation by R-transferase and thereby the rate of degradation of a substrate protein. We also show that the four major isoforms of mouse R-transferase have similar Nt-arginylation specificities in vitro, contrary to the claim about the specificity of some Ate1 isoforms for N-terminal Cys. In addition, we found no evidence for a significant activity of the Ate1 R-transferase toward previously invoked non-canonical N-terminal or internal amino acid residues. Together, our results raise technical concerns about earlier studies that invoked non-canonical arginylation specificities of Ate1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Wadas
- From the Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Konstantin I Piatkov
- the Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143026, Russia, and
| | | | - Alexander Varshavsky
- From the Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125,
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18
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Amino-terminal arginylation targets endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP for autophagy through p62 binding. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:917-29. [PMID: 26075355 PMCID: PMC4490096 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We show that ATE1-encoded Arg-transfer RNA transferase (R-transferase) of the N-end rule pathway mediates N-terminal arginylation of multiple endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-residing chaperones, leading to their cytosolic relocalization and turnover. N-terminal arginylation of BiP (also known as GRP78), protein disulphide isomerase and calreticulin is co-induced with autophagy during innate immune responses to cytosolic foreign DNA or proteasomal inhibition, associated with increased ubiquitylation. Arginylated BiP (R-BiP) is induced by and associated with cytosolic misfolded proteins destined for p62 (also known as sequestosome 1, SQSTM1) bodies. R-BiP binds the autophagic adaptor p62 through the interaction of its N-terminal arginine with the p62 ZZ domain. This allosterically induces self-oligomerization and aggregation of p62 and increases p62 interaction with LC3, leading to p62 targeting to autophagosomes and selective lysosomal co-degradation of R-BiP and p62 together with associated cargoes. In this autophagic mechanism, Nt-arginine functions as a delivery determinant, a degron and an activating ligand. Bioinformatics analysis predicts that many ER residents use arginylation to regulate non-ER processes.
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Abstract
There is increasing interest in the role of autophagic flux in maintaining normal vessel wall biology and a growing suspicion that autophagic dysregulation may be a common pathway through which vascular aging and associated pathologies develop. Within endothelial and smooth muscle cells, diverse but important triggers that range from oxidized lipids to β-amyloid seem to stimulate autophagosome formation potently. In addition, emerging evidence links autophagy to a wide array of vascular processes ranging from angiogenesis to calcification of the vessel wall. Alterations in autophagic flux are also increasingly being implicated in disease processes that include both atherosclerosis and pulmonary hypertension. Finally, recent insights point toward an important role of autophagy in the paracrine regulation of vasoactive substances from the endothelium. Here, we review the progress in understanding how autophagy can contribute to vascular biology and the emerging strategies to target this process for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Nussenzweig
- From the Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.C.N, T.F.); and Division of Cardiac Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.V.)
| | - Subodh Verma
- From the Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.C.N, T.F.); and Division of Cardiac Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.V.)
| | - Toren Finkel
- From the Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.C.N, T.F.); and Division of Cardiac Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.V.).
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20
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Park SE, Kim JM, Seok OH, Cho H, Wadas B, Kim SY, Varshavsky A, Hwang CS. Control of mammalian G protein signaling by N-terminal acetylation and the N-end rule pathway. Science 2015; 347:1249-1252. [PMID: 25766235 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa3844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rgs2, a regulator of G proteins, lowers blood pressure by decreasing signaling through Gαq. Human patients expressing Met-Leu-Rgs2 (ML-Rgs2) or Met-Arg-Rgs2 (MR-Rgs2) are hypertensive relative to people expressing wild-type Met-Gln-Rgs2 (MQ-Rgs2). We found that wild-type MQ-Rgs2 and its mutant, MR-Rgs2, were destroyed by the Ac/N-end rule pathway, which recognizes N(α)-terminally acetylated (Nt-acetylated) proteins. The shortest-lived mutant, ML-Rgs2, was targeted by both the Ac/N-end rule and Arg/N-end rule pathways. The latter pathway recognizes unacetylated N-terminal residues. Thus, the Nt-acetylated Ac-MX-Rgs2 (X = Arg, Gln, Leu) proteins are specific substrates of the mammalian Ac/N-end rule pathway. Furthermore, the Ac/N-degron of Ac-MQ-Rgs2 was conditional, and Teb4, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-embedded ubiquitin ligase, was able to regulate G protein signaling by targeting Ac-MX-Rgs2 proteins for degradation through their N(α)-terminal acetyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Eun Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Mok Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Ok-Hee Seok
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Hanna Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Brandon Wadas
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Alexander Varshavsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Cheol-Sang Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
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21
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Degradation of misfolded proteins in neurodegenerative diseases: therapeutic targets and strategies. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e147. [PMID: 25766616 PMCID: PMC4351408 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells remove misfolded proteins using various proteolytic systems, including the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system (UPS), chaperone mediated autophagy (CMA) and macroautophagy. The majority of misfolded proteins are degraded by the UPS, in which Ub-conjugated substrates are deubiquitinated, unfolded and cleaved into small peptides when passing through the narrow chamber of the proteasome. The substrates that expose a specific degradation signal, the KFERQ sequence motif, can be delivered to and degraded in lysosomes via the CMA. Aggregation-prone substrates resistant to both the UPS and the CMA can be degraded by macroautophagy, in which cargoes are segregated into autophagosomes before degradation by lysosomal hydrolases. Although most misfolded and aggregated proteins in the human proteome can be degraded by cellular protein quality control, some native and mutant proteins prone to aggregation into β-sheet-enriched oligomers are resistant to all known proteolytic pathways and can thus grow into inclusion bodies or extracellular plaques. The accumulation of protease-resistant misfolded and aggregated proteins is a common mechanism underlying protein misfolding disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), prion diseases and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). In this review, we provide an overview of the proteolytic pathways in neurons, with an emphasis on the UPS, CMA and macroautophagy, and discuss the role of protein quality control in the degradation of pathogenic proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we examine existing putative therapeutic strategies to efficiently remove cytotoxic proteins from degenerating neurons.
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22
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Hong JH, Kaustov L, Coyaud E, Srikumar T, Wan J, Arrowsmith C, Raught B. KCMF1 (potassium channel modulatory factor 1) Links RAD6 to UBR4 (ubiquitin N-recognin domain-containing E3 ligase 4) and lysosome-mediated degradation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:674-85. [PMID: 25582440 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.042168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
RAD6 is a ubiquitin E2 protein with roles in a number of different biological processes. Here, using affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry, we identify a number of new RAD6 binding partners, including the poorly characterized ubiquitin E3 ligases KCMF1 (potassium channel modulatory factor 1) and UBR4 (ubiquitin N-recognin domain-containing E3 ligase 4), a protein that can bind N-end rule substrates, and which was recently linked to lysosome-mediated degradation and autophagy. NMR, combined with in vivo and in vitro interaction mapping, demonstrate that the KCMF1 C terminus binds directly to RAD6, whereas N-terminal domains interact with UBR4 and other intracellular vesicle- and mitochondria-associated proteins. KCMF1 and RAD6 colocalize at late endosomes and lysosomes, and cells disrupted for KCMF1 or RAD6 function display defects in late endosome vesicle dynamics. Notably, we also find that two different RAD6A point mutants (R7W and R11Q) found in X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) patients specifically lose the interaction with KCMF1 and UBR4, but not with other previously identified RAD6 interactors. We propose that RAD6-KCMF1-UBR4 represents a unique new E2-E3 complex that targets unknown N-end rule substrates for lysosome-mediated degradation, and that disruption of this complex via RAD6A mutations could negatively affect neuronal function in XLID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny H Hong
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto
| | - Lilia Kaustov
- §Structural Genomics Consortium, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto
| | - Tharan Srikumar
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto
| | - Janet Wan
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto
| | - Cheryl Arrowsmith
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; §Structural Genomics Consortium, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto;
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23
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Gibbs DJ, Bacardit J, Bachmair A, Holdsworth MJ. The eukaryotic N-end rule pathway: conserved mechanisms and diverse functions. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:603-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Korpetinou A, Skandalis SS, Labropoulou VT, Smirlaki G, Noulas A, Karamanos NK, Theocharis AD. Serglycin: at the crossroad of inflammation and malignancy. Front Oncol 2014; 3:327. [PMID: 24455486 PMCID: PMC3888995 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Serglycin has been initially characterized as an intracellular proteoglycan expressed by hematopoietic cells. All inflammatory cells highly synthesize serglycin and store it in granules, where it interacts with numerous inflammatory mediators, such as proteases, chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. Serglycin is implicated in their storage into the granules and their protection since they are secreted as complexes and delivered to their targets after secretion. During the last decade, numerous studies have demonstrated that serglycin is also synthesized by various non-hematopoietic cell types. It has been shown that serglycin is highly expressed by tumor cells and promotes their aggressive phenotype and confers resistance against drugs and complement system attack. Apart from its direct beneficial role to tumor cells, serglycin may promote the inflammatory process in the tumor cell microenvironment thus enhancing tumor development. In the present review, we discuss the role of serglycin in inflammation and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Korpetinou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | | | - Gianna Smirlaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | | | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | - Achilleas D Theocharis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
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25
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Kim HK, Kim RR, Oh JH, Cho H, Varshavsky A, Hwang CS. The N-terminal methionine of cellular proteins as a degradation signal. Cell 2013; 156:158-69. [PMID: 24361105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Arg/N-end rule pathway targets for degradation proteins that bear specific unacetylated N-terminal residues while the Ac/N-end rule pathway targets proteins through their N(α)-terminally acetylated (Nt-acetylated) residues. Here, we show that Ubr1, the ubiquitin ligase of the Arg/N-end rule pathway, recognizes unacetylated N-terminal methionine if it is followed by a hydrophobic residue. This capability of Ubr1 expands the range of substrates that can be targeted for degradation by the Arg/N-end rule pathway because virtually all nascent cellular proteins bear N-terminal methionine. We identified Msn4, Sry1, Arl3, and Pre5 as examples of normal or misfolded proteins that can be destroyed through the recognition of their unacetylated N-terminal methionine. Inasmuch as proteins bearing the Nt-acetylated N-terminal methionine residue are substrates of the Ac/N-end rule pathway, the resulting complementarity of the Arg/N-end rule and Ac/N-end rule pathways enables the elimination of protein substrates regardless of acetylation state of N-terminal methionine in these substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon-Ki Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Ryu-Ryun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jang-Hyun Oh
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Hanna Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Alexander Varshavsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Cheol-Sang Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea.
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Belzil C, Neumayer G, Vassilev AP, Yap KL, Konishi H, Rivest S, Sanada K, Ikura M, Nakatani Y, Nguyen MD. A Ca2+-dependent mechanism of neuronal survival mediated by the microtubule-associated protein p600. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24452-64. [PMID: 23861403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.483107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute and chronic neurodegeneration, Ca(2+) mishandling and disruption of the cytoskeleton compromise neuronal integrity, yet abnormalities in the signaling roles of cytoskeletal proteins remain largely unexplored. We now report that the microtubule-associated protein p600 (also known as UBR4) promotes neuronal survival. Following depletion of p600, glutamate-induced Ca(2+) influx through NMDA receptors, but not AMPA receptors, initiates a degenerative process characterized by endoplasmic reticulum fragmentation and endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. Downstream of NMDA receptors, p600 associates with the calmodulin·calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα complex. A direct and atypical p600/calmodulin interaction is required for neuronal survival. Thus, p600 counteracts specific Ca(2+)-induced death pathways through regulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Belzil
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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