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N J, J T, Sl N, Gt B. Tertiary lymphoid structures and B lymphocytes in cancer prognosis and response to immunotherapies. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1900508. [PMID: 33854820 PMCID: PMC8018489 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1900508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic cellular aggregates that resemble secondary lymphoid organs in their composition and structural organization. In contrast to secondary lymphoid organs, TLS are not imprinted during embryogenesis but are formed in non-lymphoid tissues in response to local inflammation. TLS structures exhibiting a variable degree of maturation are found in solid tumors. They are composed of various immune cell types including dendritic cells and antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes, that together, actively drive the immune response against tumor development and progression. This review highlights the successive steps leading to tumor TLS formation and its association with clinical outcomes. We discuss the role played by tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes and plasma cells, their prognostic value in solid tumors and immunotherapeutic responses and their potential for future targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelot N
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tellier J
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nutt Sl
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Belz Gt
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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2
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Prados A, Kollias G, Koliaraki V. CollagenVI-Cre mice: A new tool to target stromal cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33027. [PMID: 27604178 PMCID: PMC5015111 DOI: 10.1038/srep33027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) are non-hematopoietic cells involved in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. Three major stromal populations have been identified in adult SLOs: fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and marginal reticular cells (MRCs). The properties of these individual populations are not clearly defined, mainly due to the lack of appropriate genetic tools, especially for MRCs. Here, we analyzed stromal cell targeting in SLOs from a transgenic mouse strain that expresses Cre recombinase under the CollagenVI promoter, using lineage tracing approaches. We show that these mice target specifically MRCs and FDCs, but not FRCs in Peyer’s patches and isolated lymphoid follicles in the intestine. In contrast, stromal cells in lymph nodes and the spleen do not express the transgene, which renders ColVI-cre mice ideal for the specific targeting of stromal cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). This funding further supports the hypothesis of organ-specific stromal precursors in SLOs. Interestingly, in all tissues analyzed, there was also high specificity for perivascular cells, which have been proposed to act as FDC precursors. Taken together, ColVI-Cre mice are a useful new tool for the dissection of MRC- and FDC-specific functions and plasticity in the GALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Prados
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - George Kollias
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672 Vari, Greece.,Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Koliaraki
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672 Vari, Greece
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Bennett KM, Parnell EA, Sanscartier C, Parks S, Chen G, Nair MG, Lo DD. Induction of Colonic M Cells during Intestinal Inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1166-79. [PMID: 26948422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal M (microfold) cells are specialized epithelial cells overlying lymphoid tissues in the small intestine. Unlike common enterocytes, M cells lack an organized apical brush border, and are able to transcytose microparticles across the mucosal barrier to underlying antigen-presenting cells. We found that in both the dextran sodium sulfate and Citrobacter rodentium models of colitis, significantly increased numbers of Peyer's patch (PP) phenotype M cells were induced at the peak of inflammation in colonic epithelium, often accompanied by loosely organized lamina propria infiltrates. PP type M cells are thought to be dependent on cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; these cytokines were also found to be induced in the inflamed tissues. The induction of M cells was abrogated by anti-TNF-α blockade, suggesting that anti-TNF-α therapies may have similar effects in clinical settings, although the functional consequences are not clear. Our results suggest that inflammatory cytokine-induced PP type M cells may be a useful correlate of chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaila M Bennett
- Bioengineering Interdepartmental Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California; Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Erinn A Parnell
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Candice Sanscartier
- Bioengineering Interdepartmental Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California; Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Sophia Parks
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Gang Chen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Meera G Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - David D Lo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California.
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4
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Noort AR, van Zoest KPM, van Baarsen LG, Maracle CX, Helder B, Papazian N, Romera-Hernandez M, Tak PP, Cupedo T, Tas SW. Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Rheumatoid Arthritis: NF-κB-Inducing Kinase-Positive Endothelial Cells as Central Players. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1935-43. [PMID: 25963989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) in chronic inflammation, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue (ST), often contain high endothelial venules and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). Endothelial cell (EC)-specific lymphotoxin β (LTβ) receptor signaling is critical for the formation of lymph nodes and high endothelial venules. FDCs arise from perivascular platelet-derived growth factor receptor β(+) precursor cells (preFDCs) that require specific group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) and LTβ for their expansion. Previously, we showed that RA ST contains ECs that express NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), which is pivotal in LTβ-induced noncanonical NF-κB signaling. We studied the relation between NIK(+) ECs, (pre)FDCs, and ILC3s with respect to TLSs in RA ST. TLS(+) tissues exhibited a significantly increased expression of genes involved in noncanonical NF-κB signaling, including NIK, and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that NIK was almost exclusively expressed by ECs. ILC3s were present in human RA ST in very low numbers, but not differentially in TLS(+) tissues. In contrast, TLS(+) tissues contained significantly more NIK(+) ECs and perivascular platelet-derived growth factor receptor β(+) preFDCs, which correlated significantly with the quantity of FDCs. We established a strong link between NIK(+) ECs, (pre)FDCs, and the presence of TLSs, indicating that NIK(+) ECs may not only be important orchestrators of lymph node development but also contribute to the formation of TLSs in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae R Noort
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katinka P M van Zoest
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa G van Baarsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chrissta X Maracle
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Boy Helder
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natalie Papazian
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monica Romera-Hernandez
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul P Tak
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Cupedo
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander W Tas
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Colombo BM, Scalvenzi T, Benlamara S, Pollet N. Microbiota and mucosal immunity in amphibians. Front Immunol 2015; 6:111. [PMID: 25821449 PMCID: PMC4358222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We know that animals live in a world dominated by bacteria. In the last 20 years, we have learned that microbes are essential regulators of mucosal immunity. Bacteria, archeas, and viruses influence different aspects of mucosal development and function. Yet, the literature mainly covers findings obtained in mammals. In this review, we focus on two major themes that emerge from the comparative analysis of mammals and amphibians. These themes concern: (i) the structure and functions of lymphoid organs and immune cells in amphibians, with a focus on the gut mucosal immune system; and (ii) the characteristics of the amphibian microbiota and its influence on mucosal immunity. Lastly, we propose to use Xenopus tadpoles as an alternative small-animal model to improve the fundamental knowledge on immunological functions of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Colombo
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne , Evry , France
| | - Thibault Scalvenzi
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne , Evry , France
| | - Sarah Benlamara
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne , Evry , France
| | - Nicolas Pollet
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, CNRS , Evry , France ; Evolution, Genome, Comportement et Ecologie, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, IRD , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
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Kain MJW, Owens BMJ. Stromal cell regulation of homeostatic and inflammatory lymphoid organogenesis. Immunology 2013; 140:12-21. [PMID: 23621403 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs function to increase the efficiency of interactions between rare, antigen-specific lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells, concentrating antigen and lymphocytes in a supportive environment that facilitates the initiation of an adaptive immune response. Homeostatic lymphoid tissue organogenesis proceeds via exquisitely controlled spatiotemporal interactions between haematopoietic lymphoid tissue inducer populations and multiple subsets of non-haematopoietic stromal cells. However, it is becoming clear that in a range of inflammatory contexts, ectopic or tertiary lymphoid tissues can develop inappropriately under pathological stress. Here we summarize the role of stromal cells in the development of homeostatic lymphoid tissue, and assess emerging evidence that suggests a critical role for stromal involvement in the tertiary lymphoid tissue development associated with chronic infections and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J W Kain
- University of Oxford Medical School, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Wichner K, Fischer A, Winter S, Tetzlaff S, Heimesaat MM, Bereswill S, Rehm A, Lipp M, Höpken UE. Transition from an autoimmune-prone state to fatal autoimmune disease in CCR7 and RORγt double-deficient mice is dependent on gut microbiota. J Autoimmun 2013; 47:58-72. [PMID: 24075646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is associated with a strong genetic component, but onset and persistence of clinically apparent autoimmune diseases often require an additional environmental trigger. The balance between immunity and tolerance is regulated by numerous molecular factors including nuclear hormone and homeostatic chemokine receptors. The nuclear hormone receptor RORγt and the chemokine receptor CCR7 are both essentially involved in functional lymphoid organogenesis and maintenance of lymphocyte homeostasis. Lack of one or the other impairs thymic T cell development and alters T cell homeostasis. Mice deficient for both, Ccr7(-/-)Rorγt(-/-), succumbed early to acute destructive inflammation, characterized by massive recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes, pro-inflammatory cytokine and autoantibody production, and wasting disease. Antibiotic-treatment of mice before disease onset reduced the overall gut microflora and abrogated the development of fatal mucosal inflammation. Hence, commensal bacteria and a confined tissue-specific inflammatory milieu serve as complementary trigger to initiate the lethal pathophysiologic process in Ccr7(-/-)Rorγt(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wichner
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, MDC, Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Berlin 13125, Germany
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Morgan ME, Zheng B, Koelink PJ, van de Kant HJG, Haazen LCJM, van Roest M, Garssen J, Folkerts G, Kraneveld AD. New perspective on dextran sodium sulfate colitis: antigen-specific T cell development during intestinal inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69936. [PMID: 23936123 PMCID: PMC3723715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cell responses against oral antigens can develop in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, which may modulate disease. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis is commonly used to study IBD, however, it is not considered the best model in which to study T cell involvement in intestinal disease. Our aim was to determine if antigen-specific T cells could be induced during DSS colitis and if they could be detected after disease resolution. To induce antigen-specific T cells, the tracking antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), was administered orally during colitis initiation. Disease severity was monitored, and the antigen-reactivity of CD4+ T cells examined using CD69 expression. While OVA-directed, CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells could be detected in the spleens of both OVA-treated control and DSS mice, OVA-reactive, CD4+ Foxp3-T cells were only found in the OVA and DSS-treated mice. These results indicate that during DSS colitis T cells develop that are specific against oral antigens, and they are found systemically after colitis resolution. This gives added depth and utility to the DSS model as well as a way to track T cells that are primed against luminal antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Morgan
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Nakagawa R, Togawa A, Nagasawa T, Nishikawa SI. Peyer’s Patch Inducer Cells Play a Leading Role in the Formation of B and T Cell Zone Architecture. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3309-18. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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