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Misiakiewicz-Has K, Maciejewska-Markiewicz D, Szypulska-Koziarska D, Kolasa A, Wiszniewska B. The Influence of Soy Isoflavones and Soy Isoflavones with Inulin on Kidney Morphology, Fatty Acids, and Associated Parameters in Rats with and without Induced Diabetes Type 2. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5418. [PMID: 38791455 PMCID: PMC11121859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus resulting from hyperglycemia stands as the primary cause of diabetic kidney disease. Emerging evidence suggests that plasma concentrations of soy isoflavones, substances with well-established antidiabetic properties, rise following supplemental inulin administration. The investigation encompassed 36 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats segregated into two cohorts: non-diabetic and diabetic, induced with type 2 diabetes (high-fat diet + two intraperitoneal streptozotocin injections). Each cohort was further divided into three subgroups (n = 6): control, isoflavone-treated, and isoflavone plus inulin-treated rats. Tail blood glucose and ketone levels were gauged. Upon termination, blood samples were drawn directly from the heart for urea, creatinine, and HbA1c/HbF analyses. One kidney per rat underwent histological (H-E) and immunohistochemical assessments (anti-AQP1, anti-AQP2, anti-AVPR2, anti-SLC22A2, anti-ACC-alpha, anti-SREBP-1). The remaining kidney underwent fatty acid methyl ester analysis. Results unveiled notable alterations in water intake, body and kidney mass, kidney morphology, fatty acids, AQP2, AVPR2, AcetylCoA, SREBP-1, blood urea, creatinine, and glucose levels in control rats with induced type 2 diabetes. Isoflavone supplementation exhibited favorable effects on plasma urea, plasma urea/creatinine ratio, glycemia, water intake, and kidney mass, morphology, and function in type 2 diabetic rats. Additional inulin supplementation frequently modulated the action of soy isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Misiakiewicz-Has
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (D.S.-K.); (A.K.); (B.W.)
| | | | - Dagmara Szypulska-Koziarska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (D.S.-K.); (A.K.); (B.W.)
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (D.S.-K.); (A.K.); (B.W.)
| | - Barbara Wiszniewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (D.S.-K.); (A.K.); (B.W.)
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Duru KC, Mukhlynina EA, Moroz GA, Gette IF, Danilova IG, Kovaleva EG. Anti-diabetic effect of isoflavone rich kudzu root extract in experimentally induced diabetic rats. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Babashahi M, Mirlohi M, Ghiasvand R, Azadbakht L, Mosharaf L, Torki-Baghbadorani S. Effects of Probiotic Soy Milk Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum A7 (KC 355240) added with Cuminum Cyminum Essential Oil on Fasting Blood Glucose Levels, Serum Lipid Profile and Body Weight in Diabetic Wistar Rats. Int J Prev Med 2020; 11:8. [PMID: 32089808 PMCID: PMC7011457 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_541_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is some separate evidence that probiotic soy milk and Cuminum cyminum (C. cyminum) have positive effects on the prevention and reduction of diabetic complications. While the impact of probiotic soymilk mixed with herbal essential oils has not been investigated so far, the objective of this study is to examine the effects of probiotic soy milk using Lactobacillus plantarum A7 (KC 355240) added with essential oil of C. cyminum on diabetic rats. Methods: 50 streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) induced diabetic Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Control group (C group), soy milk group (SM group), probiotic soy milk group (PSM group), soy milk containing essential oil of C. cyminum group (SMC group) and probiotic soy milk containing essential oil of C. cyminum group (PSMC group). The animals consumed these products (1 ml/day) for 30 days. The fasting blood glucose (FBS), the serum lipid levels, and body weight variation were analyzed in 10-day intervals. Results: FBS, total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) decreased significantly, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased in the PSMC group compared with that of other groups (P < 0.05). This product also led to weight gain (P < 0.05). Conclusions: A mixture of probiotic soy milk and herbal essential oil consumption could impose a positive effect on reducing FBS as well as serum lipid profile in STZ- NA diabetes-induced rat. Also, it results in an increase in their weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Babashahi
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mirlohi
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Food Sciences and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Ghiasvand
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Laleh Mosharaf
- Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Isfahan Center for the Research of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sahar Torki-Baghbadorani
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Food Sciences and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Duru K, Kovaleva E, Danilova I, van der Bijl P, Belousova A. The potential beneficial role of isoflavones in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Res 2018; 59:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Kaneta H, Koda M, Saito S, Imoto M, Kawada M, Yamazaki Y, Momose I, Shindo K. Biological activities of unique isoflavones prepared from Apios americana Medik. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:774-8. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1127132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Four unique isoflavone aglycones (barpisoflavone A (1), 2′-hydroxygenistein (2), 5-methylgenistein (3), and gerontoisoflavone A (4)) whose structures were related to genistein were prepared from the tuber of Apios americana Medik. We examined the estrogen receptor and androgen receptor binding activities, estrogen agonistic activities, antioxidant activities, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of 1–4. The results obtained showed that 2 possessed potent and 1, 3, and 4 possessed moderate estrogen partial agonistic activities, 1 and 2 possessed moderate antioxidant activities, and 2 and 3 possessed moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Kaneta
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mina Koda
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Saito
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaya Imoto
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Manabu Kawada
- Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Numazu, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamazaki
- Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Numazu, Japan
| | - Isao Momose
- Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Numazu, Japan
| | - Kazuoshi Shindo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan
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El-Kordy EA, Alshahrani AM. Effect of genistein, a natural soy isoflavone, on pancreatic β-cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Histological and immunohistochemical study. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2015; 3:108-119. [PMID: 30023190 PMCID: PMC6014279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the oldest disorders that is rapidly emerging as a global health problem. Soy genistein is a legume that has numerous health benefits. This work aimed to study the effect of different doses of genistein on histological, immunohistochemical and morphometrical changes in β-cells of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and to correlate these effects with plasma glucose and insulin levels. Fifty adult male rats were divided into five equal groups. Group I served as a control. Group II received genistein. Group III comprised STZ-induced diabetic rats. Group IV diabetic animals treated with low dosage genistein. Group V diabetic animals treated with high dosage genistein. Genistein was given for 4 weeks after STZ injection. Rats were sacrificed and pancreatic specimens were taken for light and electron microscopic examination. Blood samples were collected for detection of serum glucose and insulin levels. After diabetic induction, the islets appeared shrunken with cytoplasmic vacuolation of their cells and negative insulin immunoreaction. Ultrastructurally, β-cells showed darkly stained nuclei with marked loss of granules. Morphometrically, significant loss of β-cells was detected. The serum insulin level was decreased with elevation in the serum glucose. High-dose but not low-dose genistein improved the morphology of islets with increased insulin immunoreaction. Genistein also significantly decreased β-cells loss and improved glucose and insulin levels. In conclusion, genistein has a protective effect on pancreatic β-cells damage, possesses the ability to regenerate β-cells and improves serum levels of insulin and glucose in STZ-induced diabetic rats in a dosage-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Ali El-Kordy
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
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Hosseini M, Asgary S, Najafi S. Inhibitory potential of pure isoflavonoids, red clover, and alfalfa extracts on hemoglobin glycosylation. ARYA ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2015; 11:133-8. [PMID: 26405442 PMCID: PMC4568198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-enzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin is complications of diabetes. Antioxidant system imbalance can result in the emergence of free radicals' destructive effects in the long-term. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) contain isoflavonoids and have antioxidant activity. This experimental study evaluated the inhibitory activity of pure isoflavonoids (daidzein and genistein), red clover and alfalfa extracts on hemoglobin glycosylation. METHODS This study was performed in Iran. Stock solution of hydroalcoholic extracts of red clover and alfalfa in concentrations of 1 and 10 g/100 ml and stock solution of daidzein and genistein in concentrations of 250 ng, 500 ng, 25 µg and 250 µg/100 ml were prepared as case groups. Control group was without hydroalcoholic extracts of plants and pure isoflavonoids. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Hemoglobin was prepared and antioxidant activities were investigated to estimate degree of nonenzymatic hemoglobin glycosylation. RESULTS There was no significantly difference between used extracts (extract of red clover and alfalfa) and control of the hemoglobin glycosylation but using daidzein (P = 0.046, 0.029 and 0.021, respectively) and genistein (P = 0.034, 0.036 and 0.028) significantly inhibited (P < 0.050) this reaction in 25 µg/100 ml, 250 and 500 ng/100 ml concentrations when compared to control. in 25 µg/100 ml, 250 ng and 500 ng/100 ml concentrations percentage of inhibition were 32, 80 and 74.5% respectively with used of daidzein and were 21, 83 and 76% respectively with consumption of genistein. CONCLUSION According to decrease of glycation of hemoglobin with isoflavonoids, two used plant in this study containing isoflavonoid may be useful on diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Hosseini
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Asgary
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Najafi
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Mohammadi Sartang M, Mazloomi SM, Tanideh N, Rezaian Zadeh A. The Effects of Probiotic Soymilk Fortified with Omega-3 on Blood Glucose, Lipid Profile, Haematological and Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Parameters in Streptozotocin Nicotinamide-Induced Diabetic Rats. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:696372. [PMID: 26347893 PMCID: PMC4548139 DOI: 10.1155/2015/696372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of probiotic soymilk fortified with omega-3 in diabetic rats. METHODS Soymilk (SM), fermented soymilk (FSM), and fermented soymilk fortified with omega-3 (FSM + omega-3) were prepared. Rats were randomly assigned to five groups of 13 animals per group. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) 15 min after the intraperitoneal administration of nicotinamide (NA). Normal control (NC) and diabetic control (DC) rats received 1 mL/day of distilled water and three groups of diabetic rats were given 1 mL/day of SM, FSM, and FSM + omega-3 products by oral gavage for 28 days. RESULTS Three products significantly (P < 0.05) reduced blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations compared to the DC group, with the maximum reduction seen in the FSM + omega-3 group. Body weight, red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) also significantly increased in the FSM + omega-3 group. In the FSM + omega-3 group, MDA level compared with the SM and FSM groups and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentrations compared with the DC and FSM groups were significantly lower (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Fermented soymilk fortified with omega-3 may be beneficial in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mohammadi Sartang
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7153675541, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7153675541, Iran
- *Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi:
| | - Nader Tanideh
- Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134874478, Iran
| | - Abbas Rezaian Zadeh
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7153675541, Iran
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Sawada N, Iwasaki M, Yamaji T, Shimazu T, Sasazuki S, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Fiber intake and risk of subsequent prostate cancer in Japanese men. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:118-25. [PMID: 25527755 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.089581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fiber may reduce the risk of prostate cancer, possibly by increasing circulating concentrations of sex hormone-binding globulin and improving insulin sensitivity. However, results from previous epidemiologic studies of fiber intake and prostate cancer are inconsistent, and to our knowledge, no study has comprehensively evaluated the effects of soluble and insoluble fiber on prostate cancer in Asia. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine the association between fiber intake and prostate cancer in Japanese men. DESIGN We conducted a population-based prospective study in 43,435 Japanese men aged 45-74 y. Participants responded to a validated questionnaire, which included 138 food items. Follow-up was from 1995 through 2009. HRs and 95% CIs of incidence were calculated according to quartiles of fiber intake. RESULTS During the 11.6-y follow-up, of the 825 men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer, 213 had advanced-stage cancer, 582 had organ-localized disease, and 30 had an undetermined stage of disease. Among them, 217 cases were detected by subjective symptoms. Total fiber was not associated with total or advanced prostate cancer, with respective multivariable HRs for the highest and lowest quartiles of 1.00 (95% CI: 0.77, 1.29; P-trend = 0.97) and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.42, 1.07; P-trend = 0.30). Total fiber and insoluble fiber intake were associated with a decreased risk of advanced cancers detected by subjective symptoms, with multivariate HRs (95% CIs) across increasing quartiles of 1.00, 0.58, 0.62, and 0.44 (0.21, 0.92; P-trend = 0.05) for total fiber and 1.00, 0.60, 0.52, and 0.46 (0.22, 0.93; P-trend = 0.04) for insoluble fiber. Soluble fiber intake showed no association with prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS Dietary fiber is inversely associated with advanced prostate cancer detected by subjective symptoms even among populations with relatively low intake, such as Japanese. These results suggest that a very low intake of dietary fiber is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norie Sawada
- From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (NS, M Iwasaki, TY, TS, SS, M Inoue, and ST), and AXA Department of Health and Human Security, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M Inoue)
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (NS, M Iwasaki, TY, TS, SS, M Inoue, and ST), and AXA Department of Health and Human Security, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M Inoue)
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (NS, M Iwasaki, TY, TS, SS, M Inoue, and ST), and AXA Department of Health and Human Security, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M Inoue)
| | - Taichi Shimazu
- From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (NS, M Iwasaki, TY, TS, SS, M Inoue, and ST), and AXA Department of Health and Human Security, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M Inoue)
| | - Shizuka Sasazuki
- From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (NS, M Iwasaki, TY, TS, SS, M Inoue, and ST), and AXA Department of Health and Human Security, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M Inoue)
| | - Manami Inoue
- From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (NS, M Iwasaki, TY, TS, SS, M Inoue, and ST), and AXA Department of Health and Human Security, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M Inoue)
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- From the Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan (NS, M Iwasaki, TY, TS, SS, M Inoue, and ST), and AXA Department of Health and Human Security, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M Inoue)
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Shim JY, Kim YJ, Lee HS. Effects of soybean isoflavone extract on the plasma lipid profiles and antioxidant enzyme activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nutr Res Pract 2008; 2:218-26. [PMID: 20016722 PMCID: PMC2788194 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2008.2.4.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of various dosages of soybean isoflavone extract on lipid profiles, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The one normal control group was fed an AIN-76-based experimental diet and four diabetic groups were fed the same diet, supplemented with four different levels of soybean isoflavone extract for seven weeks. The daily dosages of pure isoflavone for four diabetic groups were set to be 0 mg (diabetic control), 0.5 mg (ISO-I), 3.0 mg (ISO-II) and 30.0 mg (ISO-III) per kilogram of body weight, respectively. The plasma total cholesterol levels and the TBA-reactive substances contents in the liver and kidney were significantly lowered in ISO-II and ISO-III groups compared to those in the diabetic control group. The levels of plasma HDL-cholesterol, plasma vitamin A and hepatic superoxide dismutase were significantly increased in those two groups compared with the diabetic control group. The present study demonstrated the possibility that the diets supplemented with 3.0 mg and 30.0 mg of soybean isoflavone extract may have beneficial effects on the plasma lipids, tissue lipid peroxidation and partly on antioxidant system in diabetic animals and there were no significant differences between the ISO-II and ISO-III groups. The results suggest that the effective daily dosage level of isoflavone for improving lipid metabolism in diabetic rats may be above 3.0 mg per kilogram body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Youn Shim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Puk-ku, Daegu 702-701, Korea
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