Association between dairy product intake and hypertriglyceridemia in Korean adults

The relationship between the intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products and dyslipidemia in STEPs study

OBJECTIVE

Due to the contradictory findings and the lack of a comprehensive study investigating the relationship between fruits, vegetables, and dairy intake with lipid profiles in Iran, the present study was conducted to further assess the potential role of fruits, vegetables, and dairy intake in influencing blood lipid levels.

RESULTS

The mean age and body mass index (BMI) of the participants were 46.67 ± 15.48 years and 26.89 ± 5.09 kg/m2, respectively. Regarding lipid profiles, the mean levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were 127.36 ± 81.13, 163.61 ± 36.52, 96.95 ± 31.24, and 41.23 ± 11.32, respectively. In the adjusted model, the odds of abnormal triglyceride levels decreased with the consumption of one serving (odds ratio (OR)= 0.90; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.83-0.98) and two servings of dairy products (OR = 0.87; 95% CI 0.78-0.97). No significant association was observed for the other variables.

Comparison of diet quality indices for predicting metabolic syndrome in Iran: cross-sectional findings from the persian cohort study

BACKGROUND

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises metabolic irregularities, including hypertension and central obesity, which are influenced by genetic, metabolic, environmental, and dietary factors. As diet and lifestyle are risk factors for MetS, it is important to know which diet quality index better predicts MetS. The aim of this study is to compare the ability of different diet quality indices in predicting MetS and to identify the most effective one.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study involved 5,206 participants aged 35 to 70 engaged in the Prospective Epidemiological Research Study in Iran (PERSIAN) cohort. Assessment of one year's food intake via a validated 134-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) facilitated the calculation of adherence to five diet quality indices: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Mediterranean, Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND), Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), and Diet Quality Indices (DQI). While bivariate Pearson correlation and binary logistic regression aided in identifying the strongest correlation and predictor for MetS among the indices.

RESULTS

This study showed a significant association between adhering to the DASH diet score, Mediterranean diet score, MIND diet score, DII score, and DQI score, and the odds of developing MetS (OR: 0.94, (95% CI: 0.93-0.95), OR: 0.85, (95% CI: 0.81-0.89), OR: 0.84, (95% CI: 0.80-0.89), OR: 1.22, (95%CI: 1.11-1.34), OR: 0.95, (95%CI 0.94-0.96) respectively). Therefore, with each unit increase in DASH diet score, Mediterranean diet score, MIND diet score, DII score, and DQI score, the odds of MetS was reduced by 5.4%, 14.5%, 15.6%, 22%, 5%, respectively. All the indices were correlated with the intake of most of the micronutrients, with the strongest correlations being observed in the DII. DASH diet score aligned with the most favourable MetS biomarker risk, while DII score primarily associated with MetS and could be considered as a predictor for MetS.

CONCLUSION

The present study's findings reveal that between all these five diet quality indices, the DASH diet score correlates strongly with a favourable biomarker risk profile, while the DII score is predominantly linked to MetS.

Dairy intake and cardiovascular diseases risk factors: a cross-sectional study on Iranian obese and overweight women

OBJECTIVE

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Dietary interventions can directly affect several ASCVD risk factors. This study aimed to assess an association between dairy consumption and the odds of ASCVD and its risk factors in women with overweight and obesity.

METHODS

The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 390 Iranian women aged 18-48 years and body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m². Dairy consumption was assessed using a 147-item food frequency questionnaire. Participants were divided into tertiles based on their dairy consumption with 130 (33.3%) women in each category.

RESULTS

The participants had an average age of 36.73 ± 9.18 years, and the mean BMI was 31.28 ± 4.30 kg/m2. In the unadjusted model, individuals in the third tertile of dairy consumption had 0.79 times lower odds of ASCVD compared to those in the first tertile (OR: 0.21; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.11, 0.41; P-value = 0.001). Additionally, we observed a significant inverse relationship between higher dairy intake and adiposity markers, blood pressure, and Triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI).

CONCLUSION

The study revealed a negative association between dairy intake and the risk of ASCVD but this association diminished after adjusting for confounding factors. It also found a negative association between dairy consumption with BMI, fat mass index, body fat, blood pressure, and TyG-BMI.

An eight-week randomized intervention study on Korean adults to evaluate the effect of milk intake on obesity

The anti-obesity effect of milk intake has been suggested via a variety of designed studies, but findings of obesity interventions for Korean adults are scarcely reported. The study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effect of cow milk in Korean adults with an 8-wk randomized intervention. A total of 121 adults overweight aged 19 to 60 yr old were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 groups: milk or control. During the intervention, both groups were encouraged 500 kcal of restriction a day, and the milk group consumed 200 mL of milk twice a day; the same energy intake as the control group, including milk intake, was recommended for 8 wk. We detected no significant differences in body weight (BW) and body mass index (BMI) between the milk and control groups during the 8-wk intervention, although the changes in BW and BMI of those within the milk group were significant. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and serum calcium levels increased significantly in the milk group compared with the control group. Calcium, phosphorus, vitamin A, and riboflavin intakes increased significantly, when compared with the control. In conclusion, 8-wk milk consumption had no effect on weight loss and BMI change but improved some blood biomarkers and nutrient intake in Korean adults who were overweight. To evaluate the effect of milk on obesity reduction, well-designed, long-term, and large-scale studies are needed.

Dietary Patterns of Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes

Given the worldwide high prevalence of type 2 diabetes, the prevention and control of this disease has become an urgent priority. In this research, we report the results from a cross-sectional study conducted in the counties of Suceava and Iasi, northeast of Romania, on 587 patients with type 2 diabetes and 264 patients with prediabetes. By employing a factor analysis (principal component) on 14 food groups followed by varimax orthogonal rotation, three dietary patterns were identified for each group. In prediabetes, a low adherence to a specific dietary pattern (1 and 2) was associated with lower fasting plasma glucose, blood pressure and serum insulin, compared to increased adherence. In patients with diabetes, a low adherence to Pattern 1 was associated with lower systolic blood pressures, while a low adherence to Pattern 3 was associated with a lower HbA1c, compared to high adherence. Statistically significant differences between the groups were observed for fats and oils, fish and fish products, fruit, potatoes, sugars, preserves and snacks intake. The study demonstrated that certain food patterns are associated with increased blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and serum insulin.

Comparison of Intake of Food Groups Based on Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Middle-Age Population of Lower Silesia: Results of the PURE Poland Study

Chronic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of many non-infectious diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), a leading cause of death in Europe. The aim of the study was to assess the inflammatory potential of the diets of participants enrolled in the Polish arm of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study, evaluate the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) score with the dietary content, and to determine the correlation of DII score with selected anthropometric parameters and biochemical risk factors for CVD. Diets were assessed with the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Among participants with pro-inflammatory diets, we reported higher mean values of triglycerides (TG), fasting glucose (FG), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and the Castelli's risk index (CRI) in the group of men and women, and higher waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in the group of women. Pro-inflammatory diets were associated with higher intake of refined grains, sweets, juices, red meat, high-fat cheese and cream, alcohol, fats except for vegetable oils, potatoes, sugar and honey, French fries, fried fish, and processed/high-fat poultry. Moreover, study participants with pro-inflammatory diets consumed more milk, low-fat dairy, and eggs associated with unhealthy dietary habits, but this should not be considered as an independent CVD risk factor. Anthropometric and biochemical outcomes were more favorable among study participants who consumed more vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds, raisins, pulses, low-fat poultry, and tea. However, association of beverage consumption with dietary inflammatory potential requires further study.

Association of milk consumption with management and incidence of hypertension among South Korean adults: A prospective analysis of the health examinees study cohort

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Studies have revealed a positive relationship between milk consumption and hypertension. However, few researchers have investigated the association between milk consumption and changes in blood pressure (BP) in South Korean adults. Therefore, we examined the association between milk intake and the management and risk of hypertension in South Korean adults.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Participants were selected from the Health Examinees study. The definition of hypertension was based on the guidelines of the Korean Society of Hypertension. The participants were divided into three groups according to changes between baseline and follow-up BP data. Milk consumption was assessed using food frequency questionnaires. In both men and women, the higher milk consumption group had increased odds of trends of BP improvement (OR: 1.249, 95% CI: 1.043-1.496, p for trend: 0.2271 in men; OR: 1.147, 95% CI: 1.014-1.297, p for trend: 0.0293 in women) and decreased odds of trends of worsening (OR: 0.861, 95% CI: 0.756-0.980, p for trend: <0.0001 in men, OR: 0.866, 95% CI: 0.794-0.943, p for trend: 0.0010 in women) compared to those of the non-consumption group. In the prospective study, milk intake was inversely associated with hypertension risk (HR: 0.900, 95% CI: 0.811-0.999, p for trend: 0.0076 in men; HR: 0.879, 95% CI: 0.814-0.949, p for trend: 0.0002 in women).

CONCLUSION

Increased intake of milk was inversely related to the risk of increased BP, with a decreased risk of hypertension events.

Dairy Product Consumption and Type 2 Diabetes among Korean Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study Based on the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study

OBJECTIVES

It has been suggested that the consumption of dairy products helps lower the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We investigated the association between the consumption of dairy products and T2D events in middle-aged Korean adults.

METHODS

We followed up 53,288 participants (16,895 male and 36,393 female) in the Health Examinees (HEXA) study. The consumption of dairy products was assessed using the self-administered food frequency questionnaire, and T2D was defined according to the 2015 treatment guidelines of the Korean Diabetes Association. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between the consumption of dairy products and the risk of T2D were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models after adjusting for potential confounders. Spline regression was used to better represent the association between the consumption of dairy products and the risk of T2D.

RESULTS

Among male, those with higher consumption of dairy products had a significantly lower risk of T2D than those who consumed essentially no dairy products (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.91). In particular, consumption of yogurt (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.93; p_trend=0.035) and cheese (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.89; p_trend=0.005) was negatively associated with the incidence of T2D in male. In female, daily consumption of 1 serving of yogurt decreased the risk of T2D by 11%.

CONCLUSIONS

The association between the consumption of dairy products and the risk of T2D differed by sex and dairy product type. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these associations.

Association Between Dietary Patterns and Dyslipidemia in Korean Women

Background:

The prevalence of dyslipidemia among Korean women differs significantly according to menopausal status. This study aimed to identify major dietary patterns among Korean women and examine their associations with the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its components.

Methods:

This study recruited 6,166 women from the Cancer Screenee Cohort 2007–2019 from the National Cancer Center of Korea. Dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between dietary patterns and the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its components, including hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypo-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and hyper-low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Stratification analyses were performed for the premenopausal and postmenopausal subgroups.

Results:

The factor analysis identified three main dietary patterns, including traditional, western, and prudent dietary patterns. Compared with those with the lowest pattern scores, those with the highest pattern scores of the traditional (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.05–1.67) and western (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.11–1.78) diets had a higher prevalence of hyper-LDL cholesterol. When accounting for menopausal status in the analysis, traditional (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.10–1.89) and western (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.09–1.88) diets were still associated with hyper-LDL cholesterol in postmenopausal women. Additionally, consumption of a traditional diet was associated with a decreased prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.54–0.99), and consumption of a western diet was associated with an increased prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.11–1.79) but a reduced prevalence of hypo-HDL cholesterol (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.36–0.99). However, the prudent dietary pattern was not significantly associated with dyslipidemia and its components in the group of all women or the subgroups according to menopausal status.

Conclusion:

There were significant associations between the traditional and western dietary patterns and hyper-LDL cholesterol in the entire group and postmenopausal subgroup of women. In the perspective of energy restriction, our findings recommend women not to eat either traditional or western diets excessively or too frequently. Menopause may induce the effect of both the traditional diet on triglyceride reduction and the western diet on increasing total cholesterol.

Association between Milk Intake and All-Cause Mortality among Chinese Adults: A Prospective Study

BACKGROUND

Little is known about the effect of milk intake on all-cause mortality among Chinese adults. The present study aimed to explore the association between milk intake and all-cause mortality in the Chinese population.

METHODS

Data from 1997 to 2015 of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were used. A total of 14,738 participants enrolled in the study. Dietary data were obtained by three day 24-h dietary recall. All-cause mortality was assessed according to information reported. The association between milk intake and all-cause mortality were explored using Cox regression and further stratified with different levels of dietary diversity score (DDS) and energy intake.

RESULTS

11,975 (81.25%) did not consume milk, 1341 (9.10%) and 1422 (9.65%) consumed 0.1-2 portions/week and >2 portions/week, respectively. Milk consumption of 0.1-2 portions/week was related to the decreased all-cause mortality (HR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.41-0.85). In stratified analysis, consuming 0.1-2 portions/week was associated with decreased all-cause mortality among people with high DDS and energy intake.

CONCLUSIONS

Milk intake is low among Chinese adults. Consuming 0.1-2 portions of milk/week might be associated with the reduced risk of death among Chinese adults by advocating health education. Further research is required to investigate the relationships between specific dairy products and cause-specific mortality.

Differing Nutrient Intake and Dietary Patterns According to the Presence of Hyper-Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterolemia or Hypertriglyceridemia

Dietary choices may have differing effects on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglyceride levels. The aim of this study was to investigate daily nutrient intake and dietary patterns of individuals with hyper-low-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia (hLDL) and hypertriglyceridemia (hTG) in a large Korean population-based study using propensity score (PS) matching. This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Propensity score values for the predicted probability of patients with hLDL or hTG were estimated using logistic regression analysis, with age, sex, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking status, physical activity status, hypertension, and diabetes. After PS matching, intake of carbohydrates (%) was significantly lower (p = 0.021), and intake of fats (%) and saturated fatty acids (%) was significantly higher in the hLDL group than in the non-hLDL group (p = 0.025 and p = 0.013, respectively). The percentage of individuals with a high score for the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) "whole grains" or "saturated fatty acids" components was higher in the non-hLDL group than in the hLDL group (p < 0.05 for both). Dietary sodium/potassium ratio was significantly higher in the hTG than in the non-hTG (p = 0.049). Our results suggest that individualized dietary information and counseling require consideration of a person's specific lipid levels.

Dairy Consumption and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: Results from Korean Population and Meta-Analysis

Dairy consumption has been associated with decreased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in previous studies, but the association may be different according to each type of dairy products and its subgroups. Thus, we conducted an updated meta-analysis of observational studies to examine the association between various dairy products and risk of MetS. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for eligible studies published up to February 2021. In addition, we included unpublished results from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2018, including 23,319 Korean adults and the elderly. A total of 35 studies (12 cohort studies and 25 cross-sectional studies) with 398,877 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled relative risks (RR) of MetS for the highest versus lowest categories of dairy consumption was 0.80 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72-0.88]. For the type of dairy products, there were also significant inverse associations with milk (RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.78-0.89) and yogurt consumption (RR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.83-0.95). For cheese consumption, however, no significant association was found (RR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.86-1.11). Our findings suggest that milk and yogurt consumption is inversely associated with the risk of MetS, but not cheese consumption.

Dairy Consumption and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults and Elderly People

Background: To investigate the association of dairy consumption with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a representative sample of Korean adult and elderly population. Methods: We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2018. A total of 18,206 adults (19-64 years) and 5113 elderly people (≥65 years) were included in the analysis. Dairy product consumption was assessed with a 24-hr dietary recall, and the subjects were divided into three groups based on their total dairy consumption (0, <1, ≥1 serving/day). The primary outcome, MetS, was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. Results: After adjusting for covariates, high dairy consumption was associated with 12% lower odds of MetS in adults compared with no dairy consumption [odds ratio (OR) 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78-0.998, P for trend = 0.048]. A similar inverse association was found in adult men (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.71-0.99), but no significant association was found in adult women (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.78-1.11). For the elderly, high dairy consumption was associated with 20% lower odds of MetS (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.65-0.98, P for trend = 0.020); a significant inverse association was shown in elderly women (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.56-0.94) but not in elderly men (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.68-1.28). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that one or more servings/day of dairy products were associated with lower prevalence of MetS in Korean adult men and elderly women.