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López-Cano AA, Martínez-Aguilar V, Peña-Juárez MG, López-Esparza R, Delgado-Alvarado E, Gutiérrez-Castañeda EJ, Del Angel-Monroy M, Pérez E, Herrera-May AL, Gonzalez-Calderon JA. Chemically Modified Nanoparticles for Enhanced Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties with Cinnamon Essential Oil. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2057. [PMID: 38136177 PMCID: PMC10740917 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the potential of different nanoparticles (TiO2, CaCO3, and Al2O3), considering their pure form and modified with cinnamon essential oil (CEO). These materials were characterized using various techniques, including FTIR spectroscopy, XRD analysis, TGA, and SEM. The interaction between CEO and nanoparticles changed depending on the nanoparticle type. Al2O3 nanoparticles exhibited the strongest interaction with CEO, increasing their antioxidant capacity by around 40% and their transfer of antimicrobial properties, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria. In contrast, TiO2 and CaCO3 nanoparticles showed limited interaction with CEO, resulting in lower antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. Incorporating pure and CEO-modified nanoparticles into polylactic acid (PLA) films improved their mechanical and thermal properties, which are suitable for applications requiring greater strength. This research highlights the potential of metal oxide nanoparticles to enhance the antimicrobial and antioxidant capabilities of polymers. In addition, incorporating cinnamon essential oil can increase the antioxidant and antimicrobial effectiveness of the metal oxide nanoparticles and improve the mechanical and thermal properties of PLA films. Thus, these PLA films exhibit favorable characteristics for active packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A. López-Cano
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78290, San Luis Potosí, Mexico;
| | - Verónica Martínez-Aguilar
- Doctorado Institucional en Ingeniería y Ciencia de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico;
| | - Mariana G. Peña-Juárez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba, Orizaba 94320, Veracruz, Mexico;
| | - Ricardo López-Esparza
- Departamento de Física, 1626, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Enrique Delgado-Alvarado
- Micro and Nanotechnology Research Center, Universidad Veracruzana, Boca del Río 94294, Veracruz, Mexico;
| | - Emmanuel J. Gutiérrez-Castañeda
- Cátedras CONAHCYT-Instituto de Metalurgia, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico;
| | - Mayra Del Angel-Monroy
- Especialidad en Plásticos y Materiales Avanzados, CIATEQ A.C., San Luis Potosí 78395, San Luis Potosí, Mexico;
| | - Elías Pérez
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78000, San Luis Potosí, Mexico;
| | - Agustín L. Herrera-May
- Micro and Nanotechnology Research Center, Universidad Veracruzana, Boca del Río 94294, Veracruz, Mexico;
- Maestría en Ingeniería Aplicada, Facultad de Ingeniería de la Construcción y el Hábitat, Universidad Veracruzana, Boca del Río 94294, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - J. Amir Gonzalez-Calderon
- Cátedras CONAHCYT—Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78290, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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Dos Santos LR, Alía A, Martin I, Freitas CP, Rodrigues LB, Dos Santos JS, Borges KA, Furian TQ, Córdoba JJ. Antilisterial activity of cinnamon essential oil, pomegranate extract, or strawberry tree extract against Listeria monocytogenes in slices of dry-cured ham and pork loin. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2023:10820132231190103. [PMID: 37499189 DOI: 10.1177/10820132231190103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Owing to concerns about the antimicrobial resistance of agents that can prevent the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in meat, researchers have investigated natural preservatives with antilisterial effects. However, in vivo application of essential oils and plant extracts usually results in reduced antimicrobial activity in meat products when compared to in vitro studies. This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo antimicrobial activity of cinnamon essential oil, pomegranate, and strawberry tree extracts in slices of dry-cured ham and pork loin against L. monocytogenes. Fragments of sterile dry-cured ham were inoculated with 100 μL cinnamon oil 0.5%, pomegranate, or strawberry crude extract. After 10 min, 100 μL of L. monocytogenes serotype 4b (104 colony-forming unit [CFU]/mL) was inoculated, and samples were incubated at 7 °C for 7 d to simulate the processing and storage temperature conditions of dry-cured meat products. L. monocytogenes was detected and quantified. Only strawberry extract presented significant differences (P < 0.05) from the control; thus, it was selected for the assay with 2% and 4% salt-treated pork loin. The strawberry tree extract significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the growth of L. monocytogenes in dry-cured ham. However, it could not reduce L. monocytogenes growth in pork loin, regardless of the salt concentration. This is the first report on the antimicrobial effect of strawberry tree leaf extract against L. monocytogenes in dry-cured ham.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Ruschel Dos Santos
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alberto Alía
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Irene Martin
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Carla Patrícia Freitas
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Laura Beatriz Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jucilene Sena Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karen Apellanis Borges
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thales Quedi Furian
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juan J Córdoba
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Dos Santos LR, Alía A, Martin I, Gottardo FM, Rodrigues LB, Borges KA, Furian TQ, Córdoba JJ. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and natural plant extracts against Listeria monocytogenes in a dry-cured ham-based model. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1729-1735. [PMID: 34378213 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Listeria monocytogenes is a widespread common contaminant in food production facilities during preparation, storage, and distribution, and minimally processed ready-to-eat products are considered at high risk of contamination by this bacterium. Increased antibiotic resistance has led researchers to search for plant-based natural alternatives to control pathogenic microorganisms. Among these products, essential oils and plant extracts have previously shown antimicrobial activity and are possible alternatives to manage food pathogens. In this study, commercial essential oils (cinnamon, clove, oregano, ginger, and thyme) and plant extracts (pomegranate, acorn, olive, strawberry tree, and dog rose) were tested against L. monocytogenes in a dry-cured ham-based model. RESULTS Essential oils and plant extracts were screened by agar diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration for anti-L. monocytogenes activity. Cinnamon, pomegranate, and strawberry trees returned the strongest results and were therefore evaluated in a dry-cured ham-based medium assay with water activity of 0.93 or 0.95. The 10% essential oil of cinnamon was capable of completely inhibiting bacterial growth, while strawberry tree and pomegranate extract also showed antilisterial activity (P > 0.05). Water activity influenced the bacterial count of L. monocytogenes in a dry-cured ham-based medium. CONCLUSIONS There was a reduction in L. monocytogenes with the application of cinnamon essential oil but, because of the negative sensory impact of this particular compound in meat products, we suggest the use of pomegranate or strawberry tree for the biocontrol of Listeria in ready-to-eat products. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana R Dos Santos
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Alberto Alía
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Irene Martin
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Franciele M Gottardo
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Laura B Rodrigues
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan J Córdoba
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
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Narayanankutty A, Kunnath K, Alfarhan A, Rajagopal R, Ramesh V. Chemical Composition of Cinnamomum verum Leaf and Flower Essential Oils and Analysis of Their Antibacterial, Insecticidal, and Larvicidal Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:6303. [PMID: 34684884 PMCID: PMC8537797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamomum verum is widely used in traditional medicines, and the different parts of the plant, such as bark, leaves, and flowers, are used for essential oil production. The present study compared the chemical composition of the essential oil of C. verum extracted from the leaves and flowers. In addition, efficacy of these essential oils against the two common pests Sitophilus oryzae and Callosobruchus maculatus was also evaluated. The results indicated the presence of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, caryophyllene, and linalool in these essential oils, however, at different concentrations. The leaf essential oil was found to be 10-20% more effective as a fumigant against both the pests. Likewise, the leaf essential oil found to repel these pests even at lower concentrations than that of flower essential oil of C. verum. Besides, these essential oils were also effective in controlling the growth of various gram positive and gram negative microbial pathogens and possibly a safeguard for human health. On contrary, both the essential oils were found to be safe for the application on grains, as indicated by their germination potentials. It was also observed that these essential oils do not cause any significant toxicity to guppy fishes, thus confirming their ecological safety for use as a biopesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG and Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut 673008, India
| | - Krishnaprasad Kunnath
- Department of Pharmacology, Devaki Amma Memorial College of Pharmacy, Chelembra, Malapuram 673634, India;
| | - Ahmed Alfarhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Varsha Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia;
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Simultaneous Estimation of Cinnamaldehyde and Eugenol in Essential Oils and Traditional and Ultrasound-Assisted Extracts of Different Species of Cinnamon Using a Sustainable/Green HPTLC Technique. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072054. [PMID: 33916710 PMCID: PMC8038348 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of analytical techniques are reported for the determination of cinnamaldehyde (CCHO) and eugenol (EOH) in plant extracts and herbal formulations either alone or in combination. Nevertheless, sustainable/green analytical techniques for the estimation of CCHO and EOH either alone or in combination are scarce in the literature. Accordingly, the present research was carried out to establish a rapid, highly sensitive, and sustainable high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique for the simultaneous estimation of CCHO and EOH in the traditional and ultrasound-assisted methanolic extracts of Cinnamomum zeylanicum,C. burmannii, and C. cassia and their essential oils. The simultaneous estimation of CCHO and EOH was performed through NP-18 silica gel 60 F254S HPTLC plates. The cyclohexane/ethyl acetate (90:10, v v-1) solvent system was optimized as the mobile phase for the simultaneous estimation of CCHO and EOH. The greenness score of the HPTLC technique was predicted using AGREE software. The entire analysis was carried out at a detection wavelength of 296 nm for CCHO and EOH. The sustainable HPTLC technique was observed as linear in the range 10-2000 ng band-1 for CCHO and EOH. The proposed technique was found to be highly sensitive, rapid, accurate, precise, and robust for the simultaneous estimation of CCHO and EOH. The content of CCHO in traditional methanolic extracts of C. zeylanicum,C. burmannii, and C. cassia was found to be 96.36, 118.49, and 114.18 mg g-1, respectively. However, the content of CCHO in ultrasound-assisted methanolic extracts of C. zeylanicum,C. burmannii, and C. cassia was found to be 111.57, 134.39, and 129.07 mg g-1, respectively. The content of CCHO in essential oils of C. zeylanicum,C. burmannii, and C. cassia was found to be 191.20, 214.24, and 202.09 mg g-1, respectively. The content of EOH in traditional methanolic extracts of C. zeylanicum,C. burmannii, and C. cassia was found to be 73.38, 165.41, and 109.10 mg g-1, respectively. However, the content of EOH in ultrasound-assisted methanolic extracts of C. zeylanicum,C. burmannii, and C. cassia was found to be 87.20, 218.09, and 121.85 mg g-1, respectively. The content of EOH in essential oils of C. zeylanicum,C. burmannii, and C. cassia was found to be 61.26, 79.21, and 69.02 mg g-1, respectively. The amounts of CCHO and EOH were found to be significantly higher in ultrasound-assisted extracts of all species compared to its traditional extraction and hence ultrasound extraction has been proposed as a superior technique for the extraction of CCHO and EOH. The AGREE analytical score of the present analytical technique was predicted as 0.75, suggesting excellent greenness profile of the proposed analytical technique. Based on all these observations and results, the proposed sustainable HPTLC technique can be successfully used for the simultaneous estimation of CCHO and EOH in different plant extracts and herbal products.
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Lai T, Sun Y, Liu Y, Li R, Chen Y, Zhou T. Cinnamon Oil Inhibits Penicillium expansum Growth by Disturbing the Carbohydrate Metabolic Process. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020123. [PMID: 33572180 PMCID: PMC7915993 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is a major postharvest pathogen that mainly threatens the global pome fruit industry and causes great economic losses annually. In the present study, the antifungal effects and potential mechanism of cinnamon oil against P. expansum were investigated. Results indicated that 0.25 mg L−1 cinnamon oil could efficiently inhibit the spore germination, conidial production, mycelial accumulation, and expansion of P. expansum. In addition, it could effectively control blue mold rots induced by P. expansum in apples. Cinnamon oil could also reduce the expression of genes involved in patulin biosynthesis. Through a proteomic quantitative analysis, a total of 146 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) involved in the carbohydrate metabolic process, most of which were down-regulated, were noticed for their large number and functional significance. Meanwhile, the expressions of 14 candidate genes corresponding to DEPs and the activities of six key regulatory enzymes (involving in cellulose hydrolyzation, Krebs circle, glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathway) showed a similar trend in protein levels. In addition, extracellular carbohydrate consumption, intracellular carbohydrate accumulation, and ATP production of P. expansum under cinnamon oil stress were significantly decreased. Basing on the correlated and mutually authenticated results, we speculated that disturbing the fungal carbohydrate metabolic process would be partly responsible for the inhibitory effects of cinnamon oil on P. expansum growth. The findings would provide new insights into the antimicrobial mode of cinnamon oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongfei Lai
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (R.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yangying Sun
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yaoyao Liu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ran Li
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (R.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuanzhi Chen
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (R.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Ting Zhou
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (R.L.); (Y.C.)
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-571-28861007; Fax: +86-571-28866065
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Yang SK, Yusoff K, Ajat M, Thomas W, Abushelaibi A, Akseer R, Lim SHE, Lai KS. Disruption of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae membrane via induction of oxidative stress by cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) essential oil. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214326. [PMID: 30939149 PMCID: PMC6445408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) remains the most prevalent nosocomial pathogen and carries the carbapenemase (KPC) gene which confers resistance towards carbapenem. Thus, it is necessary to discover novel antimicrobials to address the issue of antimicrobial resistance in such pathogens. Natural products such as essential oils are a promising source due to their complex composition. Essential oils have been shown to be effective against pathogens, but the overall mechanisms have yet to be fully explained. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of essential oil towards KPC-KP cells would provide a deeper understanding of their potential use in clinical settings. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the mode of action of essential oil against KPC-KP cells from a proteomic perspective by comparing the overall proteome profile of KPC-KP cells treated with cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) essential oil (CBO) at their sub-inhibitory concentration of 0.08% (v/v). A total of 384 proteins were successfully identified from the non-treated cells, whereas only 242 proteins were identified from the CBO-treated cells. Proteins were then categorized based on their biological processes, cellular components and molecular function prior to pathway analysis. Pathway analysis showed that CBO induced oxidative stress in the KPC-KP cells as indicated by the abundance of oxidative stress regulator proteins such as glycyl radical cofactor, catalase peroxidase and DNA mismatch repair protein. Oxidative stress is likely to oxidize and disrupt the bacterial membrane as shown by the loss of major membrane proteins. Several genes selected for qRT-PCR analysis validated the proteomic profile and were congruent with the proteomic abundance profiles. In conclusion, KPC-KP cells exposed to CBO undergo oxidative stress that eventually disrupts the bacterial membrane possibly via interaction with the phospholipid bilayer. Interestingly, several pathways involved in the bacterial membrane repair system were also affected by oxidative stress, contributing to the loss of cells viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Kai Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mokrish Ajat
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Warren Thomas
- Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, School of Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aisha Abushelaibi
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Riaz Akseer
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Swee-Hua Erin Lim
- Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, School of Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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