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Gallo CG, Fiorino S, Posabella G, Antonacci D, Tropeano A, Pausini E, Pausini C, Guarniero T, Hong W, Giampieri E, Corazza I, Federico L, de Biase D, Zippi M, Zancanaro M. COVID-19, what could sepsis, severe acute pancreatitis, gender differences, and aging teach us? Cytokine 2021; 148:155628. [PMID: 34411989 PMCID: PMC8343368 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a potentially life-threatening disease, defined as Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). The most common signs and symptoms of this pathological condition include cough, fever, shortness of breath, and sudden onset of anosmia, ageusia, or dysgeusia. The course of COVID-19 is mild or moderate in more than 80% of cases, but it is severe or critical in about 14% and 5% of infected subjects respectively, with a significant risk of mortality. SARS-CoV-2 related infection is characterized by some pathogenetic events, resembling those detectable in other pathological conditions, such as sepsis and severe acute pancreatitis. All these syndromes are characterized by some similar features, including the coexistence of an exuberant inflammatory- as well as an anti-inflammatory-response with immune depression. Based on current knowledge concerning the onset and the development of acute pancreatitis and sepsis, we have considered these syndromes as a very interesting paradigm for improving our understanding of pathogenetic events detectable in patients with COVID-19. The aim of our review is: 1)to examine the pathogenetic mechanisms acting during the emergence of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes in human pathology; 2)to examine inflammatory and anti-inflammatory events in sepsis, acute pancreatitis, and SARS-CoV-2 infection and clinical manifestations detectable in patients suffering from these syndromes also according to the age and gender of these individuals; as well as to analyze the possible common and different features among these pathological conditions; 3)to obtain insights into our knowledge concerning COVID-19 pathogenesis. This approach may improve the management of patients suffering from this disease and it may suggest more effective diagnostic approaches and schedules of therapy, depending on the different phases and/or on the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio G Gallo
- Emilian Physiolaser Therapy Center, Castel S. Pietro Terme, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sirio Fiorino
- Internal Medicine Unit, Budrio Hospital Azienda USL, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Donato Antonacci
- Medical Science Department, "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Wandong Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Enrico Giampieri
- Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivan Corazza
- Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lari Federico
- Internal Medicine Unit, Budrio Hospital Azienda USL, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maddalena Zippi
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Rome, Italy
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2
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Patel AM, Periasamy H, Mokale SN. Immunomodulatory dose of clindamycin in combination with ceftriaxone improves survival and prevents organ damage in murine polymicrobial sepsis. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:1671-1679. [PMID: 32383029 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from inflammatory responses instigated by toxins secreted by bacteria. Immunomodulatory effect of clindamycin is earlier reported in a murine lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis model. There are no studies demonstrating the immunomodulatory effect of clindamycin in combination with ceftriaxone in a clinically relevant murine polymicrobial sepsis model induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Ceftriaxone is combined to control the bacterial growth. Following 3 h of CLP challenge, Swiss albino mice were administered vehicle, ceftriaxone alone (100 mg/kg, subcutaneously), and in combination with clindamycin at immunomodulatory dose (200 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Survival was assessed for 5 days, and bacterial count and biochemical and physiological parameters were measured after 18 h of CLP challenge. Ceftriaxone alone caused significant reduction in bacterial count in blood, peritoneal fluid, lung, liver, and kidney homogenate which was not further substantially reduced by ceftriaxone and clindamycin combination. Day 5 survival was greatly improved by combination compared with ceftriaxone alone which was also evident through marked drop in blood glucose, total white blood cell (WBC) count, and body temperature. The combination group significantly mitigated the cytokine (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in plasma, lung, liver, and kidney of CLP-challenged mice, which further helped in significantly suppressing the elevated levels of liver and kidney function parameters. Clindamycin at immunomodulatory dose in combination with ceftriaxone attenuated organ damage and improved survival of septic mice by suppressing infection, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasuya M Patel
- Y. B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Marg, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
- Wockhardt Research Centre, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Santosh N Mokale
- Y. B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Marg, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.
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3
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Jiang SJ, Tsai PI, Peng SY, Chang CC, Chung Y, Tsao HH, Huang HT, Chen SY, Hsu HJ. A potential peptide derived from cytokine receptors can bind proinflammatory cytokines as a therapeutic strategy for anti-inflammation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2317. [PMID: 30783144 PMCID: PMC6381106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a pivotal event in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and coronary artery disease. The efficacy of current treatment or preventive strategies for such inflammation is still inadequate. Thus, new anti-inflammatory strategies are needed. In this study, based on molecular docking and structural analysis, a potential peptide KCF18 with amphiphilic properties (positively charged and hydrophobic residues) derived from the receptors of proinflammatory cytokines was designed to inhibit cytokine-induced inflammatory response. Simulations suggested that KCF18 could bind to cytokines simultaneously, and electrostatic interactions were dominant. Surface plasmon resonance detection showed that KCF18 bound to both tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6, which is consistent with MM/PBSA binding free energy calculations. The cell experiments showed that KCF18 significantly reduced the binding of proinflammatory cytokines to their cognate receptors, suppressed TNF-α mRNA expression and monocyte binding and transmigration, and alleviated the infiltration of white blood cells in a peritonitis mouse model. The designed peptide KCF18 could remarkably diminish the risk of vascular inflammation by decreasing plasma cytokines release and by directly acting on the vascular endothelium. This study demonstrated that a combination of structure-based in silico design calculations, together with experimental measurements can be used to develop potential anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinn-Jong Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Pei-I Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chun Chang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tzu Chi Medical Center, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Yi Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Hsiang Tsao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ting Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan. .,Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan.
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4
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Braga Filho JAF, Abreu AG, Rios CEP, Trovão LO, Silva DLF, Cysne DN, Nascimento JR, Fortes TS, Silva LA, Guerra RNM, Maciel MCG, Serezani CH, Nascimento FRF. Prophylactic Treatment With Simvastatin Modulates the Immune Response and Increases Animal Survival Following Lethal Sepsis Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2137. [PMID: 30298072 PMCID: PMC6160584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic use of statins may have anti-inflammatory action, promoting immunomodulation and survival in patients with sepsis. This study aimed to analyze the effects of pretreatment with simvastatin in lethal sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Male Swiss mice received prophylactic treatment with simvastatin or pyrogen-free water orally in a single daily dose for 30 days. After this period, the CLP was performed. Naïve and Sham groups were performed as non-infected controls. Animal survival was monitored for 60 h after the CLP. Half of mice were euthanized after 12 h to analyze colony-forming units (CFUs); hematological parameters; production of IL-10, IL-12, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and MCP-1; cell counts on peritoneum, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), bone marrow, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node; immunephenotyping of T cells and antigen presenting cells and production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Simvastatin induced an increase in survival and a decrease in the CFU count on peritoneum and on BAL cells number, especially lymphocytes. There was an increase in the platelets and lymphocytes number in the Simvastatin group when compared to the CLP group. Simvastatin induced a greater activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells, as well as an increase in IL-6 and MCP-1 production, in chemotaxis to the peritoneum and in H2O2 secretion at this site. These data suggest that simvastatin has an impact on the survival of animals, as well as immunomodulatory effects in sepsis induced by CLP in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A F Braga Filho
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Afonso G Abreu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.,CEUMA University, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P Rios
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Liana O Trovão
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Dimitri Luz F Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Dalila N Cysne
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Johnny R Nascimento
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Thiare S Fortes
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Lucilene A Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Rosane N M Guerra
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Márcia C G Maciel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Serezani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Flávia R F Nascimento
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
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Sinkovic A, Kit B, Markota A. Successful use of combined blood purification techniques in splenectomised patient with septic shock in streptococcus pneumoniae infection - a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:433. [PMID: 30157806 PMCID: PMC6114280 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic cardiomyopathy represents cardiac impairment in sepsis and is a part of systemic involvement in sepsis. Cytokine storm is responsible for septic shock and for myocardial dysfunction of potentially reversible septic cardiomyopathy. Several case reports and case series demonstrated successful removal of circulating cytokines by combined blood purification techniques. In this way, septic shock and survival of septic patients improved. However, the evidences for reversal of myocardial dysfunction are rare. CASE PRESENTATION We present a patient with a history of chemotherapy for coat cell lymphoma, splenectomy and autologous bone marrow transplantation, who suffered severe pneumococcal sepsis, septic shock and septic cardiomyopathy, resistant to pharmacological therapy. Combined blood purification techniques 36 h after the start of treatment successfully decreased Interleukin-6 level, lactacidosis, the need for vasopressors to maintain normotension, improved systolic function of the left ventricle and clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our case suggests that combined blood purification techniques initiated even 36 h after the start of treatment successfully removed inflammatory cytokines, reversed circulatory failure and improved left ventricular systolic function in pneumococcal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Sinkovic
- Department of medical intensive care medicine, University clinical centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Barbara Kit
- Department of medical intensive care medicine, University clinical centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Markota
- Department of medical intensive care medicine, University clinical centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
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6
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Thomson JE, Brand M, Fonteh P. The immune imbalance in the second hit of pancreatitis is independent of IL-17A. Pancreatology 2018; 18:246-252. [PMID: 29422392 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is characterised by two distinct clinical phases. Organ dysfunction and death is initially as a result of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Systemic sepsis from infected pancreatic necrosis characterises the second phase, the so called 'second hit' of acute pancreatitis (AP). An immune imbalance during the second hit is postulated to contribute to the formation of the septic complications that occur in these patients. The pro-inflammatory T-helper (Th) 17 pathway has been shown to be an initiator of early SIRS in AP, however to date its role has not been established in the second hit in AP. METHODS Thirty-six patients with mild (n = 16), moderate (n = 10) and severe (n = 10) acute pancreatitis were enrolled. Peripheral blood samples were drawn on days 7, 9, 11 and 13 of illness for analysis of routine clinical markers as well as cytokine analysis. Flow cytometry and a IL-17A ELISA was performed to determine cytokine concentrations. RESULTS There were no significant differences between days 7, 9, 11 and 13 for either the mild/moderate or SAP groups for IL-17A (CBA assay or ELISA), IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 or IL-4. For each of the study days, the mean IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations were significantly higher in the SAP group compared to the mild/moderate group. WCC, CRP and PCT were all significantly higher in severe acute pancreatitis over the study days. CONCLUSIONS An immune imbalance exists in patients with SAP, however secreted IL-17A is not responsible for the second hit in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Edwin Thomson
- Department of Surgery, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Martin Brand
- Department of Surgery, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pascaline Fonteh
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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7
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Ramos MFDP, Monteiro de Barros ADCM, Razvickas CV, Borges FT, Schor N. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors and sepsis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2018; 32:2058738418772210. [PMID: 29786457 PMCID: PMC5967155 DOI: 10.1177/2058738418772210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase activation occurs in sepsis and results in the generation of uric acid (UrAc) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We aimed to evaluate the effect of xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOis) in rats stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) immediately after allopurinol (Alo, 2 mg/kg) or febuxostat (Feb, 1 mg/kg) every 24 h for 3 days. To increase UrAc levels, oxonic acid (Oxo) was administered by gavage (750 mg/kg per day) for 5 days. Animals were divided into the following 10 groups (n = 6 each): (1) Control, (2) Alo, (3) Feb, (4) LPS, (5) LPSAlo, (6) LPSFeb, (7) Oxo, (8) OxoLPS, (9) OxoLPSAlo, and (10) OxoLPSFeb. Feb with or without Oxo did not aggravate sepsis. LPS administration (with or without Oxo) significantly decreased the creatinine clearance (ClCr) in LPSAlo (60%, P < 0.01) versus LPS (44%, P < 0.05) and LPSFeb (35%, P < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant increase in mortality was observed with LPSAlo (28/34, 82%) compared to LPS treatment alone (10/16, 63%) and LPSFeb (11/17, 65%, P < 0.05). In addition, increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 were observed at 72 h compared to the groups that received LPS and LPSFeb with or without Oxo. In this study, coadministration of Alo in LPS-induced experimental sepsis aggravated septic shock, leading to mortality, renal function impairment, and high ROS and proinflammatory IL levels. In contrast, administration of Feb did not potentiate sepsis, probably because it did not interfere with other metabolic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fátima de Paula Ramos
- Division of Nephrology, Department of
Medicine, Escola Paulista De Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo
(UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Clara Versolato Razvickas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of
Medicine, Escola Paulista De Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo
(UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda T Borges
- Division of Nephrology, Department of
Medicine, Escola Paulista De Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo
(UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo,
Brazil
| | - Nestor Schor
- Division of Nephrology, Department of
Medicine, Escola Paulista De Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo
(UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Rios CEP, Abreu AG, Braga Filho JAF, Nascimento JR, Guerra RNM, Amaral FMM, Maciel MCG, Nascimento FRF. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Improves Phagocytic Activity and Decreases Bacterial Growth and the Systemic Inflammatory Response in Sepsis Induced by Cecal Ligation and Puncture. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:148. [PMID: 28203235 PMCID: PMC5285340 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Amaranthaceae) is often used in different kinds of vegetal preparations for medicinal purposes in many clinical situations. Some studies have demonstrated its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of prophylactic treatment with the hydroalcoholic crude extract (HCE) of C. ambrosioides and its hexanic fraction (HEX) on the control of bacterial growth, the activation of phagocytes and the control of the systemic inflammatory response in a sepsis experimental model. Animals were divided into three groups (n = 5/group): Control, which received only NaCl 0.9% solution; HCE, which received the crude extract; and HEX, which received the HEX of the extract. The animals received saline, HCE or HEX (5 mg/kg), subcutaneously (SC), 6 h before cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Twelve hours after the CLP, the blood was collected to measure the serum cytokines and the animals were killed for the evaluation of colony-forming units (CFUs), cellular influx, and activation of phagocytes in the peritoneal cavity, measured by the secretion of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide production. The results showed that only HEX treatment inhibited bacterial growth in the peritoneum and inflammatory cellular influx, especially influx of macrophages and neutrophils. However, HCE and HEX treatments increased ex vivo hydrogen peroxide secretion and nitric oxide production by phagocytes and decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum, indicating a systemic anti-inflammatory effect of both. In conclusion, C. ambrosioides treatment decreases bacterial growth likely by activation of phagocytes and, in parallel, ameliorates the general state of mice by reducing the systemic inflammatory response usually observed in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E P Rios
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of Maranhão São Luís, Brazil
| | - Afonso G Abreu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of MaranhãoSão Luís, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, UniCEUMASão Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Johnny R Nascimento
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of MaranhãoSão Luís, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of MaranhãoSão Luís, Brazil
| | - Rosane N M Guerra
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of MaranhãoSão Luís, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of MaranhãoSão Luís, Brazil
| | - Flávia M M Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão São Luís, Brazil
| | - Márcia C G Maciel
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of MaranhãoSão Luís, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of MaranhãoSão Luís, Brazil
| | - Flávia R F Nascimento
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of MaranhãoSão Luís, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of MaranhãoSão Luís, Brazil
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