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Diet Significantly Influences the Immunopathology and Severity of Kidney Injury in Male C57Bl/6J Mice in a Model Dependent Manner. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051521. [PMID: 33946347 PMCID: PMC8145177 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is a leading causative risk factor for morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet it is rarely considered in the design of preclinical animal studies. Several of the nutritional inadequacies reported in Americans have been shown to be detrimental to kidney health; however, the mechanisms responsible are unclear and have been largely attributed to the development of diabetes or hypertension. Here, we set out to determine whether diet influences the susceptibility to kidney injury in male C57Bl/6 mice. Mice were fed a standard chow diet, a commercially available “Western” diet (WD), or a novel Americanized diet (AD) for 12 weeks prior to the induction of kidney injury using the folic acid nephropathy (FAN) or unilateral renal ischemia reperfusion injury (uIRI) models. In FAN, the mice that were fed the WD and AD had worse histological evidence of tissue injury and greater renal expression of genes associated with nephrotoxicity as compared to mice fed chow. Mice fed the AD developed more severe renal hypertrophy following FAN, and gene expression data suggest the mechanism for FAN differed among the diets. Meanwhile, mice fed the WD had the greatest circulating interleukin-6 concentrations. In uIRI, no difference was observed in renal tissue injury between the diets; however, mice fed the WD and AD displayed evidence of suppressed inflammatory response. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that diet directly impacts the severity and pathophysiology of kidney disease and is a critical experimental variable that needs to be considered in mechanistic preclinical animal studies.
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Shamseldeen AM, Ali Eshra M, Ahmed Rashed L, Fathy Amer M, Elham Fares A, Samir Kamar S. Omega-3 attenuates high fat diet-induced kidney injury of female rats and renal programming of their offsprings. Arch Physiol Biochem 2019; 125:367-377. [PMID: 29741967 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1471511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Context: Maternal diet composition could influence fetal organogenesis. Objective: We investigated effects of high fat diet (HFD) intake alone or combined with omega 3 during pregnancy, lactation and early days of weaning on nephrogenesis of pups and maternal renal function and morphology. Material and methods: Mothers and their pups included in each group were supplied with the same diet composition. Rats were divided into group I, II and III supplied with chow of either 10 kcal%, 45 kcal% or 45 kcal% from fat together with omega-3 respectively. Results: Group II showed increased serum urea and creatinine, renal TNF-α, IL1β. Structural injury was observed in mothers and their pups as Bowman's capsule and tubular dilatation and increased expression of PCNA that were decreased following omega-3 supplementation added to down regulation of Wnt4, Pax2 gene and podocin expression. Discussion and conclusion: Omega-3 supplementation improves lipid nephrotoxicity observed in mothers and their pups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Ali Eshra
- a Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Laila Ahmed Rashed
- b Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Marwa Fathy Amer
- b Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Amal Elham Fares
- c Department of Medical Histology Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Samaa Samir Kamar
- c Department of Medical Histology Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
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Xie D, Mu H, Tang T, Wang X, Wei W, Jin J, Wang X, Jin Q. Production of three types of krill oils from krill meal by a three-step solvent extraction procedure. Food Chem 2017; 248:279-286. [PMID: 29329855 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a three-step extraction method (separately use acetone, hexane, and ethanol as extraction solvent in each step) was conducted to selectively extract three types of krill oils with different compositions. The lipid yields were 5.08% in step 1, 4.80% in step 2, and 9.11% in step 3, with a total of 18.99%. The krill oil extracted with acetone in step 1 (A-KO) contained the lowest contents of phospholipids (PL) (2.32%) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (16.63%), but the highest levels of minor components (505.00 mg/kg of astaxanthin, 29.39 mg/100 g of tocopherols, 34.32 mg/100 g of vitamin A and 27.95 mg/g of cholesterol). By contrast, despite having traces of minor components, the krill oil extracted using ethanol in step 3 (E-KO) was the most abundant in PL (59.52%) and n-3 PUFA (41.74%). The krill oil extracted using hexane in step 2 (H-KO) expressed medium contents of all the testing indices. The oils showed significant differences in the antioxidant capacity (E-KO > H-KO > A-KO) which exhibited positive correlation with the PL content. These results could be used for further development of a wide range of krill oil products with tailor-made functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Zhonghai Ocean (Wuxi) Marine Equipment Engineering Co., Ltd, Jiangnan University National University Science Park, 100 Jinxi Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214125, PR China
| | - Hongyan Mu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, PR China
| | - Tianpei Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Xiaosan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jun Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
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Burri L, Johnsen L. Krill products: an overview of animal studies. Nutrients 2015; 7:3300-21. [PMID: 25961320 PMCID: PMC4446753 DOI: 10.3390/nu7053300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animal studies have been performed with krill oil (KO) and this review aims to summarize their findings and give insight into the mechanism of action of KO. Animal models that have been used in studies with KO include obesity, depression, myocardial infarction, chronic low-grade and ulcerative inflammation and are described in detail. Moreover, studies with KO in the form of krill powder (KP) and krill protein concentrate (KPC) as a mix of lipids and proteins are mentioned and compared to the effects of KO. In addition, differences in tissue uptake of the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), when delivered in either phospholipid or triglyceride form, are addressed and the differential impact the delivery form has on gene expression profiles is explained. In our outlook, we try to highlight the potential of KO and KP supplementation in clinical settings and discuss health segments that have a high potential of showing krill product specific health benefits and warrant further clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Burri
- Aker BioMarine Antarctic AS, Fjordalléen 16, NO-0115 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Line Johnsen
- Aker BioMarine Antarctic AS, Fjordalléen 16, NO-0115 Oslo, Norway.
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Salem N, Kuratko CN. A reexamination of krill oil bioavailability studies. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:137. [PMID: 25156381 PMCID: PMC4161905 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It has proven difficult to compare the bioavailability of krill oil (KO) vs. fish oil (FO) due to several of the characteristics of KO. These include the lower concentration of the active ingredients, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3), in KO as well as differences in their ratio relative to FO as well as the red color due to astaxanthin. In addition, the lipid classes in which EPA and DHA are found are quite different with KO containing phospholipid, di- and tri-glycerides as well as non-esterified fatty acid forms and with FO being primarily triglycerides. No human study has yet been performed that matches the dose of EPA and DHA in a randomized, controlled trial with measures of bloodstream EPA and DHA content. However, several claims have been made suggesting greater bioavailability of KO vs. FO. These have largely been based on a statistical argument where a somewhat lower dose of KO has been used to result in a similar bloodstream level of EPA and/or DHA or their total. However, the magnitude of the dosage differential is shown to be too small to be expected to result in differing blood levels of the long chain n-3 PUFAs. Some studies which have claimed to provide equal doses of KO and FO have actually used differing amounts of the two major n-3 fatty acid constituents. It is concluded that there is at present no evidence for greater bioavailability of KO vs. FO and that more carefully controlled human trials must be performed to establish their relative efficacies after chronic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Salem
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
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Maditz KH, Oldaker C, Nanda N, Benedito V, Livengood R, Tou JC. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or soy protein isolate did not attenuate disease progression in a female rat model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Nutr Res 2014; 34:526-34. [PMID: 25026920 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an incurable genetic disorder that is characterized by multiple benign cysts. As PKD advances, cyst growth increases kidney volume, decreases renal function, and may lead to end-stage renal disease; however, in a PKD rat model, feeding soy protein isolate (SPI) reduced cyst proliferation and growth. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are noted for their anti-inflammatory actions. Therefore, diet therapy could offer a potentially efficacious, safe, and cost-effective strategy for treating PKD. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of soy protein and/or n-3 PUFAs on PKD progression and severity in the rat model of autosomal recessive PKD. We hypothesized that the antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory actions associated with soy protein and n-3 PUFA supplementation will attenuate PKD progression in female PCK rats. For 12 weeks, young (age, 28 days) female PCK rats were randomly assigned (n=12/group) to 4 different diets: casein±corn oil, casein±soybean oil, SPI±soybean oil, or SPI±1:1 soybean/salmon oil (SPI±SB). The feeding of the different protein and lipid sources had no significant effect on relative kidney weight. Histologic evaluation showed no significant differences in cortical or medullary cyst size, interstitial inflammation, and fibrosis among diet groups. However, rats fed SPI±SB diet had cortical cyst obstruction and the highest (P<.01) serum blood urea nitrogen concentration. Rats fed SPI±SB diet had the highest (P<.001) renal docosahexaeonic acid, but there were no significant differences in renal tissue inflammation and proliferation gene expression among the diet groups. Based on these results, dietary soy protein and/or n-3 PUFAs did not attenuate disease progression or severity in the female PCK rat model of autosomal recessive PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin H Maditz
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Chris Oldaker
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Nainika Nanda
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Vagner Benedito
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Ryan Livengood
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Janet C Tou
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506.
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