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El Azab EF, Abd El-Kader RG, Elhassan TM, Mohammed Ali SA, Shaaban EIA, El-Eshmawy MA, Hamid DA, El-Beltagy NS, Salem ET, Elsaid AM, Elsalahaty MI, Elshazli RM, Anber N. Association of ACE*(Insertion/Deletion) Variant with the Elevated Risk of Preeclampsia Among Gestational Women. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-023-10620-5. [PMID: 38219243 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system has an indispensable function in the uteroplacental circulation, placental growth, and blood pressure optimization. The angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene is a critical integrator for electrolyte balance, and water retention, along with inhibiting preeclampsia. The main goal of this pertaining study is to assess the contribution of ACE*(Ins/Del) variant with the susceptibility for preeclampsia with focus on the severity of the disease among gestational hypertensive women. This retrospective study included 225 participants [125 PE gestational women, and 100 normotensive healthy controls] matching with age, and geographical region. PE women classified into 82 early-onset PE women, accompanied with 43 late-onset PE women. Additionally, PE women categorized into 59 mild PE women, together with 66 severe PE women. The genotyping and characterization of ACE*(Ins/Del) variant were applied using the PCR technique. Our findings indicated higher frequency of the ACE*(Del/Del) genotype and ACE*(D allele) with elevated risk of preeclampsia compared to normotensive controls under recessive (OR = 2.09, and p-value = 0.007), and allelic (OR = 1.75, and p-value = 0.012) models. In addition, testing logistic regression revealed that the levels of endothelin-1 and malondialdehyde exposed significant difference for the ACE*(Del/Del) genotype among early-onset and late-onset PE women (p-value = 0.024, and 0.23, respectively). Furthermore, carriers of the ACE*(Del/Del) genotype observed statistically significant with lower sodium concentrations among severe PE women (p-value = 0.034). The ACE*(Del/Del) genotype and ACE*(D allele) were associated with increased risk preeclampsia among gestational women. Furthermore, early-onset PE and late-onset PE were correlated with endothelin-1 and malondialdehyde concentrations among Egyptian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Fawzy El Azab
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rabab Gad Abd El-Kader
- Community Health Nursing Department, RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Science University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
- Community Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Thoraya Mohamed Elhassan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh A Mohammed Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Esraa Ibrahim A Shaaban
- Department of Drug Delivery and Nano Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Dina Abdel Hamid
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Children's University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nanis S El-Beltagy
- Department of Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Children's University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman T Salem
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Afaf M Elsaid
- Genetic Unit, Children's University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I Elsalahaty
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Rami M Elshazli
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt.
| | - Nahla Anber
- Emergency Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Wu X, Li W, Huang G, Luo Z, Chen Y. Increased frequency of angiotensin converting enzyme D allele in Chinese Han patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30942. [PMID: 36221416 PMCID: PMC9542842 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the association between Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) insert(I)/defect(D) gene polymorphism and the susceptibility to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). METHODS Searching PubMed, EMbase, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, CBM, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Database and VIP Chinese Science database through a computer and collect the literature from China and foreign countries published before January 22, 2022. Screen the literatures and extract data such as first author, year of publication, diagnostic criteria and gene frequency, and draw a funnel chart and perform Begg's Test and Egger's test to evaluate publication bias. The influence analysis was performed for heterogeneous results and at the same time, the trial sequential analysis (TSA) was also conducted to confirm the robustness of the meta-analysis results. Registration number: CRD42021259341. RESULTS There were a total of 4 literatures (4 studies conducted in the Chinese Han population), and a total of 292 IPF patients and 351 healthy controls were included in this study. The results showed that in the Chinese Han population, the ACE I/D gene polymorphism was associated with the susceptibility of IPF (D vs I: [odds ratio, OR] = 0.53, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] [0.42, 0.67], P < .00001; DD vs II: [OR] = 0.37, 95%CI [0.24, 0.57], P < .00001; DD vs II + ID:[OR] = 0.30, 95%CI [0.21, 0.43], P < .00001), and the angiotensin II (Ang Ⅱ) level of IPF patients was higher than that of the control group (mean difference [MD] = 14.29, 95%CI [11.20,17.37], P < .00001).The TSA also confirmed that D allele was closely related to the susceptibility of IPF. CONCLUSION In the Chinese Han population, the D allele of the ACE I/D gene polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozheng Wu
- Department of Preclinical medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Preclinical medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Gao Huang
- Department of Preclinical medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhenliang Luo
- Department of Preclinical medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yunzhi Chen
- Department of Preclinical medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yunzhi Chen, Department of Preclinical medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 510025, China (e-mail: )
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Stanton BA, Hampton TH, Ashare A. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and cystic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L408-L415. [PMID: 32668165 PMCID: PMC7518058 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00225.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. Although viral respiratory tract infections are, in general, more severe in patients with CF compared with the general population, a small number of studies indicate that SARS-CoV-2 does not cause a worse infection in CF. This is surprising since comorbidities including preexisting lung disease have been reported to be associated with worse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Several recent studies provide insight into why SARS-CoV-2 may not produce more severe outcomes in CF. First, ACE and ACE2, genes that play key roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection, have some variants that are predicted to reduce the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Second, mRNA for ACE2 is elevated and mRNA for TMPRSS2, a serine protease, is decreased in CF airway epithelial cells. Increased ACE2 is predicted to enhance SARS-CoV-2 binding to cells but would increase conversion of angiotensin II, which is proinflammatory, to angiotensin-1-7, which is anti-inflammatory. Thus, increased ACE2 would reduce inflammation and lung damage due to SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, decreased TMPRSS2 would reduce SARS-CoV-2 entry into airway epithelial cells. Second, many CF patients are treated with azithromycin, which suppresses viral infection and lung inflammation and inhibits the activity of furin, a serine protease. Finally, the CF lung contains high levels of serine protease inhibitors including ecotin and SERPINB1, which are predicted to reduce the ability of TMPRSS2 to facilitate SARS-CoV-2 entry into airway epithelial cells. Thus, a variety of factors may mitigate the severity of SARS-CoV-2 in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Alix Ashare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Section of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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Xu G, Fan G, Sun Y, Yu L, Wu S, Niu W. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2018; 19:1470320318770546. [PMID: 29716409 PMCID: PMC5954319 DOI: 10.1177/1470320318770546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We conducted a meta-analysis of published studies on the
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion
(I/D) polymorphism associated with the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, as well as with pulmonary function and circulating
angiotensin-converting enzyme changes. Methods: A literature search, quality assessment and data extraction were completed
independently and in duplicate. Results: A total of 16 articles were meta-analysed, including 12 articles (2113
patients and 8786 controls) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk
and eight articles (11,664 subjects) for pulmonary and circulating
phenotypes. In overall and subgroup analyses, no significance was noted
between the I/D polymorphism and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk
under all genetic models (P>0.05), without heterogeneity
or publication bias. Carriers of II, ID and II plus ID genotypes had
significantly lower levels of circulating angiotensin-converting enzyme than
those with the DD genotype (weighted mean difference −13.35, −8.13 and
−10.74 U/L, respectively, P<0.001). For forced
expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity,
carriers of the DD genotype had marginally lower levels than those with the
DD genotype (weighted mean difference –1.66, P=0.034).
Furthermore in the case of FEV1 of 50% or greater of predicted
FEV1, FEV1 was marginally lower in ID genotype
carriers than DD genotype carriers (weighted mean difference −3.50,
P=0.056). Conclusions: Our meta-analytical findings demonstrated that the ACE gene
I/D polymorphism was not associated with the risk of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Xu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, China
| | - Guohui Fan
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, China
| | - Yingtong Sun
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, China
| | - Lili Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, China
| | - Sinan Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, China
| | - Wenquan Niu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, China
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Ma Y, Tong X, Liu Y, Liu S, Xiong H, Fan H. ACE gene polymorphism is associated with COPD and COPD with pulmonary hypertension: a meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 13:2435-2446. [PMID: 30147309 PMCID: PMC6097829 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s168772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene I/D polymorphism has been studied in relation to the susceptibility to COPD and COPD with pulmonary hypertension (PH) with inconclusive results. We performed the first comprehensive meta-analysis to evaluate accurately the association between the ACE gene polymorphism and the risk of COPD. Methods Data were analyzed using odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% CIs to measure the strength of the models. Subgroup analyses were conducted by ethnicity and complication which referred to PH. Results In total, 15 studies (2,635 participants) were included in our study, of which four studies (288 participants) were for PH subgroup. The overall analysis results indicated that the ACE gene polymorphism was not associated with COPD susceptibility in all gene models. However, the ethnic subgroup analysis results indicated that ACE gene polymorphism was associated with Asians’ susceptibility to COPD (DD+DI vs II, OR=1.47, P=0.019, 95% CI: 1.07–2.02). Further, the overall results of the present study detected no statistical significance between ACE gene polymorphism and the risk of COPD with PH, but the homozygote variant (DD) increased the risk of PH in Asian COPD patients (DD vs ID+II, OR=2.05, P=0.05, 95% CI: 1.00–4.19). Conclusion The current study suggests that ACE polymorphism, particularly the homozygote variant (DD), might contribute to the risk of COPD and COPD with PH among Asians. Further studies with larger sample size and more ethnicities are expected to be conducted in the future to validate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ma
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ying Liu
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Sitong Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China,
| | - Hai Xiong
- Department of Gerontology, No 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China,
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Genetic Polymorphism of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Risk: An Updated Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7636123. [PMID: 27830153 PMCID: PMC5088269 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7636123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between polymorphism of the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been examined in many previous studies. However, their results were controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between the ACE gene and the risk of COPD. Fourteen case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled p value, odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to investigate the strength of the association. The meta-analysis was performed using comprehensive meta-analysis software. Our meta-analysis results revealed that ACE polymorphisms were not related to the risk of COPD (p > 0.05 in each model). In further analyses based on ethnicity, we observed an association between insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene and risk of COPD in the Asian population (codominant 2, OR = 3.126, 95% CI = 1.919–5.093, p < 0.001; recessive, OR = 3.326, 95% CI = 2.190–5.050, p < 0.001) but not in the Caucasian population (p > 0.05 in each model). In conclusion, the present meta-analysis indicated that the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene may be associated with susceptibility to COPD in the Asian population but not in the Caucasian population. However, the results of the present meta-analysis need to be confirmed in a larger sample.
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Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism studies: A case-control study. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 22:327-31. [PMID: 25972755 PMCID: PMC4423719 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild gestational hyperglycemia (MGH) is a very common complication of pregnancy that is characterized by intolerance to glucose. The association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism to MGH has been previously reported. In this study, we evaluated the association between ACE polymorphism and the risk of MGH in a Saudi population. We conducted a case-control study in a population of 100 MGH patients and 100 control subjects. ACE gene polymorphism was analyzed by the novel approach of tetraprimer amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The frequency of ACE polymorphism was not associated with either alleles or genotypes in MGH patients. Glucose concentration was found to be significantly associated with the MGH group. Our study suggests that ACE genotypes were not associated with ACE polymorphism in a Saudi population.
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Wei MT, Chen N, He YZ, Wang JR, Yang Y, Guo XJ, Wang ZQ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39:136-44. [PMID: 25154002 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Several studies were launched to investigate the potential function of ACE I/D polymorphism in gastric cancer development and prognosis, but no conclusive results have been obtained. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and gastric cancer. METHODS A systemic search was performed in PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang and Weipu databases (until October 15,2013) to identify all published records on association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and gastric cancer. We adopted the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) as measure of effect. Meta-analysis was conducted using fixed/random-effects model in STATA 12.0. RESULTS Eventually a total of seven studies with 1392 cases and 2951 controls were included in our meta-analysis. No association was detected between ACE I/D polymorphism and gastric cancer susceptibility (DI+DD vs II: OR=1.06, 95%CI=0.92-1.21, P=0.443). However, we found that the DD genotype was significantly associated with increased lymph node metastasis (DD vs DI+II: OR=3.48, CI=1.77-6.85, P<0.001), and more advanced clinical stage (DD vs DI+II: OR=2.43, CI=1.34-4.39, P=0.003) of gastric cancer. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that ACE I/D polymorphism could not be directly associated with gastric cancer susceptibility, but might play important role in gastric cancer prognosis. Future studies with larger sample size are warranted for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tian Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37, Guo Xue Road, Chengdu 610041 Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Nan Chen
- West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041 Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Ya-Zhou He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37, Guo Xue Road, Chengdu 610041 Sichuan Province, PR China; West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041 Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Jia-Rong Wang
- West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041 Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041 Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Guo
- West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041 Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Zi-Qiang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37, Guo Xue Road, Chengdu 610041 Sichuan Province, PR China.
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Xie Y, You C, Chen J. An updated meta-analysis on association between angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and cancer risk. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6567-79. [PMID: 24691970 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1842-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Alu repetitive sequence insertion/deletion (I/D, rs4646994) polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene may alter cancer susceptibility, but results of current studies are inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship between the ACE I/D polymorphism and cancer risk, we performed an updated meta-analysis of all eligible studies. All studies published up to July 2013 concerning the association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and cancer risk were identified by systematically searching PubMed, EMBASE, Wanfang, CNKI, and Cqvip databases. The odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using the fixed/random-effects model in Review Manager 5.1 and STATA 12.0. A total of 46 case-control studies including 7,025 cases and 34,911 controls were identified and evaluated. Overall, we did not observe a direct association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and general cancer risk (DD + DI vs. II OR = 0.95, 95 %CI = 0.84-1.07, P = 0.40). In the subgroup analysis by cancer type, a significant increased susceptibility of prostate cancer was found for variant homozygotes (DD vs. II + ID OR = 2.15, 95 %CI = 1.01-4.55, P = 0.05). Additionally, no significant association was observed in other subgroup analyses according to ethnicity, control source, sample size and quality control of genotyping. In summary, our results suggested that the ACE I/D polymorphism might not be a common risk factor for overall cancer susceptibility, but might contribute to the susceptibility of prostate cancer. More studies with larger sample sizes are required in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebing Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China,
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