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Zhao Z, Du Y, Yan K, Zhang L, Guo Q. Exercise and osteoimmunology in bone remodeling. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23554. [PMID: 38588175 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301508rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Bones can form the scaffolding of the body, support the organism, coordinate somatic movements, and control mineral homeostasis and hematopoiesis. The immune system plays immune supervisory, defensive, and regulatory roles in the organism, which mainly consists of immune organs (spleen, bone marrow, tonsils, lymph nodes, etc.), immune cells (granulocytes, platelets, lymphocytes, etc.), and immune molecules (immune factors, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, etc.). Bone and the immune system have long been considered two distinct fields of study, and the bone marrow, as a shared microenvironment between the bone and the immune system, closely links the two. Osteoimmunology organically combines bone and the immune system, elucidates the role of the immune system in bone, and creatively emphasizes its interdisciplinary characteristics and the function of immune cells and factors in maintaining bone homeostasis, providing new perspectives for skeletal-related field research. In recent years, bone immunology has gradually become a hot spot in the study of bone-related diseases. As a new branch of immunology, bone immunology emphasizes that the immune system can directly or indirectly affect bones through the RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway, IL family, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IFN-γ. These effects are of great significance for understanding inflammatory bone loss caused by various autoimmune or infectious diseases. In addition, as an external environment that plays an important role in immunity and bone, this study pays attention to the role of exercise-mediated bone immunity in bone reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghan Zhao
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxiang Du
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yan
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- College of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Wang Z, Bai J, Zou J, Yuan Y, Li S, Wang M, Lv H. Association between thyroid autoimmunity and bone mineral density in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Endocrine 2024:10.1007/s12020-024-03733-3. [PMID: 38393508 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to further explore the influence of thyroid autoimmunity on diabetic osteoporosis. METHODS A total of 601 T2DM patients were included and divided into two groups according to thyroid autoantibodies, namely thyroid autoimmunity positive group (TPOAb+ or TGAb + ) and thyroid autoimmunity negative group (TPOAb- and TGAb-). Clinical data were collected and BMD was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). SPSS26.0 software was used to data analysis. Model regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of BMD, and ROC curve was used to analyze the optimal cut-off point of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) for screening osteoporosis. RESULTS TPOAb and thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) were negatively correlated with BMD and T-score (LS, FN and WB) (P < 0.01), and TGAb was negatively correlated with 25(OH)D (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that TPOAb was an independent influence factor on LS, FN and WB BMD. ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal threshold of TPOAb for predicting osteoporosis was 12.35. CONCLUSIONS In T2DM patients, TPOAb and TGAb levels are negatively correlated with LS, FN and WB BMD, and TPOAb is an independent influencing factor for diabetic osteoporosis, and TPOAb has a certain predictive value for the occurrence and development of diabetic osteoporosis clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Jia Bai
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Jingyi Zou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Yue Yuan
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Shuyun Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Mengke Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Haihong Lv
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China.
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China.
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Agger AE, Reseland JE, Hjelkrem E, Lian AM, Hals EKB, Zandi H, Sunde PT. Are comorbidities associated with the cytokine/chemokine profile of persistent apical periodontitis? Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:5203-5215. [PMID: 37434075 PMCID: PMC10492720 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify disease-related markers in persistent apical periodontitis (PAP) biopsies and examine whether these were associated with comorbidities like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). MATERIALS AND METHOD The levels of the cytokines/chemokines GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-21, IL-23, IL-27, IL-28A/IFN -λ2, IL-33, MIP-3α/CCL20, and TNF-α were determined in lesions from patients with PAP (n = 20) and compared to healthy bone samples (n = 20). RESULTS We identified eleven cytokines to be differently expressed, and among them, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17E, IL-21, and IL-27 appeared to drive the discrepancy between the disease and healthy groups. The levels of T follicular helper (Tfh) cell promoting cytokines (IL-21, IL-6, IL-27) were enhanced while T helper (Th) 1 cell promoting cytokine (IL-2), Th2 cell promoting cytokine (IL-13), and Th17 cell promoting cytokine (IL-17E) were reduced in the PAP group. The data also indicate that Tfh cell differentiation (IL-21), along with Th1 (GM-CSF, IFNγ), Th2 (IL-13), and Th17 (GM-CSF) cell differentiation, might be increased in the subpopulation of patients suffering from RA, whereas no differences were found in patients with CVD. CONCLUSIONS Levels of cytokines/chemokines in PAP were identified, and cluster analyzes indicated that these markers may be associated with the differentiation of different T cell populations. Patients with PAP and RA comorbidities showed elevated levels of markers reinforcing this association. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Molecular analyses of PAP may result in identification of prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Eriksson Agger
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janne Elin Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Hjelkrem
- Department of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aina-Mari Lian
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else K Breivik Hals
- TAKO-Centre, National Resource Centre for Oral Health in Rare Medical Conditions, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Homan Zandi
- Department of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pia Titterud Sunde
- Department of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Postboks 1109 Blindern, N-0317, Oslo, Norway.
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Wu J, Huang H, Yu X. How does Hashimoto's thyroiditis affect bone metabolism? Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:191-205. [PMID: 36509987 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow contains resident cellular components that are not only involved in bone maintenance but also regulate hematopoiesis and immune responses. The immune system and bone interact with each other, coined osteoimmunology. Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is one of the most common chronic autoimmune diseases which is accompanied by lymphocytic infiltration. It shows elevating thyroid autoantibody levels at an early stage and progresses to thyroid dysfunction ultimately. Different effects exert on bone metabolism during different phases of HT. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms of the long-term effects of HT on bone and the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and osteoimmunology. For patients with HT, the bone is affected not only by thyroid function and the value of TSH, but also by the setting of the autoimmune background. The autoimmune background implies a breakdown of the mechanisms that control self-reactive system, featuring abnormal immune activation and presence of autoantibodies. The etiology of thyroid autoimmunity and osteoimmunology is complex and involves a number of immune cells, cytokines and chemokines, which regulate the pathogenesis of HT and osteoporosis at the same time, and have potential to affect each other. In addition, vitamin D works as a potent immunomodulator to influence both thyroid immunity and osteoimmunology. We conclude that HT affects bone metabolism at least through endocrine and immune pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Wu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism/Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, 610041, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, 610041, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism/Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, 610041, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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Özdemirel AE, Güven SC, Doğancı A, Sarı Sürmeli Z, Özyuvalı A, Kurt M, Rüstemova D, Hassan S, Yalçın Sayın AP, Tutkak H, Ataman Ş. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment does not influence serum levels of the markers associated with radiographic progression in ankylosing spondylitis. Arch Rheumatol 2023; 38:148-155. [PMID: 37235120 PMCID: PMC10208618 DOI: 10.46497/archrheumatol.2023.9974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to determine the levels of change of the markers related to radiographic progression, such as Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1), sclerostin (SOST), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and -4, and interleukin (IL)-17 and -23, in ankylosing spondyloarthritis (AS) during anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-three anti-TNF-α naïve AS patients (34 males, 19 females; median: 38 years; range, 20 to 52 years) refractory to conventional treatments meeting the modified New York criteria or Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society classification criteria were enrolled to this cross-sectional, controlled study between October 2015 and January 2017. Fifty healthy volunteers (35 males, 15 females; median: 36 years; range, 18 to 55 years) with similar age and sex characteristics were recruited. Serum DKK-1, BMP-2, BMP-4, SOST, IL-17, and IL-23 levels were measured in both groups. The serum levels of the markers were measured again after about two years (mean follow-up duration of 21.7±6.4 months) in AS patients who started anti-TNF-α treatment. Demographic, clinical characteristics, and laboratory parameters were recorded. The disease activity at the time of inclusion was assessed through the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. RESULTS Serum DKK-1, SOST, IL-17, and IL-23 levels in the AS group before anti-TNF-a treatment were significantly higher compared to the control group (p<0.01 for DKK-1, p<0.001 for others). There was no difference regarding serum BMP-4 levels, whereas BMP-2 levels were significantly higher in the control group (p<0.01). Forty (75.47%) AS patients had serum marker levels measured after anti-TNF-α treatment. No significant change was observed in the serum levels of these 40 patients measured 21.7±6.4 months after the initiation of anti-TNF-α treatment (p>0.05 for all). CONCLUSION In AS patients, there was no change in DKK-1/SOST, BMP, and IL-17/23 cascade with anti-TNF-α treatment. This finding may suggest that these pathways act independently of each other, and their local effects are not influenced by systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serdar Can Güven
- Department of Rheumatology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Alper Doğancı
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | | | - Ayla Özyuvalı
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, HFM Beyazpınar Physical Medicine And Rehabilitation Centre, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Kurt
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Dr. Ergun Özdemir Görele State Hospital, Giresun, Türkiye
| | - Diana Rüstemova
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Can Private Hospital, Manisa, Türkiye
| | - Selin Hassan
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Başkent University Medical School, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | - Hüseyin Tutkak
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Şebnem Ataman
- Department of Rheumatology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Türkiye
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Zhang H, Jiang HL, Dai SM. No Significant Effects of IL-23 on Initiating and Perpetuating the Axial Spondyloarthritis: The Reasons for the Failure of IL-23 Inhibitors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:818413. [PMID: 35222393 PMCID: PMC8868936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is comprised of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and non-radiographic axSpA. In recent years, the involvement of the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis in the pathophysiology of axSpA has been widely proposed. Since IL-23 is an upstream activating cytokine of IL-17, theoretically targeting IL-23 should be effective in axSpA, especially after the success of the treatment with IL-17 blockers in the disorder. Unfortunately, IL-23 blockade did not show meaningful efficacy in clinical trials of AS. In this review, we analyzed the possible causes of the failure of IL-23 blockers in AS: 1) the available data from an animal model is not able to support that IL-23 is involved in a preclinical rather than clinical phase of axSpA; 2) Th17 cells are not principal inflammatory cells in the pathogenesis of axSpA; 3) IL-17 may be produced independently of IL-23 in several immune cell types other than Th17 cells in axSpA; 4) no solid evidence supports IL-23 as a pathogenic factor to induce enthesitis and bone formation. Taken together, IL-23 is not a principal proinflammatory cytokine in the pathogenesis of axSpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Han-Lei Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Ming Dai
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Kim J, Lyu HZ, Jung C, Lee KM, Han SH, Lee JH, Cha M. Osteogenic Response of MC3T3-E1 and Raw264.7 in the 3D-Encapsulated Co-Culture Environment. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:387-397. [PMID: 33415675 PMCID: PMC8169729 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cultures recapitulate the physiological microenvironment and exhibit high concordance with in vivo conditions. Improving co-culture models with different kind of cell types cultured on a 3D scaffold can closely mimic the in vivo environment. In this study, we examined the osteogenic response of pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells and Raw264.7 mouse monocytes in a 3D-encapsulated co-culture environment composed of the Cellrix® 3D culture system, which provides a physiologically relevant environment. METHODS The Cellrix® 3D Bio-Gel scaffolds were used to individually culture or co-culture two type cells in 3D microenvironment. Under 3D culture conditions, osteoblastic behavior was evaluated with an ALP assay and staining. ACP assay and TRAP staining were used as osteoclastic behavior indicator. RESULTS Treatment with osteoblastic induction factors (+3F) and RANKL had on positively effect on alkaline phosphatase activity but significantly inhibited to acid phosphatase activity during osteoclastic differentiation in 3D co-culture. Interestingly, alkaline phosphatase activity or acid phosphatase activity in 3D co-culture was stimulated with opposite differentiation factors at an early stage of differentiation. We guess that these effects may be related to RANK-RANKL signaling, which is important in osteoblast regulation of osteoclasts. CONCLUSION In this study, the osteogenic response of 3D encapsulated pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells and mouse monocyte Raw264.7 cells was successfully demonstrated. Our 3D culture conditions will be able to provide a foundation for developing a high-throughput in vitro bone model to study the effects of various drugs and other agents on molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungju Kim
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Medifab Co, Ltd., 70, Dusan-ro, Doksan-dong, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08584, South Korea
| | - Hao-Zhen Lyu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 103, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Chisung Jung
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Medifab Co, Ltd., 70, Dusan-ro, Doksan-dong, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08584, South Korea
| | - Kyung Mee Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 103, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Shi Huan Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 103, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyup Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 103, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Boramae-ro 5-gil 20, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, South Korea.
| | - Misun Cha
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Medifab Co, Ltd., 70, Dusan-ro, Doksan-dong, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08584, South Korea.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with bone loss leading to osteoporosis and increased fracture risk. Bone loss is the result of changes in the balanced process of bone remodeling. Immune cells and cytokines play an important role in the process of bone remodeling and it is therefore not surprising that cytokines as observed in IBD are involved in bone pathology. This review discusses the role of cytokines in IBD-associated bone loss, including the consequences for treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Many studies have been conducted that showed the effect of a single cytokine on bone cells in vitro, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12/IL-23, IL-17, IL-18, IL-32 and interferon-γ. Recently new members of the IL-1 family (IL-1F) have been related to IBD but the consequences for bone health remain uncertain. SUMMARY Overall, patients have to deal with a cocktail of cytokines, present in their serum. The combination of cytokines can affect bone cells differently compared to the effects of a single cytokine. This implicates that treatment, focused on reducing the inflammation could work best for bone health as well. Vitamin D might also play a role in this.
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Sarker H, Hardy E, Haimour A, Karim MA, Scholl-Bürgi S, Martignetti JA, Botto LD, Fernandez-Patron C. Comparative Serum Analyses Identify Cytokines and Hormones Commonly Dysregulated as Well as Implicated in Promoting Osteolysis in MMP-2-Deficient Mice and Children. Front Physiol 2020; 11:568718. [PMID: 33101055 PMCID: PMC7546215 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.568718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) causes a complex syndrome characterized by multicentric osteolysis, nodulosis, and arthropathy (MONA) as well as cardiac valve defects, dwarfism and hirsutism. MMP-2 deficient (Mmp2 -/-) mice are a model for this rare multisystem pediatric syndrome but their phenotype remains incompletely characterized. Here, we extend the phenotypic characterization of MMP-2 deficiency by comparing the levels of cytokines and chemokines, soluble cytokine receptors, angiogenesis factors, bone development factors, apolipoproteins and hormones in mice and humans. Initial screening was performed on an 8-year-old male presenting a previously unreported deletion mutation c1294delC (Arg432fs) in the MMP2 gene and diagnosed with MONA. Of eighty-one serum biomolecules analyzed, eleven were upregulated (>4-fold), two were downregulated (>4-fold) and sixty-eight remained unchanged, compared to unaffected controls. Specifically, Eotaxin, GM-CSF, M-CSF, GRO-α, MDC, IL-1β, IL-7, IL-12p40, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and MIG were upregulated and epidermal growth factor (EGF) and ACTH were downregulated in this patient. Subsequent analysis of five additional MMP-2 deficient patients confirmed the upregulation in Eotaxin, IL-7, IL-12p40, and MIP-1α, and the downregulation in EGF. To establish whether these alterations are bona fide phenotypic traits of MMP-2 deficiency, we further studied Mmp2 -/- mice. Among 32 cytokines measured in plasma of Mmp2 -/- mice, the cytokines Eotaxin, IL-1β, MIP-1α, and MIG were commonly upregulated in mice as well as patients with MMP-2 deficiency. Moreover, bioactive cortisol (a factor that exacerbates osteoporosis) was also elevated in MMP-2 deficient mice and patients. Among the factors we have identified to be dysregulated in MMP-2 deficiency many are osteoclastogenic and could potentially contribute to bone disorder in MONA. These new molecular phenotypic traits merit being targeted in future research aimed at understanding the pathological mechanisms elicited by MMP-2 deficiency in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sarker
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Ayman Haimour
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mahmoud A Karim
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sabine Scholl-Bürgi
- Clinic for Pediatrics I, Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John A Martignetti
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Rudy L. Ruggles Biomedical Research Institute, Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT, United States
| | - Lorenzo D Botto
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Patron
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Borciani G, Montalbano G, Baldini N, Cerqueni G, Vitale-Brovarone C, Ciapetti G. Co-culture systems of osteoblasts and osteoclasts: Simulating in vitro bone remodeling in regenerative approaches. Acta Biomater 2020; 108:22-45. [PMID: 32251782 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone is an extremely dynamic tissue, undergoing continuous remodeling for its whole lifetime, but its regeneration or augmentation due to bone loss or defects are not always easy to obtain. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a promising approach, and its success often relies on a "smart" scaffold, as a support to host and guide bone formation through bone cell precursors. Bone homeostasis is maintained by osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoclasts (OCs) within the basic multicellular unit, in a consecutive cycle of resorption and formation. Therefore, a functional scaffold should allow the best possible OB/OC cooperation for bone remodeling, as happens within the bone extracellular matrix in the body. In the present work OB/OC co-culture models, with and without scaffolds, are reviewed. These experimental systems are intended for different targets, including bone remodeling simulation, drug testing and the assessment of biomaterials and 3D scaffolds for BTE. As a consequence, several parameters, such as cell type, cell ratio, culture medium and inducers, culture times and setpoints, assay methods, etc. vary greatly. This review identifies and systematically reports the in vitro methods explored up to now, which, as they allow cellular communication, more closely resemble bone remodeling and/or the regeneration process in the framework of BTE. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bone is a dynamic tissue under continuous remodeling, but spontaneous healing may fail in the case of excessive bone loss which often requires valid alternatives to conventional treatments to restore bone integrity, like bone tissue engineering (BTE). Pre-clinical evaluation of scaffolds for BTE requires in vitro testing where co-cultures combining innovative materials with osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoclasts (OCs) closely mimic the in vivo repair process. This review considers the direct and indirect OB/OC co-cultures relevant to BTE, from the early mouse-cell models to the recent bone regenerative systems. The co-culture modeling of bone microenvironment provides reliable information on bone cell cross-talk. Starting from improved knowledge on bone remodeling, bone disease mechanisms may be understood and new BTE solutions are designed.
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11
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van Bodegraven AA, Bravenboer N. Perspective on skeletal health in inflammatory bowel disease. Osteoporos Int 2020; 31:637-646. [PMID: 31822927 PMCID: PMC7075921 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-019-05234-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteopenia and osteoporosis are common features in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Moreover, Crohn's disease is associated with increased fracture risk. The etiology of bone loss in IBD is multifactorial. It includes insufficient intake or absorption of calcium, vitamin D, and potassium; smoking; a low peak bone mass; a low body mass index; and decreased physical activity. In several studies, it has been shown that elevated concentrations of systemic and local pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFNγ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, and IL-17, present in IBD patients are potentially detrimental for bone metabolism and may be responsible for bone loss and increased fracture risk. This perspective aims to review the current literature on the role of inflammatory factors in the pathophysiology of skeletal problems in IBD and to suggest potential treatment to improve bone health, based on a combination of evidence and clinical and pathophysiological reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. van Bodegraven
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geriatrics, Internal and Intensive Care Medicine(Co-MIK), Zuyderland MC, Sittard-Geleen-Heerlen, Dr H van der Hoffplein 1, 6162 BG Geleen, Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N. Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Research Institute Amsterdam Movement Sciences Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Centre for Bone Quality LUMC, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA Netherlands
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12
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Abstract
Cytokines and hematopoietic growth factors have traditionally been thought of as regulators of the development and function of immune and blood cells. However, an ever-expanding number of these factors have been discovered to have major effects on bone cells and the development of the skeleton in health and disease (Table 1). In addition, several cytokines have been directly linked to the development of osteoporosis in both animal models and in patients. In order to understand the mechanisms regulating bone cells and how this may be dysregulated in disease states, it is necessary to appreciate the diverse effects that cytokines and inflammation have on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone mass. This chapter provides a broad overview of this topic with extensive references so that, if desired, readers can access specific references to delve into individual topics in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lorenzo
- Departments of Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
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13
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Yuan N, Yu G, Liu D, Wang X, Zhao L. An emerging role of interleukin-23 in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:185-191. [PMID: 31072166 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1610429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune, chronic inflammatory disease and is characterized by destruction of the articular cartilage. A number of pro-inflammatory cytokines work sequentially and in concert with one another to induce the development of RA. IL-23, a member of IL-12 family, is composed of p19 and p40 subunits and it interacts with IL-23 receptor complex to trigger plethora of biochemical actions. A number of preclinical studies have shown the role of IL-23 in the development of RA in rodents. IL-23 receptor signaling is primarily linked to the activation of JAK-STAT, tyrosine kinase 2, NF-kB, and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors. IL-23 produces its osteoclastogenic effects, mainly through IL-17 and Th17 cells suggesting the importance of IL-23/IL-17/Th17 in the joint inflammation and destruction in RA. Monoclonal antibodies targeted against IL-23, including tildrakizumab and guselkumab have been developed and evaluated in clinical trials. However, there are very limited clinical studies regarding the use of IL-23 modulators in RA patients. The present review discusses the different aspects of IL-23 including its structural features, signal transduction pathway, preclinical, and clinical role in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yuan
- a Department of Rheumatology , The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Guimei Yu
- a Department of Rheumatology , The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Di Liu
- a Department of Rheumatology , The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Xiancheng Wang
- b Department of Cardiology , The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , China
| | - Ling Zhao
- c Department of Rheumatology , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , China
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14
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Wang Q, Yuan X, Li B, Sun D, Liu J, Liu T, Bi X, Liu Y. Roles of SP600125 in expression of JNK, RANKL and OPG in cultured dental follicle cells. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:3073-3081. [PMID: 30895561 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of C-JNK, RANKL and OPG after SP600125 administration in cultured dental follicle cells (DFCs). METHODS TRAP staining and electron microscope were carried out on day 7 and 9 after coculture of BMMs and DFCs with a ratio of 5:1 in different groups. To determine the effects of SP600125 on the expression of C-JNK, RANKL and OPG mRNA and protein, cultured DFCs were divided into control group, DMSO group and SP600125 groups. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to investigate the expression of the mRNA and protein, respectively. RESULTS TRAP assay indicated that the number of multinucleated osteoclasts in the SP600125 group showed significant decrease compared with that of control (P < 0.05). The expression of JNK protein in the SP600125 groups showed significant decline compared with that of the control group and blank control (P < 0.05). Significant decrease was noticed in the RANKL protein expression with the elevation of SP600125. CONCLUSIONS SP600125 could inhibit the formation of osteoclast in the coculture system of DFCs and BMMs. After SP600125 treatment, the expression of RANKL and JNK showed a trend of decrease, and the expression of OPG showed gradual increase followed by gradual decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Yuan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Boqi Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Dalei Sun
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,State Key Lab Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Bi
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,State Key Lab Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Yishan Liu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Zhu S, Ehnert S, Rouß M, Häussling V, Aspera-Werz RH, Chen T, Nussler AK. From the Clinical Problem to the Basic Research-Co-Culture Models of Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082284. [PMID: 30081523 PMCID: PMC6121694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue undergoes constant remodeling and healing when fracture happens, in order to ensure its structural integrity. In order to better understand open biological and clinical questions linked to various bone diseases, bone cell co-culture technology is believed to shed some light into the dark. Osteoblasts/osteocytes and osteoclasts dominate the metabolism of bone by a multitude of connections. Therefore, it is widely accepted that a constant improvement of co-culture models with both cell types cultured on a 3D scaffold, is aimed to mimic an in vivo environment as closely as possible. Although in recent years a considerable knowledge of bone co-culture models has been accumulated, there are still many open questions. We here try to summarize the actual knowledge and address open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhu
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Marc Rouß
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Victor Häussling
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Romina H Aspera-Werz
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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16
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Shukla P, Mansoori MN, Singh D. Efficacy of anti-IL-23 monotherapy versus combination therapy with anti-IL-17 in estrogen deficiency induced bone loss conditions. Bone 2018; 110:84-95. [PMID: 29414600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified that Interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis plays crucial role in pathogenesis of inflammation and bone destruction. IL-23 is thought to promote joint destruction in arthritis by stimulating Th17 cells. IL-23 directly mediates bone loss by inducing osteoclastogenesis and receptor activator of kappa B ligand (RANKL) expression in T cells. IL-23 also promotes tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity of osteoclast in osteoblast-osteoclast co-culture. The role of IL-23 has not been studied in estrogen deficiency induced bone loss. Here, we study the effect of IL-23 neutralization in ovariectomized (Ovx) estrogen deficient mice on various immune and skeletal parameters. We also determine whether the combination of anti-IL-23 and anti-IL17 has enhanced osteoprotective effects compared to monotherapies. Treatment of anti-IL-23 and its combination with anti-IL-17 suppressed Th17 cell differentiation and promoted development of T regulatory cells. Anti-IL-23 and its combination with anti-IL-17 prevented bone loss. However, the individual monotherapies of anti-IL-23 and anti-IL-17 were more effective than combination therapy. Treatment of IL-17 and IL-23 cytokines to bone marrow stromal cells led to increased differentiation towards osteoblast lineage. Double neutralization of IL-23 and IL-17 might be inhibiting this phenomenon thus producing less potent effects. Our studies thus support bone protective effects of anti-IL-23 and that the monotherapies of neutralizing antibodies against IL-17 and IL-23 may be a more accepted mode of treatment in management of post-menopausal bone loss rather than combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Shukla
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector-10, Jankipuram, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohd Nizam Mansoori
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector-10, Jankipuram, Lucknow, India
| | - Divya Singh
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector-10, Jankipuram, Lucknow, India.
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17
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Osteoclast Formation within a Human Co-Culture System on Bone Material as an In Vitro Model for Bone Remodeling Processes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/jfmk3010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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18
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Amarasekara DS, Yun H, Kim S, Lee N, Kim H, Rho J. Regulation of Osteoclast Differentiation by Cytokine Networks. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e8. [PMID: 29503739 PMCID: PMC5833125 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play a pivotal role in maintaining bone homeostasis. Osteoclasts (OCs), the sole bone resorbing cells, are regulated by numerous cytokines. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand play a central role in OC differentiation, which is also termed osteoclastogenesis. Osteoclastogenic cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-11, IL-15, IL-17, IL-23, and IL-34, promote OC differentiation, whereas anti-osteoclastogenic cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-3, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-27, and IL-33, downregulate OC differentiation. Therefore, dynamic regulation of osteoclastogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic cytokines is important in maintaining the balance between bone-resorbing OCs and bone-forming osteoblasts (OBs), which eventually affects bone integrity. This review outlines the osteoclastogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic properties of cytokines with regard to osteoimmunology, and summarizes our current understanding of the roles these cytokines play in osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyeongseok Yun
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sumi Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Nari Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hyunjong Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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19
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Baum R, Gravallese EM. Bone as a Target Organ in Rheumatic Disease: Impact on Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 51:1-15. [PMID: 26411424 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated bone remodeling occurs when there is an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. In rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and seronegative spondyloarthritis, systemic and local factors disrupt the process of physiologic bone remodeling. Depending upon the local microenvironment, cell types, and local mechanical forces, inflammation results in very different effects on bone, promoting bone loss in the joints and in periarticular and systemic bone in RA and driving bone formation at enthesial and periosteal sites in diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS), included within the classification of axial spondyloarthritis. There has been a great deal of interest in the role of osteoclasts in these processes and much has been learned over the past decade about osteoclast differentiation and function. It is now appreciated that osteoblast-mediated bone formation is also inhibited in the RA joint, limiting the repair of erosions. In contrast, osteoblasts function to produce new bone in AS. The Wnt and BMP signaling pathways have emerged as critical in the regulation of osteoblast function and the outcome for bone in rheumatic diseases, and these pathways have been implicated in both bone loss in RA and bone formation in AS. These pathways provide potential novel approaches for therapeutic intervention in diseases in which inflammation impacts bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Baum
- Department of Medicine and Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Lazare Research Building Suite 223, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Ellen M Gravallese
- Department of Medicine and Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Lazare Research Building Suite 223, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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20
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GRAVALLESE ELLENM. Bone Wasn't Built in a Day: Destruction and Formation of Bone in the Rheumatic Diseases. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2017; 128:24-43. [PMID: 28790485 PMCID: PMC5525397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis is synovitis, or inflammation of synovial tissues lining joints. Synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis promotes destruction of articular bone by inducing the differentiation and function of osteoclasts, leading to significant patient morbidity. The cell types and pathways mediating articular bone destruction have now been elucidated and the critical role of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand has been recognized, leading to the identification of new targets for the protection of articular bone. Synovitis not only promotes bone destruction, but also inhibits the ability of bone-forming osteoblasts to repair bone. In stark contrast, inflammation in spondyloarthritis, including ankylosing spondylitis, promotes bone formation at periosteal sites, resulting in pain and decreased motion of the spine and joints. Local anatomic factors contribute to these distinct outcomes for bone and anabolic pathways regulating bone formation are now being investigated to identify novel targets for prevention of abnormal bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- ELLEN M. GRAVALLESE
- Correspondence and reprint requests: Ellen M. Gravallese, MD, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Lazare Research Building, Suite 223, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605
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21
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Ma N, Yang D, Okamura H, Teramachi J, Hasegawa T, Qiu L, Haneji T. Involvement of interleukin‑23 induced by Porphyromonas endodontalis lipopolysaccharide in osteoclastogenesis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:559-566. [PMID: 28000855 PMCID: PMC5364876 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periapical lesions are characterized by the destruction of periapical bone, and occur as a result of local inflammatory responses to root canal infection by microorganisms including Porphyromonas endodontalis (P. endodontalis). P. endodontalis and its primary virulence factor, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are associated with the development of periapical lesions and alveolar bone loss. Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is critical in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease via effects on peripheral bone metabolism. The present study investigated the expression of IL-23 in tissue where a periapical lesion was present, and the effect of P. endodontalis LPS on the expression of IL-23 in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Reverse transcription- quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry revealed increased levels of IL-23 expression in tissue with periapical lesions compared with healthy PDL tissue. Treatment with P. endodontalis LPS increased the expression of IL-23 in the SH-9 human PDL cell line. BAY11-7082, a nuclear factor κB inhibitor, suppressed P. endodontalis LPS-induced IL-23 expression in SH-9 cells. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with conditioned medium from P. endodontalis LPS-treated SH-9 cells promoted osteoclastogenesis. By contrast, RAW264.7 cells treated with conditioned medium from IL-23-knockdown SH-9 cells underwent reduced levels of osteoclastogenesis. The results of the present study indicated that the expression of IL-23 in PDL cells induced by P. endodontalis LPS treatment may be involved in the progression of periapical lesions via stimulation of the osteoclastogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ma
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
| | - Hirohiko Okamura
- Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8504, Japan
| | - Jumpei Teramachi
- Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8504, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8504, Japan
| | - Lihong Qiu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, P.R. China
| | - Tatsuji Haneji
- Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8504, Japan
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22
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Macrophages derived from THP-1 promote the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through the IL-23/IL-23R/β-catenin pathway. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:81-9. [PMID: 26477825 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal bone formation is a clinically significant dilemma for many conditions in response to injury, inflammation or genetic disease. However, the effects of inflammation on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) remain unclear. IL-23 secretion from macrophages might contribute to the development of bone formation. Here, we investigated the stimulatory effects of THP-1 macrophage conditioned medium (MΦ CM) on the osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs and the associated signaling pathways. The osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was induced after exposure to osteogenic differentiation medium (OM). MΦ CM significantly increased alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity and calcium mineralization in MSCs. Osteogenic marker genes, including RUNX2, ALP and osteocalcin (OCN), were also up-regulated in MSCs after exposure to MΦ CM. Moreover, western blotting revealed that MΦ CM treatment induced STAT3 and β-catenin activation in MSCs. Furthermore, blockade of IL-23 in MΦ CM not only impaired the osteogenic-promotion effects of macrophage but also decreased the expression of osteogenic maker genes. However, IL-23R silencing suppressed MΦ CM-induced calcium mineralization and osteogenic maker gene expression in MSCs. These data suggest that macrophages derived from THP-1 promote the osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs through the IL-23/IL-23R/β-catenin pathway and macrophages might contribute to the development of bone formation in inflammation.
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23
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Shaw AT, Gravallese EM. Mediators of inflammation and bone remodeling in rheumatic disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 49:2-10. [PMID: 26481971 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling of bone is a continuous process that occurs throughout life. Under normal physiologic conditions, bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts are tightly coupled and regulated to ensure proper balance, such that there is no net change in bone mass. However, inflammation perturbs normal bone homeostasis. The impact of inflammation on bone is dependent upon the anatomic site affected, cell types, factors and cytokines present in the local microenvironment, and local mechanical forces. Cytokines are central to the pathogenesis of inflammation-induced bone loss and contribute to the uncoupling of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation, thereby disrupting normal remodeling. In this review, we will discuss the effects of cytokines on bone in two settings, rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis, a disease category that includes ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and juvenile onset spondyloarthropathy. The outcome for bone in these disease settings is quite different, and an understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms leading to the net impact on bone has been essential in developing new therapeutic approaches to bone health in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita T Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Ellen M Gravallese
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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