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Leal-Sáenz A, Waring KM, Sniezko RA, Menon M, Hernández-Díaz JC, López-Sánchez CA, Martínez-Guerrero JH, Mariscal-Lucero SDR, Silva-Cardoza A, Wehenkel C. DIFFERENCES IN CONE AND SEED MORPHOLOGY OF PINUS STROBIFORMIS AND PINUS AYACAHUITE. SOUTHWEST NAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-65.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Leal-Sáenz
- Programa Institucional de Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, México, Km 5.5, Carretera Mazatlán, 34120 Durango, México (ALS)
| | - Kristen M. Waring
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 (KMW)
| | - Richard A. Sniezko
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Dorena Genetic Resource Center, Cottage Grove, OR 97424 (RAS)
| | - Mitra Menon
- Integrative Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284 (MM)
| | - José Ciro Hernández-Díaz
- Forestry and Wood Industry Institute, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, México, Km 5.5, Carretera Mazatlán, 34120 Durango, México (JCHD, CW)
| | - Carlos Antonio López-Sánchez
- SmartForest Group, Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems, Mieres Polytechnic School, University of Oviedo, Campus Universitario de Mieres, C/Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós S/N, 33600 Mieres, Spain (CALS)
| | - José Hugo Martínez-Guerrero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango 34305, México (JHMG)
| | | | - Adrián Silva-Cardoza
- División de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, Km 38.5, Carretera México-Texcoco, Texcoco, Estado de México, México (ASC)
| | - Christian Wehenkel
- Forestry and Wood Industry Institute, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, México, Km 5.5, Carretera Mazatlán, 34120 Durango, México (JCHD, CW)
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Leal-Sáenz A, Waring KM, Álvarez-Zagoya R, Hernández-Díaz JC, López-Sánchez CA, Martínez-Guerrero JH, Wehenkel C. Assessment and Models of Insect Damage to Cones and Seeds of Pinus strobiformis in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:628795. [PMID: 33995433 PMCID: PMC8116514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Insect damage to cones and seeds has a strong impact on the regeneration of conifer forest ecosystems, with broader implications for ecological and economic services. Lack of control of insect populations can lead to important economic and environmental losses. Pinus strobiformis is the most widespread of the white pines in Mexico and is widely distributed throughout the mountains of northern Mexico. Relatively few studies have examined insect damage to the cones and seeds of these pines, especially in Mexico. In this study, we therefore analyzed insect damage to cones and seeds of P. strobiformis in Mexico by using X-ray and stereomicroscopic analysis. The specific objectives of the study were (a) to characterize insect damage by measuring external and internal cone traits, (b) to assess the health of seeds and cones of P. strobiformis in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico, and (c) to estimate the relative importance of the effects of different environmental variables on cone and seed damage caused by insects. We found that 80% of P. strobiformis seeds and 100% of the tree populations studied had damage caused by insects. Most seeds were affected by Leptoglossus occidentalis, Tetyra bipunctata, Megastigmus albifrons, and the Lepidoptera complex (which includes Apolychrosis synchysis, Cydia latisigna, Eucosma bobana, and Dioryctria abietivorella). The cones of all tree populations were affected by some type of insect damage, with Lepidoptera causing most of the damage (72%), followed by Conophthorus ponderosae (15%), the hemipteran L. occidentalis (7%), and the wasp M. albifrons (6%). The proportion of incomplete seeds in P. strobiformis at the tree level, cone damage by M. albifrons and seed damage in L. occidentalis were associated with various climate and soil variables and with crown dieback. Thus, cone and seed insect damage can be severe and potentially impact seed production in P. strobiformis and the reforestation potential of the species. The study findings will enable managers to better identify insects that cause damage to cone and seeds. In addition, identification of factors associated with damage may be useful for predicting the levels of insect predation on seeds and cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Leal-Sáenz
- Programa Institucional de Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Kristen M. Waring
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | | | - José Ciro Hernández-Díaz
- Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Carlos A. López-Sánchez
- SMartForest Group, Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems, Mieres Polytechnic School, University of Oviedo, Mieres, Spain
| | | | - Christian Wehenkel
- Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
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Leal-Sáenz A, Waring KM, Menon M, Cushman SA, Eckert A, Flores-Rentería L, Hernández-Díaz JC, López-Sánchez CA, Martínez-Guerrero JH, Wehenkel C. Morphological Differences in Pinus strobiformis Across Latitudinal and Elevational Gradients. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:559697. [PMID: 33193485 PMCID: PMC7642095 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.559697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The phenotype of trees is determined by the relationships and interactions among genetic and environmental influences. Understanding the patterns and processes that are responsible for phenotypic variation is facilitated by studying the relationships between phenotype and the environment among many individuals across broad ecological and climatic gradients. We used Pinus strobiformis, which has a wide latitudinal distribution, as a model species to: (a) estimate the relative importance of different environmental factors in predicting these morphological traits and (b) characterize the spatial patterns of standing phenotypic variation of cone and seed traits across the species' range. A large portion of the total variation in morphological characteristics was explained by ecological, climatic and geographical variables (54.7% collectively). The three climate, vegetation and geographical variable groups, each had similar total ability to explain morphological variation (43.4%, 43.8%, 51.5%, respectively), while the topographical variable group had somewhat lower total explanatory power (36.9%). The largest component of explained variance (33.6%) was the four-way interaction of all variable sets, suggesting that there is strong covariation in environmental, climate and geographical variables in their relationship to morphological traits of southwest white pine across its range. The regression results showed that populations in more humid and warmer climates expressed greater cone length and seed size. This may in part facilitate populations of P. strobiformis in warmer and wetter portions of its range growing in dense, shady forest stands, because larger seeds provide greater resources to germinants at the time of germination. Our models provide accurate predictions of morphological traits and important insights regarding the factors that contribute to their expression. Our results indicate that managers should be conservative during reforestation efforts to ensure match between ecotypic variation in seed source populations. However, we also note that given projected large range shift due to climate change, managers will have to balance the match between current ecotypic variation and expected range shift and changes in local adaptive optima under future climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Leal-Sáenz
- Programa Institucional de Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Kristen M. Waring
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Mitra Menon
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Andrew Eckert
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | - José Ciro Hernández-Díaz
- Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Carlos Antonio López-Sánchez
- Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems, Mieres Polytechnic School, University of Oviedo, Campus Universitario de Mieres, C/Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós S/N, Mieres, Spain
| | | | - Christian Wehenkel
- Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
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Lea MV, Syring J, Jennings T, Cronn R, Bruederle LP, Neale JR, Tomback DF. Development of nuclear microsatellite loci for Pinus albicaulis Engelm. (Pinaceae), a conifer of conservation concern. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205423. [PMID: 30335779 PMCID: PMC6193661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinus albicaulis (whitebark pine) is a widely-distributed but rapidly declining high elevation western North American tree and a candidate for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Our objectives were to develop reliable nuclear microsatellite markers that can be used to assess within-population genetic diversity as well as seed and pollen migration dynamics, and to validate markers using two geographically proximal P. albicaulis populations. We identified 1,667 microsatellite-containing sequences from shotgun DNA libraries of P. albicaulis. Primer pairs were designed for 308 unique microsatellite-containing loci, and these were evaluated for PCR amplification success and segregation in a panel of diploid needle tissue. DNA was extracted with an SDS protocol, and primers were screened through gel electrophoresis. Microsatellites were genotyped through fluorescent primer fragment analysis. Ten novel and 13 transferred loci were found to be reproducible in analyses based on 20 foliage samples from each of two locations: Henderson Mountain, Custer Gallatin National Forest, Montana, and Mt. Washburn, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (USA). Transferred loci had higher numbers of alleles and expected heterozygosities than novel loci, but also revealed evidence for a higher frequency of null alleles. Eight of the 13 transferred loci deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, and showed large positive FIS values that were likely inflated by null alleles. Mantel’s tests of transferred and novel markers showed no correlation between genetic and geographic distances within or among the two sampled populations. AMOVA suggests that 91% of genetic variability occurs within populations and 9% between the two populations. Studies assessing genetic diversity using these microsatellite loci can help guide future management and restoration activities for P. albicaulis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian V. Lea
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John Syring
- Department of Biology, Linfield College, McMinnville, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tara Jennings
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Richard Cronn
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Leo P. Bruederle
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Diana F. Tomback
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Oreshkova NV, Vetrova VP, Goroshkevich SN, Petrova EA. Variability of nuclear microsatellite loci in the populations of Siberian dwarf pine (Pinus pumila (Pallas) Regel) from the Russian part of the range. RUSS J GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795417020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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