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Fu M, Deng F, Chen J, Fu L, Lei J, Xu T, Chen Y, Zhou J, Gao Q, Ding H. Current data and future perspectives on DNA methylation in ovarian cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2024; 64:62. [PMID: 38757340 PMCID: PMC11095605 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) represents the most prevalent malignancy of the female reproductive system. Its distinguishing features include a high aggressiveness, substantial morbidity and mortality, and a lack of apparent symptoms, which collectively pose significant challenges for early detection. Given that aberrant DNA methylation events leading to altered gene expression are characteristic of numerous tumor types, there has been extensive research into epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation, in human cancers. In the context of OC, DNA methylation is often associated with the regulation of critical genes, such as BRCA1/2 and Ras‑association domain family 1A. Methylation modifications within the promoter regions of these genes not only contribute to the pathogenesis of OC, but also induce medication resistance and influence the prognosis of patients with OC. As such, a more in‑depth understanding of DNA methylation underpinning carcinogenesis could potentially facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic approaches for this intricate disease. The present review focuses on classical tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, signaling pathways and associated microRNAs in an aim to elucidate the influence of DNA methylation on the development and progression of OC. The advantages and limitations of employing DNA methylation in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of OC are also discussed. On the whole, the present literature review indicates that the DNA methylation of specific genes could potentially serve as a prognostic biomarker for OC and a therapeutic target for personalized treatment strategies. Further investigations in this field may yield more efficacious diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives for patients with OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Fu
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Fengying Deng
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Li Fu
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xu
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
| | - Youguo Chen
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Qinqin Gao
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Ding
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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Liang C, Liu N, Zhang Q, Deng M, Ma J, Lu J, Yin Y, Wang J, Miao Y, She B, Li Q, Hou G. A detection panel of novel methylated DNA markers for malignant pleural effusion. Front Oncol 2022; 12:967079. [PMID: 36176402 PMCID: PMC9513209 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.967079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCytology remains the gold standard for the detection of malignant cells in pleural effusion. However, its sensitivity is limited. The aim of this study was to establish a novel panel of cancer-specific methylated genes for the differential diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion (MPE).MethodsA cohort of 100 cancer patients (68 lung cancer, 32 other malignant tumors) and 48 patients with benign disease presenting with pleural effusion was prospectively enrolled. Pleural effusion was evaluated by means of cytopathological investigation and DNA methylation of SHOX2, RASSF1A, SEPTIN9 and HOXA9 in the cellular fraction. DNA methylation in bisulfite-converted DNA was determined using quantitative methylation-specific real-time PCR (MS-PCR). Cytopathological and DNA methylation results were evaluated with regard to the final clinical diagnosis.ResultsThe LungMe® SHOX2 and RASSF1A Assay (Tellgen Corporation, China) has been reported to be highly sensitive and specific for lung cancer using bronchial aspirates. As expected, LungMe® detected metastases of lung cancer (sensitivity: 76.5%) as well as metastases of other malignant tumors (sensitivity: 68.8%). OncoMe, a novel combination of SHOX2, RASSF1A, SEPTIN9 and HOXA9 methylation, led to an additional 11% increase in the detection rate of MPE, resulting in a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 96%. Overall, OncoMe showed a higher positive detection rate in SCLC (100%), LUAC (87%), OC (100%), BC (92.9%), GC (80.0%), and MESO (80%) than in LUSC (50%). Cytopathological analyses only detected 23 positive samples, which were all positively measured by both LungMe® and OncoMe.ConclusionOncoMe has potential for use as a biomarker for the detection of MPE, even not limited to lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Liang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Function, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingming Deng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Center of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangwei Ma
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingwen Lu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Miao
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bin She
- Academic Development, Tellgen Corporation, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingchang Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Hou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Center of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Hou,
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Faaborg L, Jakobsen A, Waldstrøm M, Petersen CB, Andersen RF, Steffensen KD. HOXA9-methylated DNA as a diagnostic biomarker of ovarian malignancy. Biomark Med 2021; 15:1309-1317. [PMID: 34514844 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2021-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: In ovarian cancer, methylated HOXA9 (meth-HOXA9) has been proposed as a relevant biomarker, however, its role in the carcinogenic development remains unknown. This study aimed at evaluating meth-HOXA9 as a diagnostic biomarker in ovarian cancer. Materials & methods: The meth-HOXA9 status was examined in 138 tissue specimens encompassing normal ovaries, benign- and borderline tumors, and ovarian cancer using droplet digital PCR. Results: Meth-HOXA9 was detected in 93% (82/88) and 88% (14/16) of ovarian cancer and borderline tumors, respectively. In patients with benign ovarian tumors meth-HOXA9 was detected in 17% (3/18). Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis meth-HOXA9 had a diagnostic accuracy of 98%. Conclusion: Meth-HOXA9 is highly cancer specific and could serve as a general diagnostic marker of ovarian malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Faaborg
- Department of Oncology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, 7100, Denmark.,Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000, Denmark
| | - Anders Jakobsen
- Department of Oncology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, 7100, Denmark.,Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000, Denmark
| | - Marianne Waldstrøm
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, 7100, Denmark
| | - Christina B Petersen
- Department of Pathology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, 7100, Denmark
| | - Rikke F Andersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, 7100, Denmark
| | - Karina D Steffensen
- Department of Oncology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, 7100, Denmark.,Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000, Denmark.,Center for Shared Decision Making, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, 7100, Denmark
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Shao Y, Kong J, Xu H, Wu X, Cao Y, Li W, Han J, Li D, Xie K, Wu J. OPCML Methylation and the Risk of Ovarian Cancer: A Meta and Bioinformatics Analysis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:570898. [PMID: 33777925 PMCID: PMC7990783 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.570898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The association of opioid binding protein cell adhesion molecule-like (OPCML) gene methylation with ovarian cancer risk remains unclear. Methods: We identified eligible studies by searching the PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Wanfang databases. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to determine the association of OPCML methylation with ovarian cancer risk. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were used to assess the sources of heterogeneity. Additionally, we analyzed the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets to validate our findings. Results: Our study included 476 ovarian cancer patients and 385 controls from eight eligible studies. The pooled OR was 33.47 (95% CI = 12.43-90.16) in the cancer group vs. the control group under the random-effects model. The association was still significant in subgroups according to sample type, control type, methods, and sample sizes (all P < 0.05). Sensitivity analysis showed that the finding was robust. No publication bias was observed in Begg's (P = 0.458) and Egger's tests (P = 0.261). We further found that OPCML methylation was related to III/IV (OR = 4.20, 95% CI = 1.59-11.14) and poorly differentiated grade (OR = 4.37; 95% CI = 1.14-16.78). Based on GSE146552 and GSE155760, we validated that three CpG sites (cg16639665, cg23236270, cg15964611) in OPCML promoter region were significantly higher in cancer tissues compared to normal tissues. However, we did not observe the associations of OPCML methylation with clinicopathological parameters and overall survival based on TCGA ovarian cancer data. Conclusion: Our findings support that OPCML methylation is associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shao
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, The Zhangjiagang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Kong
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanzi Xu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - YuePeng Cao
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijian Li
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Han
- Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dake Li
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaipeng Xie
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangping Wu
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Gİrgİn B, KaradaĞ-Alpaslan M, KocabaŞ F. Oncogenic and tumor suppressor function of MEIS and associated factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 44:328-355. [PMID: 33402862 PMCID: PMC7759197 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2006-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MEIS proteins are historically associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, and invasion in cancer. MEIS and associated PBX-HOX proteins may act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in different cellular settings. Their expressions tend to be misregulated in various cancers. Bioinformatic analyses have suggested their upregulation in leukemia/lymphoma, thymoma, pancreas, glioma, and glioblastoma, and downregulation in cervical, uterine, rectum, and colon cancers. However, every cancer type includes, at least, a subtype with high MEIS expression. In addition, studies have highlighted that MEIS proteins and associated factors may function as diagnostic or therapeutic biomarkers for various diseases. Herein, MEIS proteins and associated factors in tumorigenesis are discussed with recent discoveries in addition to how they could be modulated by noncoding RNAs or newly developed small-molecule MEIS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birkan Gİrgİn
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, İstanbul Turkey.,Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Yeditepe University, İstanbul Turkey.,Meinox Pharma Technologies, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Medine KaradaĞ-Alpaslan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun Turkey
| | - Fatih KocabaŞ
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, İstanbul Turkey.,Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Yeditepe University, İstanbul Turkey.,Meinox Pharma Technologies, İstanbul Turkey
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Rusan M, Andersen RF, Jakobsen A, Steffensen KD. Circulating HOXA9-methylated tumour DNA: A novel biomarker of response to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition in BRCA-mutated epithelial ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer 2019; 125:121-129. [PMID: 31865042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have emerged as a novel treatment option in BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer (OC); however, responses are variable and there is a lack of prognostic and predictive biomarkers. We therefore investigated whether homeobox A9 (HOXA9) promoter methylation in circulating tumour DNA (meth-ctDNA) can serve as a biomarker in patients with platinum-resistant BRCA-mutated OC, undergoing treatment with a PARP inhibitor. METHODS Patients (n = 32) were enrolled as part of a phase II trial testing veliparib in platinum-resistant BRCA-mutated OC. HOXA9 meth-ctDNA was determined at baseline and just before each treatment cycle using digital droplet polymerase chain reaction. Methylation status and change in methylation compared with baseline were correlated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS Detection of HOXA9 meth-ctDNA during treatment with a PARP inhibitor was associated with worse clinical outcomes. This association was apparent after the first cycle of treatment and maintained throughout treatment. After three treatment cycles, patients with detectable HOXA9 meth-ctDNA had a median PFS of 5.1 months compared with 8.3 months for patients without, and a median OS of 9.5 months compared with 19.4 months (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.002, respectively). Patients with detectable HOXA9 meth-ctDNA at baseline, but subsequent undetectable levels, had the most favourable clinical outcome, followed by patients with undetectable levels throughout. These associations were maintained in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal monitoring of HOXA9 meth-ctDNA is clinically feasible and is strongly correlated to clinical outcomes (PFS, OS), suggesting that it may serve as a valuable predictive biomarker to inform clinical decision-making in the setting of platinum-resistant BRCA-mutated OC treated with a PARP inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rusan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Vejle University Hospital, Vejle, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Rikke F Andersen
- Department of Biochemistry, Vejle University Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Anders Jakobsen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Vejle University Hospital, Vejle, Denmark; Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Karina D Steffensen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Vejle University Hospital, Vejle, Denmark; Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Mazzoldi EL, Pastò A, Ceppelli E, Pilotto G, Barbieri V, Amadori A, Pavan S. Casein Kinase 1 Delta Regulates Cell Proliferation, Response to Chemotherapy and Migration in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1211. [PMID: 31799185 PMCID: PMC6874158 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Casein kinase 1 delta (CK1δ) has a tumor-promoting role in different cancers and it is genetically amplified in a portion of human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). CK1δ is involved in pleiotropic cellular functions such as cell proliferation, DNA damage, and migration. We specifically knocked down CK1δ by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in human ovarian cancer cells and we performed proliferation, chemosensitivity, as well as in vitro and in vivo migration assays. CK1δ knocked-down cells displayed reduced proliferation capability both in vitro and in vivo. Nonetheless, these cells were sensitized to the first line chemotherapeutic agent carboplatin (CPT), and this observation could be associated to reduced expression levels of p21(Cip1/Waf1), involved in DNA damage response, and the anti-apoptotic X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). Moreover, CK1δ knocked-down cells were affected in their migratory and lung homing capability, even if in opposite ways, i.e., IGROV1, SKOV3 and MES-OV lost, while OVCAR3 gained motility potential. The results suggest CK1δ as a potential exploitable target for pharmacological EOC treatment, but they also advise further investigation of its role in cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Laura Mazzoldi
- Immunology and Diagnostic Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Pastò
- Immunology and Diagnostic Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Ceppelli
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pilotto
- Immunology and Diagnostic Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Vito Barbieri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alberto Amadori
- Immunology and Diagnostic Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Simona Pavan
- Immunology and Diagnostic Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
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Idaikkadar P, Morgan R, Michael A. HOX Genes in High Grade Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1107. [PMID: 31382546 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HOX genes are highly conserved members of the homeobox superfamily that have a crucial role in determining cellular identity. High grade ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynaecological malignancy. Our understanding of the role of HOX genes in the oncogenesis of ovarian cancer is evolving, and here we review their dysregulated expression patterns, their function in cell survival and invasion, their potential uses as biomarkers, and ways in which HOX genes are being targeted with new and existing drugs.
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Wasenang W, Chaiyarit P, Proungvitaya S, Limpaiboon T. Serum cell-free DNA methylation of OPCML and HOXD9 as a biomarker that may aid in differential diagnosis between cholangiocarcinoma and other biliary diseases. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:39. [PMID: 30832707 PMCID: PMC6399934 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a fatal cancer of the bile duct epithelial cell lining. The misdiagnosis of CCA and other biliary diseases may occur due to the similarity of clinical manifestations and blood tests resulting in inappropriate or delayed treatment. Thus, an accurate and less-invasive method for differentiating CCA from other biliary diseases is inevitable. METHODS We quantified methylation of OPCML, HOXA9, and HOXD9 in serum cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of CCA patients and other biliary diseases using methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM). Their potency as differential biomarkers between CCA and other biliary diseases was also evaluated by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS The significant difference of methylation levels of OPCML and HOXD9 was observed in serum cfDNA of CCA compared to other biliary diseases. Assessment of serum cfDNA methylation of OPCML and HOXD9 as differential biomarkers of CCA and other biliary diseases showed the area under curve (AUC) of 0.850 (0.759-0.941) for OPCML which sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were 80.00%, 90.00%, 88.88%, 81.81%, and 85.00%, respectively. The AUC of HOXD9 was 0.789 (0.686-0.892) with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of 67.50%, 90.00%, 87.09%, 73.46%, and 78.75%, respectively. The combined marker between OPCML and HOXD9 showed sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 62.50%, 100%, 100%, and 72.72%, respectively, which may be helpful to prevent a misdiagnosis between CCA and other biliary diseases. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the application of serum cfDNA methylation of OPCML and HOXD9 for differential diagnosis of CCA and other biliary diseases due to its less invasiveness and clinically practical method which may benefit the patients by preventing the misdiagnosis of CCA and avoiding unnecessary surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiphawan Wasenang
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Ponlatham Chaiyarit
- Research Group of Chronic Inflammatory Oral Diseases and Systemic Diseases Associated with Oral Health, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Proungvitaya
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Temduang Limpaiboon
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Hentze JL, Høgdall CK, Høgdall EV. Methylation and ovarian cancer: Can DNA methylation be of diagnostic use? Mol Clin Oncol 2019; 10:323-330. [PMID: 30847169 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2019.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a silent killer and, due to late diagnosis and frequent chemo resistance in patients, the primary cause of fatality amongst the various types of gynecological cancer. The discovery of a specific and sensitive biomarker for ovarian cancer could improve early diagnosis, thereby saving lives. Biomarkers could also improve treatment, by predicting which patients will benefit from specific treatment strategies. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism, and 'methylation imbalance' is characteristic of cancer. Previous research suggests that changes in DNA methylation can be used diagnostically, and that they may predict resistance to treatment. This paper gives an up-to-date overview of research investigating the potential of DNA methylation-based markers for diagnostics, prognostics, screening and prediction of drug resistance for ovarian cancer patients. DNA methylation cancer-biomarkers may be useful for cancer treatment, particularly since they are chemically stable and since cancer-associated changes in methylation typically precedes tumor growth. DNA methylation markers could improve diagnosis and treatment and might even be used for screening in the future. Furthermore, DNA methylation biomarkers could facilitate the development of precision medicine. However, at this point no biomarkers for ovarian cancer have a sufficient combination of sensitivity and specificity in a clinical setting. A reason for this is that most studies have focused on a single or a few methylation sites. More large screenings and genome-wide studies must be performed to increase the chance of identifying a DNA methylation marker which can identify ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Hentze
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Claus K Høgdall
- Department of Gynecology, The Juliane Marie Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Estrid V Høgdall
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
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Conway K, Edmiston SN, Parker JS, Kuan PF, Tsai YH, Groben PA, Zedek DC, Scott GA, Parrish EA, Hao H, Pearlstein MV, Frank JS, Carson CC, Wilkerson MD, Zhao X, Slater NA, Moschos SJ, Ollila DW, Thomas NE. Identification of a Robust Methylation Classifier for Cutaneous Melanoma Diagnosis. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:1349-1361. [PMID: 30529013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis improves melanoma survival, yet the histopathological diagnosis of cutaneous primary melanoma can be challenging, even for expert dermatopathologists. Analysis of epigenetic alterations, such as DNA methylation, that occur in melanoma can aid in its early diagnosis. Using a genome-wide methylation screening, we assessed CpG methylation in a diverse set of 89 primary invasive melanomas, 73 nevi, and 41 melanocytic proliferations of uncertain malignant potential, classified based on interobserver review by dermatopathologists. Melanomas and nevi were split into training and validation sets. Predictive modeling in the training set using ElasticNet identified a 40-CpG classifier distinguishing 60 melanomas from 48 nevi. High diagnostic accuracy (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve = 0.996, sensitivity = 96.6%, and specificity = 100.0%) was independently confirmed in the validation set (29 melanomas, 25 nevi) and other published sample sets. The 40-CpG melanoma classifier included homeobox transcription factors and genes with roles in stem cell pluripotency or the nervous system. Application of the 40-CpG melanoma classifier to the diagnostically uncertain samples assigned melanoma or nevus status, potentially offering a diagnostic tool to assist dermatopathologists. In summary, the robust, accurate 40-CpG melanoma classifier offers a promising assay for improving primary melanoma diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Conway
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center (LCCC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Sharon N Edmiston
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center (LCCC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joel S Parker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center (LCCC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pei Fen Kuan
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Yi-Hsuan Tsai
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center (LCCC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pamela A Groben
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel C Zedek
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Glynis A Scott
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Eloise A Parrish
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center (LCCC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Honglin Hao
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle V Pearlstein
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jill S Frank
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center (LCCC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Craig C Carson
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew D Wilkerson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaobei Zhao
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center (LCCC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Slater
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stergios J Moschos
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center (LCCC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David W Ollila
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center (LCCC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancy E Thomas
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center (LCCC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Liu X, Yao B, Wu Z. miRNA-199a-5p suppresses proliferation and invasion by directly targeting NF-κB1 in human ovarian cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:4543-4550. [PMID: 30214589 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant expression of microRNA (miRNA)-199a-5p has been frequently reported in a number of cancer types, but to the best of our knowledge, this has not been reported in ovarian cancer (OC). The role and the molecular mechanism of miR-199a-5p in OC have not been reported. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of miR-199a-5p overexpression on the proliferation and invasion of OC cells. The level of miR-199a-5p in OC cell lines was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The miR-199a-5p mimic was transiently transfected into OC cells using Lipofectamine™ 2000 reagent. Subsequently, the BrdU-ELISA results indicated that the exogenous expression of miR-199a-5p inhibited cell proliferation. In addition, miR-199a-5p overexpression was able to inhibit the invasion of HO-8910 and ES-2 cells. RT-qPCR was performed to determine the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 in OC cells. NF-κB1 expression was reduced by upregulation of miR-199a-5p. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that NF-κB1 was a potential target of miR-199a-5p. Luciferase reporter assay further confirmed that miR-199a-5p was able to directly target the 3'UTR of NF-κB1. In conclusion, miRNA-199a-5p may suppress the proliferation and invasion of human ovarian cancer cells by directly targeting NF-κB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Xinchang People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312500, P.R. China
| | - Baofeng Yao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Putuo Hospital of Zhejiang, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316100, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shaoxing Hospital of China Medical University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312030, P.R. China
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13
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Wang H, Cui M, Zhang S, He J, Song L, Chen Y. Relationship between RAS Association Domain Family Protein 1A Promoter Methylation and the Clinicopathological Characteristics in Patients with Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Meta-Analysis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2017; 83:349-357. [PMID: 29130987 DOI: 10.1159/000484245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the relationship between RAS association domain family protein 1A (RASSF1A) promoter methylation and the clinical features, and the survival of ovarian cancer patients. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library databases. The overall ORs with their 95% CIs were calculated in this meta-analysis. RESULTS Finally 17 relevant publications with 1,108 ovarian cancer samples were available for the current meta-analysis. RASSF1A promoter methylation had a significantly higher level in ovarian cancer than in low malignant potential (LMP) tumors. No significant relationship was observed between RASSF1A promoter methylation and the clinicopathological characteristics in ovarian cancer. Two studies reported that RASSF1A promoter methylation was not correlated with the survival of patients with ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the use of RASSF1A promoter methylation could distinguish ovarian cancer and LMP tumors. -RASSF1A promoter methylation may not be correlated with the clinical features and the survival of ovarian cancer patients. More studies with large sample sizes are essential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Manhua Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuangli Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 307 Hospital of the people's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Li Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, China
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14
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Rezk NA, Mohamed RH, Alnemr AA, Harira M. Promoter Methylation of RASSF1A Gene in Egyptian Patients with Ovarian Cancer. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 185:153-162. [PMID: 29098560 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2648-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian malignancy is diagnosed in nearly a fourth of a million women internationally every year. Methylation of RASSF1A tumor suppressor gene prompts its inactivation in diseases. In this study, the RASSF1A promoter methylation was detected by methylated-specific PCR and investigated serum RASSF1A protein level through enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay in 160 Egyptian patients with ovarian cancer and 160 healthy controls. The present work proved that there was a higher frequency of RASSF1A methylation and a decrease in its serum level in patients with ovarian cancer compared to controls as well as in the high-grade tumor patients compared to low grade ones and also in advanced ovarian tumor stage compared to early stages. Our study exhibited that RASSF1A promoter hypermethylation and its protein levels may be a reliable and sensitive tool for diagnosing and monitoring of ovarian malignancy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A Rezk
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Rasha H Mohamed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amr AbdAlmohsen Alnemr
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mervat Harira
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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15
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Li S, Chen T, Wang Y, Liu L, Lv F, Li Z, Huang Y, Schanze KS, Wang S. Conjugated Polymer with Intrinsic Alkyne Units for Synergistically Enhanced Raman Imaging in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13455-13458. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengliang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center; College of Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at San Antonio; San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Yanyi Huang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center; College of Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at San Antonio; San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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16
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Li S, Chen T, Wang Y, Liu L, Lv F, Li Z, Huang Y, Schanze KS, Wang S. Conjugated Polymer with Intrinsic Alkyne Units for Synergistically Enhanced Raman Imaging in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengliang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center; College of Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at San Antonio; San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Yanyi Huang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center; College of Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at San Antonio; San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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17
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Rodrigues MFSD, Esteves CM, Xavier FCA, Nunes FD. Methylation status of homeobox genes in common human cancers. Genomics 2016; 108:185-193. [PMID: 27826049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 300 homeobox loci were identified in the euchromatic regions of the human genome, of which 235 are probable functional genes and 65 are likely pseudogenes. Many of these genes play important roles in embryonic development and cell differentiation. Dysregulation of homeobox gene expression is a frequent occurrence in cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that as genetics disorders, epigenetic modifications alter the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes driving tumorigenesis and perhaps play a more central role in the evolution and progression of this disease. Here, we described the current knowledge regarding homeobox gene DNA methylation in human cancer and describe its relevance in the diagnosis, therapeutic response and prognosis of different types of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fabio Daumas Nunes
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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