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Behairi S, Baha N, Barakat M, Ortet P, Achouak W, Heulin T, Kaci Y. Bacterial diversity and community structure in the rhizosphere of the halophyte Halocnemum strobilaceum in an Algerian arid saline soil. Extremophiles 2022; 26:18. [PMID: 35652980 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-022-01268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hypersaline ecosystems host a particular microbiota, which can be specifically recruited by halophytes. In order to broaden our knowledge of hypersaline ecosystems, an in natura study was conducted on the microbiota associated with the halophyte Halocnemum strobilaceum from alkaline-saline arid soil in Algeria. We collected and identified a total of 414 strains isolated from root tissues (RT), root-adhering soil (RAS), non-adhering rhizospheric soil (NARS) and bulk soil (BS) using different NaCl concentrations. Our data showed that halophilic and halotolerant bacterial isolates in BS and the rhizosphere belonged to 32 genera distributed in Proteobacteria (49%), Firmicutes (36%), Actinobacteria (14%) and Bacteroidetes (1%). Bacterial population size and species diversity were greatly increased in the rhizosphere (factor 100). The reservoir of diversity in BS was dominated by the genera Bacillus and Halomonas. Bacillus/Halomonas ratio decreased with the proximity to the roots from 2.2 in BS to 0.3 at the root surface. Salt screening of the strains showed that species belonging to nine genera were able to grow up to 5.1 M NaCl. Thus, we found that H. strobilaceum exerted a strong effect on the diversity of the recruited microbiota with an affinity strongly attributed to the genus Halomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Behairi
- Team of Soil Biology, Laboratory of Organisms Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El Alia, 16111, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nassima Baha
- Team of Soil Biology, Laboratory of Organisms Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El Alia, 16111, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Barakat
- Lab of Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere (LEMiRE), ECCOREV FR3098, UMR7265 BIAM, AMU, CEA, CNRS, 13115, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Philippe Ortet
- Lab of Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere (LEMiRE), ECCOREV FR3098, UMR7265 BIAM, AMU, CEA, CNRS, 13115, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Wafa Achouak
- Lab of Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere (LEMiRE), ECCOREV FR3098, UMR7265 BIAM, AMU, CEA, CNRS, 13115, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Thierry Heulin
- Lab of Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere (LEMiRE), ECCOREV FR3098, UMR7265 BIAM, AMU, CEA, CNRS, 13115, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Yahia Kaci
- Team of Soil Biology, Laboratory of Organisms Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El Alia, 16111, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria.
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Palit K, Rath S, Chatterjee S, Das S. Microbial diversity and ecological interactions of microorganisms in the mangrove ecosystem: Threats, vulnerability, and adaptations. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:32467-32512. [PMID: 35182344 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves are among the world's most productive ecosystems and a part of the "blue carbon" sink. They act as a connection between the terrestrial and marine ecosystems, providing habitat to countless organisms. Among these, microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, archaea, fungi, phytoplankton, and protozoa) play a crucial role in this ecosystem. Microbial cycling of major nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur) helps maintain the high productivity of this ecosystem. However, mangrove ecosystems are being disturbed by the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases within the atmosphere. Both the anthropogenic and natural factors contribute to the upsurge of greenhouse gas concentration, resulting in global warming. Changing climate due to global warming and the increasing rate of human interferences such as pollution and deforestation are significant concerns for the mangrove ecosystem. Mangroves are susceptible to such environmental perturbations. Global warming, human interventions, and its consequences are destroying the ecosystem, and the dreadful impacts are experienced worldwide. Therefore, the conservation of mangrove ecosystems is necessary for protecting them from the changing environment-a step toward preserving the globe for better living. This review highlights the importance of mangroves and their microbial components on a global scale and the degree of vulnerability of the ecosystems toward anthropic and climate change factors. The future scenario of the mangrove ecosystem and the resilience of plants and microbes have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Palit
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Sonalin Rath
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Shreosi Chatterjee
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Surajit Das
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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Sadeer NB, Zengin G, Mahomoodally MF. Biotechnological applications of mangrove plants and their isolated compounds in medicine-a mechanistic overview. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:393-414. [PMID: 35285350 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2033682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mangrove plants, also known as halophytes, are ecologically important plants that grow in various tropical and subtropical intertidal regions. Owing to the extreme abiotic and biotic stressful conditions they thrive in, these plants produce unique compounds with promising pharmacological propensities. Mangroves are inhabited by an astronomical number of fungal communities which produce a diverse array of extracellular degradative enzymes, namely: amylase, cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, cholesterol oxidase, etc. Such enzymes can be isolated from the mangrove fungi and harnessed for different biotechnological applications, for example, as replacements for chemical catalysts. Mangrove microbes attract considerable attention as they shelter the largest group of marine microorganisms that are resistant to extreme conditions and can produce novel biogenic substances. Vaccines developed from mangrove microbes may promise a safe future by developing effective immunization procedures with a minimum of economic burden. Interestingly, mangroves offer an exciting opportunity for synthesizing nanoparticles in a greener way as these plants are naturally rich in phytochemicals. Rhizophora mucronata Lam., Avicennia officinalis L. and Excoecaria agallocha L. are capable of synthesizing nanoparticles which have evolved recently as an alternative in various industries and are used for their biomedical application. Besides, the phytoconstituents isolated from mangrove plants, such as: gallic acid, galactose, lupeol, catechins, carotenoids, etc., were explored for various biological activities. These compounds are used in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries to produce antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and other therapeutic agents. The present review provides information on the biotechnological potentials of mangrove plants and their bioactive compounds as a new source of novel drugs, enzymes, nanoparticles and therapeutically important microbial pigments. Thus, this review forms a base of support and hasten the urgent research on biomedical applications of mangroves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeelah Bibi Sadeer
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
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Srinivasan R, Kannappan A, Shi C, Lin X. Marine Bacterial Secondary Metabolites: A Treasure House for Structurally Unique and Effective Antimicrobial Compounds. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19100530. [PMID: 34677431 PMCID: PMC8539464 DOI: 10.3390/md19100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance reduces the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs in preventing and treating infectious diseases caused by pathogenic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Because of the burgeoning growth of microbes with antimicrobial-resistant traits, there is a dire need to identify and develop novel and effective antimicrobial agents to treat infections from antimicrobial-resistant strains. The marine environment is rich in ecological biodiversity and can be regarded as an untapped resource for prospecting novel bioactive compounds. Therefore, exploring the marine environment for antimicrobial agents plays a significant role in drug development and biomedical research. Several earlier scientific investigations have proven that bacterial diversity in the marine environment represents an emerging source of structurally unique and novel antimicrobial agents. There are several reports on marine bacterial secondary metabolites, and many are pharmacologically significant and have enormous promise for developing effective antimicrobial drugs to combat microbial infections in drug-resistant pathogens. In this review, we attempt to summarize published articles from the last twenty-five years (1996–2020) on antimicrobial secondary metabolites from marine bacteria evolved in marine environments, such as marine sediment, water, fauna, and flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Srinivasan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (X.L.)
| | - Arunachalam Kannappan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (A.K.); (C.S.)
| | - Chunlei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (A.K.); (C.S.)
| | - Xiangmin Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (X.L.)
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Jankoski PR, Correa APF, Brandelli A, Motta ASDA. Biological activity of bacteria isolated from wetland sediments collected from a conservation unit in the southern region of Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20191269. [PMID: 34287454 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120191269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wetlands are ecosystems rich in biodiversity and their ecological importance is recognized worldwide. Sediment samples were subjected to physical-chemical analysis and organic carbon content varied from 3.0% to 4.8%, the clay between 32 and 40%, silt with 41% and 43%, sand coarse varied between 6 and 11% and fine sand between 7 and 16%. The nitrogen values varied from 0.25% to 0.48%, the pH from 5.4 to 7.5 and the humidity varied from 44 to 56%. The selected isolates were evaluated for enzymatic properties and 64% showed positive results for amylase, 16% for gelatinase, 37% for lipase, 91% for protease and 2.7% for inulinase. Six bacterial isolates were selected for the overlapping assay and Bacillus sp. sed 2.2 showed inhibitory activity against Corynebacterium fimi NCTC 7547, and the antimicrobial substance was partially purified. The characterization of the substance was carried and the substance was stable at 100° C for up to 10 minutes and sensitive to the enzymes papain and trypsin. This substance was active against some species of Listeria, including Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644. The microorganims obtained from sediment samples were important sources of bioactive compounds, including enzymes and peptides, being a source of bioactive compounds to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila R Jankoski
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, sala 216, Cidade Baixa, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F Correa
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Campus do Vale, Prédio 43212, Santo Antônio, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriano Brandelli
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Campus do Vale, Prédio 43212, Santo Antônio, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda S DA Motta
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, sala 216, Cidade Baixa, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Kotoky R, Pandey P. The genomic attributes of Cd-resistant, hydrocarbonoclastic Bacillus subtilis SR1 for rhizodegradation of benzo(a)pyrene under co-contaminated conditions. Genomics 2021; 113:613-23. [PMID: 33002627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis SR1 is a metal resistant, polyaromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium isolated from petroleum contaminated sites. This study reports the characteristics of the genome of the isolate containing one circular chromosome (4,093,698 bp) annotated into 4155 genes and 4095 proteins. The genome analysis confirmed the presence of multiple catabolic genes: aromatic ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase (COG2146), aromatic ring hydroxylase (COG2368), catechol 2, 3 dioxygenase (COG2514), 4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase (COG0043), carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase (COG0599) responsible for the catabolism of aromatic hydrocarbons along with the genes for biosurfactant production and functional genes (czcD and cadA) for resistance to cadmium, zinc, and cobalt. Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy analysis revealed up to 35% in-vitro degradation of benzo(a)pyrene after 21 days of growth along with the production of different intermediate metabolites. The pot trial analysis in the greenhouse condition validated the rhizodegradation of BaP, which was significantly higher in the presence of plant-microbe association (85%) than degradation in bulk soil (68%).
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Al-Shibli H, Dobretsov S, Al-Nabhani A, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Rethinasamy V, Al-Sadi AM. Aspergillus terreus obtained from mangrove exhibits antagonistic activities against Pythium aphanidermatum-induced damping-off of cucumber. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7884. [PMID: 31656698 PMCID: PMC6812666 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the potential of Aspergillus terreus obtained from Avicennia marina mangrove roots in inhibiting Pythium aphanidermatum and damping-off disease of cucumber. Aspergillus terreus exhibited in vitro inhibition of Pythium aphanidermatum growth. Electron microscope examination revealed that the antagonistic fungal isolate resulted in shrinking and groves in Pythium hypha. When Aspergillus terreus culture filtrate was added to Pythium aphanidermatum, it resulted in a significant increase (by 73%) in electrolyte leakage from Pythium hypha compared to the control, as well as significant reduction (by 71%) in oospore production. The Aspergillus terreus culture was also found to produce a cellulase enzyme, which is suggested to be involved in the antagonism against Pythium aphanidermatum. Adding Aspergillus terreus to soil infested with Pythium aphanidermatum significantly reduced percent mortality in cucumber seedlings by 70%. Aspergillus terreus, when applied alone on cucumber seedlings, did not show any suppressive effects on cucumber growth (length and fresh and dry weight). This appears to be the first report of isolation from mangrove of Aspergillus terreus with antagonistic activity against Pythium aphanidermatum-induced damping-off of cucumber. The study indicates that fungal isolates obtained from marine environments may serve as potential biocontrol agents against some plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Al-Shibli
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sergey Dobretsov
- Department of Marine Science and Fisheries, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman.,Center of Excellence in Marine Biotechnology, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Nabhani
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman
| | - Sajeewa S N Maharachchikumbura
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Muscat, Oman
| | - Velazhahan Rethinasamy
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Muscat, Oman
| | - Abdullah M Al-Sadi
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Muscat, Oman
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Ge C, Wei C, Yang BX, Cheng J, Huang YS. Conjunctival microbiome changes associated with fungal keratitis: metagenomic analysis. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:194-200. [PMID: 30809472 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.02.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the ocular surface microbiome profile of patients with fungal keratitis (FK) through bacterial 16S rDNA sequencing. METHODS The swab samples were collected from 8 patients with FK (Group 1 from the corneal ulcer, Group 2 from the conjunctival sac of the infected eyes, and Group 3 from the conjunctival sac of the fellow eyes) and 10 healthy eyes (Group 4 from the conjunctival sac). Bacterial 16S rDNA V4-V5 region sequencing was performed to characterize the bacterial communities on the ocular surfaces of the patients with FK. RESULTS Our metagenomic data showed that 97% of the sequence reads were categorized into 245 distinct bacterial genera, with 67.75±7.79 genera detected in Group 1, 73.80±13.44 in Group 2, 74.57±14.14 in Group 3, and 89.60±27.49 in Group 4. Compared with the healthy eyes (Group 4), both infected (Groups 1 and 2) and fellow eyes (Group 3) of the patients with FK showed reduced bacterial diversity and altered ocular surface microbiota compositions, with lower abundance of Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus and higher abundances of Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Caulobacter and Psychrobacter. CONCLUSION Our report depicts the altered ocular surface bacterial community structures both in the affected and fellow eyes of patients with FK. These changes may contribute to the pathogenesis of FK or the increased risk for FK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ge
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chao Wei
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bao-Xia Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu-Sen Huang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
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Ramachandran G, Rajivgandhi G, Maruthupandy M, Manoharan N. Extraction and partial purification of secondary metabolites from endophytic actinomycetes of marine green algae Caulerpa racemosa against multi drug resistant uropathogens. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ntabo RM, Nyamache AK, Lwande W, Kabii J, Nonoh J. Enzymatic Activity of Endophytic Bacterial Isolates from Selected Mangrove Plants in Kenya. Open Microbiol J 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285801812010354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:Microorganisms are a preferred source of enzyme production due to their high production capability and low cost of production. Bacterial endophytes occupy unexplored sites hence they represent a new source of enzymes with diverse applications. Mangrove plants in Kenya have traditionally been used as medicinal plants due to their bioactive metabolites. However the enzymatic activity of mangrove plants associated endophytes has not been studied.Aims & Objectives:The study is aimed at bioprospecting for enzymes with potential biotechnological applications from mangrove ecosystems.Methods & Materials:Forty-two bacterial isolates were cultured and isolated from the leaves and roots of six mangrove plants sampled from Mida Creek and Gazi Bay in the coastal region of Kenya. The isolates were screened for pectinases, chitinases, cellulases, proteases, and amylases. The isolates were identified based on morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis.Results:The study showed bacterial isolates had enzymatic activity as follows; pectinases activity (69% of the isolates), Proteases (95% of the isolates), amylases activity (88% of the isolates), cellulases and chitinases (92% of the isolates each). Bacterial endophytes from leaves showed a higher enzymatic index of cellulases suggesting a potential role in degrading cellulose in the leaves of plants. The enzymes amylases and proteases were mostly exhibited by endophytes in roots suggesting a potential role in metabolizing sugar and amino acids in the roots. Isolates from the mangrove plantSonneratia albashowed highest enzymatic indices. The study also observed that isolates from mangrove plants sampled from Gazi bay had high means of enzymatic indices. Molecular identification showed the isolates were closely related toBacillus, Streptomyces, Myroides, andStaphylococcusspecies. Their respective enzymatic activities have been provided in this study.Conclusion:The study showed that Kenyan Mangrove plant-associated bacterial endophytes provide a good reservoir of enzymes with potential industrial applications.
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Bibi F, Strobel GA, Naseer MI, Yasir M, Khalaf Al-Ghamdi AA, Azhar EI. Microbial Flora Associated with the Halophyte- Salsola imbricate and Its Biotechnical Potential. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:65. [PMID: 29445362 PMCID: PMC5797760 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophytes are associated with the intertidal forest ecosystem of Saudi Arabia and seemingly have an immense potential for yielding useful and important natural products. In this study we have aimed to isolate and characterize the endophytic and rhizospheric bacterial communities from the halophyte, Salsola imbricata, In addition these bacterial strains were identified and selected strains were further studied for bioactive secondary metabolites. At least 168 rhizspheric and endophytic bacteria were isolated and of these 22 were active antagonists against the oomycetous fungal plant pathogens, Phytophthora capsici and Pythium ultimum. Active cultures were mainly identified with molecular techniques (16S r DNA) and this revealed 95.7–100% sequence similarities with relevant type strains. These microorgansims were grouped into four major classes: Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, β-Proteobacteria, and γ-Proteobacteria. Production of fungal cell wall lytic enzymes was detected mostly in members of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. PCR screening for type I polyketide synthases (PKS-I), type II polyketide synthases (PKS-II) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) revealed 13 of the 22 strains (59%) were positive for at least one of these important biosynthetic genes that are known to be involved in the synthesis of important antibiotics. Four bacterial strains of Actinobacteria with potential antagonistic activity including two rhizobacteria, EA52 (Nocardiopsis sp.), EA58 (Pseudonocardia sp.) and two endophytic bacteria Streptomyces sp. (EA65) and Streptomyces sp. (EA67) were selected for secondary metabolite analyses using LC-MS. As a result, the presence of different bioactive compounds in the culture extracts was detected some of which are already reported for their diverse biological activities including antibiotics such as Sulfamethoxypyridazine, Sulfamerazine, and Dimetridazole. In conclusion, this study provides an insight into antagonistic bacterial population especially the Actinobacteria from S. imbricata, producing antifungal metabolites of medical significance and characterized taxonomically in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fehmida Bibi
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gary A Strobel
- Department of plant sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Muhammad I Naseer
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Khalaf Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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