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Sakasai-Sakai A, Takeda K, Takeuchi M. Involvement of Intracellular TAGE and the TAGE-RAGE-ROS Axis in the Onset and Progression of NAFLD/NASH. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030748. [PMID: 36978995 PMCID: PMC10045097 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The repeated excessive intake of sugar, a factor that contributes to the onset of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progression to the chronic form of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), markedly increases the hepatocyte content of glyceraldehyde (GA), a glucose/fructose metabolic intermediate. Toxic advanced glycation end-products (toxic AGEs, TAGE) are synthesized by cross-linking reactions between the aldehyde group of GA and the amino group of proteins, and their accumulation has been implicated in the development of NAFLD/NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our previous findings not only showed that hepatocyte disorders were induced by the intracellular accumulation of TAGE, but they also indicated that extracellular leakage resulted in elevated TAGE concentrations in circulating fluids. Interactions between extracellular TAGE and receptor for AGEs (RAGE) affect intracellular signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which may, in turn, contribute to the pathological changes observed in NAFLD/NASH. RAGE plays a role in the effects of the extracellular leakage of TAGE on the surrounding cells, which ultimately promote the onset and progression of NAFLD/NASH. This review describes the relationships between intracellular TAGE levels and hepatocyte and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) damage as well as the TAGE-RAGE-ROS axis in hepatocytes, HSC, and HCC cells. The "TAGE theory" will provide novel insights for future research on NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sakasai-Sakai
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kenji Takeda
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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Kabach I, Bouchmaa N, Ben Mrid R, Zouaoui Z, Maadoudi ME, Kounnoun A, Asraoui F, El Mansouri F, Zyad A, Cacciola F, Oulad El Majdoub Y, Mondello L, Nhiri M. Olea europaea var. Oleaster a promising nutritional food with in vitro antioxidant, antiglycation, antidiabetic and antiproliferative effects. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Takeuchi M, Sakasai-Sakai A, Takata T, Takino JI, Koriyama Y. Effects of Toxic AGEs (TAGE) on Human Health. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142178. [PMID: 35883620 PMCID: PMC9317028 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The habitual and excessive consumption of sugar (i.e., sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup, HFCS) is associated with the onset and progression of lifestyle-related diseases (LSRD). Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have recently been the focus of research on the factors contributing to LSRD. Approaches that inhibit the effects of AGEs may be used to prevent and/or treat LSRD; however, since the structures of AGEs vary depending on the type of reducing sugars or carbonyl compounds to which they respond, difficulties are associated with verifying that AGEs are an etiological factor. Cytotoxic AGEs derived from glyceraldehyde, a triose intermediate in the metabolism of glucose and fructose, have been implicated in LSRD and are called toxic AGEs (TAGE). A dietary imbalance (the habitual and excessive intake of sucrose, HFCS, or dietary AGEs) promotes the generation/accumulation of TAGE in vivo. Elevated circulating levels of TAGE have been detected in non-diabetics and diabetics, indicating a strong relationship between the generation/accumulation of TAGE in vivo and the onset and progression of LSRD. We herein outline current findings on “TAGE as a new target” for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-218-8456
| | - Akiko Sakasai-Sakai
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Takanobu Takata
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Jun-ichi Takino
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure 737-0112, Hiroshima, Japan;
| | - Yoshiki Koriyama
- Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki, Suzuka 513-8670, Mie, Japan;
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Singh S, Siva BV, Ravichandiran V. Advanced Glycation End Products: key player of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Glycoconj J 2022; 39:547-563. [PMID: 35579827 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the most common type of cardiovascular disease, and it causes intima thickening, plaque development, and ultimate blockage of the artery lumen. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are thought to have a role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. there is developing an enthusiasm for AGEs as a potential remedial target. AGES mainly induce arterial damage and exacerbate the development of atherosclerotic plaques by triggering cell receptor-dependent signalling. The interplay of AGEs with RAGE, a transmembrane signalling receptor present across all cells important to atherosclerosis, changes cell activity, boosts expression of genes, and increases the outflow of inflammatory compounds, resulting in arterial wall injury and plaque formation. Here in this review, function of AGEs in the genesis, progression, and instability of atherosclerosis is discussed. In endothelial and smooth muscle cells, as well as platelets, the interaction of AGEs with their transmembrane cell receptor, RAGE, triggers intracellular signalling, resulting in endothelial damage, vascular smooth muscle cell function modification, and changed platelet activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP) Zandaha Road, 844102, Dist:Vaishali, Hajipur, Bihar, India.
| | - Boddu Veerabadra Siva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP) Zandaha Road, 844102, Dist:Vaishali, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - V Ravichandiran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP) Zandaha Road, 844102, Dist:Vaishali, Hajipur, Bihar, India
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5
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Higher hepatic advanced glycation end products and liver damage markers are associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Nutr Res 2022; 104:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Garlic Extract: Inhibition of Biochemical and Biophysical Changes in Glycated HSA. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112211028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycation of various biomolecules contributes to structural changes and formation of several high molecular weight fluorescent and non-fluorescent, advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs and glycation are involved in various health complications. Synthetic medicines, including metformin, have several adverse effects. Natural products and their derivatives are used in the treatment of various diseases due to their significant therapeutic qualities. Allium sativum (garlic) is used in traditional medicines because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic properties. This study aimed to determine the anti-glycating and AGEs inhibitory activities of garlic. Biochemical and biophysical analyses were performed for in vitro incubated human serum albumin (HSA) with 0.05 M of glucose for 1, 5, and 10 weeks. Anti-glycating and AGEs inhibitory effect of garlic was investigated in glycated samples. Increased biochemical and biophysical changes were observed in glycated HSA incubated for 10 weeks (G-HSA-10W) as compared to native HSA (N-HSA) as well as glycated HSA incubated for 1 (G-HSA-1W) and 5 weeks (G-HSA-5W). Garlic extract with a concentration of ≥6.25 µg/mL exhibited significant inhibition in biophysical and biochemical changes of G-HSA-10W. Our findings demonstrated that garlic extract has the ability to inhibit biochemical and biophysical changes in HSA that occurred due to glycation. Thus, garlic extract can be used against glycation and AGE-related health complications linked with chronic diseases in diabetic patients due to its broad therapeutic potential.
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Mayén A, Aglago EK, Knaze V, Cordova R, Schalkwijk CG, Wagner K, Aleksandrova K, Fedirko V, Keski‐Rahkonen P, Leitzmann MF, Katzke V, Srour B, Schulze MB, Masala G, Krogh V, Panico S, Tumino R, Bueno‐de‐Mesquita B, Brustad M, Agudo A, Chirlaque López MD, Amiano P, Ohlsson B, Ramne S, Aune D, Weiderpass E, Jenab M, Freisling H. Dietary intake of advanced glycation endproducts and risk of hepatobiliary cancers: A multinational cohort study. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:854-864. [PMID: 33899229 PMCID: PMC8360042 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) may contribute to liver carcinogenesis because of their proinflammatory and prooxidative properties. Diet is a major source of AGEs, but there is sparse human evidence on the role of AGEs intake in liver cancer etiology. We examined the association between dietary AGEs and the risk of hepatobiliary cancers in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition prospective cohort (n = 450 111). Dietary intake of three AGEs, Nε -[carboxymethyl]lysine (CML), Nε -[1-carboxyethyl]lysine (CEL) and Nδ -[5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl]-ornithine (MG-H1), was estimated using country-specific dietary questionnaires linked to an AGEs database. Cause-specific hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between dietary AGEs and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), gallbladder and biliary tract cancers were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression. After a median follow-up time of 14.9 years, 255 cases of HCC, 100 cases of gallbladder cancer and 173 biliary tract cancers were ascertained. Higher intakes of dietary AGEs were inversely associated with the risk of HCC (per 1 SD increment, HR-CML = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.76-0.99, HR-CEL = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.74-0.96 and HR-MH-G1 = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.74-0.97). In contrast, positive associations were observed with risk of gallbladder cancer (per 1 SD, HR-CML = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.05-1.56, HR-CEL = 1.17; 95% CI: 0.96-1.40, HR-MH-G1 = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.06-1.54). No associations were observed for cancers of the intra and extrahepatic bile ducts. Our findings suggest that higher intakes of dietary AGEs are inversely associated with the risk of HCC and positively associated with the risk of gallbladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana‐Lucia Mayén
- Nutrition and Metabolism BranchInternational Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC‐WHO)LyonFrance
| | - Elom K. Aglago
- Nutrition and Metabolism BranchInternational Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC‐WHO)LyonFrance
| | - Viktoria Knaze
- Nutrition and Metabolism BranchInternational Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC‐WHO)LyonFrance
| | - Reynalda Cordova
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Casper G. Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Krasimira Aleksandrova
- Immunity and Metabolism Department of Nutrition and GerontologyGerman Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam‐RehbrueckeNuthetalGermany
| | - Veronika Fedirko
- Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Pekka Keski‐Rahkonen
- Nutrition and Metabolism BranchInternational Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC‐WHO)LyonFrance
| | - Michael F. Leitzmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive MedicineUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Verena Katzke
- Division of Cancer EpidemiologyGermany Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Bernard Srour
- Division of Cancer EpidemiologyGermany Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Matthias B. Schulze
- Department of Molecular EpidemiologyGerman Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam‐RehbrueckeNuthetalGermany
- Institute of Nutrition ScienceUniversity of PotsdamNuthetalGermany
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life‐Style Epidemiology UnitInstitute for Cancer Research Prevention and Clinical Network—ISPROFlorenceItaly
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Epidemiology and Prevention UnitFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology DepartmentProvincial Health Authority (ASP)RagusaItaly
| | - Bas Bueno‐de‐Mesquita
- Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD)National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Magritt Brustad
- Department of Community MedicineUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and CancerCatalan Institute of Oncology—ICO, Nutrition and Cancer Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute—IDIBELLBarcelonaSpain
| | - María Dolores Chirlaque López
- Department of EpidemiologyRegional Health Council, IMIB‐ArrixacaMurciaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Department of Health and Social SciencesUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Public Health Division of GipuzkoaBioDonostia Health Research InstituteDonostia‐San SebastianSpain
| | - Bodil Ohlsson
- Department of Internal MedicineLund University, Skåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Stina Ramne
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences MalmöLund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Department of NutritionBjørknes University CollegeOsloNorway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Nutrition and Metabolism BranchInternational Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC‐WHO)LyonFrance
| | - Mazda Jenab
- Nutrition and Metabolism BranchInternational Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC‐WHO)LyonFrance
| | - Heinz Freisling
- Nutrition and Metabolism BranchInternational Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC‐WHO)LyonFrance
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Takeuchi M, Sakasai-Sakai A, Takata T, Takino JI, Koriyama Y, Kikuchi C, Furukawa A, Nagamine K, Hori T, Matsunaga T. Intracellular Toxic AGEs (TAGE) Triggers Numerous Types of Cell Damage. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030387. [PMID: 33808036 PMCID: PMC8001776 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The habitual intake of large amounts of sugar, which has been implicated in the onset/progression of lifestyle-related diseases (LSRD), induces the excessive production of glyceraldehyde (GA), an intermediate of sugar metabolism, in neuronal cells, hepatocytes, and cardiomyocytes. Reactions between GA and intracellular proteins produce toxic advanced glycation end-products (toxic AGEs, TAGE), the accumulation of which contributes to various diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular disease. The cellular leakage of TAGE affects the surrounding cells via the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), thereby promoting the onset/progression of LSRD. We demonstrated that the intracellular accumulation of TAGE triggered numerous cellular disorders, and also that TAGE leaked into the extracellular space, thereby increasing extracellular TAGE levels in circulating fluids. Intracellular signaling and the production of reactive oxygen species are affected by extracellular TAGE and RAGE interactions, which, in turn, facilitate the intracellular generation of TAGE, all of which may contribute to the pathological changes observed in LSRD. In this review, we discuss the relationships between intracellular TAGE levels and numerous types of cell damage. The novel concept of the “TAGE theory” is expected to open new perspectives for research into LSRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (A.S.-S.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-218-8456
| | - Akiko Sakasai-Sakai
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (A.S.-S.); (T.T.)
| | - Takanobu Takata
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (A.S.-S.); (T.T.)
| | - Jun-ichi Takino
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan; (J.-i.T.); (T.H.)
| | - Yoshiki Koriyama
- Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan; (Y.K.); (A.F.)
| | - Chigusa Kikuchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan; (C.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Ayako Furukawa
- Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan; (Y.K.); (A.F.)
| | - Kentaro Nagamine
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan;
| | - Takamitsu Hori
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan; (J.-i.T.); (T.H.)
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan; (C.K.); (T.M.)
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Petriv N, Neubert L, Vatashchuk M, Timrott K, Suo H, Hochnadel I, Huber R, Petzold C, Hrushchenko A, Yatsenko AS, Shcherbata HR, Wedemeyer H, Lichtinghagen R, Falfushynska H, Lushchak V, Manns MP, Bantel H, Semchyshyn H, Yevsa T. Increase of α-dicarbonyls in liver and receptor for advanced glycation end products on immune cells are linked to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and liver cancer. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1874159. [PMID: 33628620 PMCID: PMC7889131 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1874159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver with a very poor prognosis and constantly growing incidence. Among other primary risks of HCC, metabolic disorders and obesity have been extensively investigated over recent decades. The latter can promote nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) leading to the inflammatory form of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), that, in turn, promotes HCC. Molecular determinants of this pathogenic progression, however, remain largely undefined. In this study, we have focussed on the investigation of α-dicarbonyl compounds (α-dC), highly reactive and tightly associated with overweight-induced metabolic disorders, and studied their potential role in NAFLD and progression toward HCC using murine models. NAFLD was induced using high-fat diet (HFD). Autochthonous HCC was induced using transposon-based stable intrahepatic overexpression of oncogenic NRASG12V in mice lacking p19Arf tumor suppressor. Our study demonstrates that the HFD regimen and HCC resulted in strong upregulation of α-dC in the liver, heart, and muscles. In addition, an increase in α-dC was confirmed in sera of NAFLD and NASH patients. Furthermore, higher expression of the receptor for advanced glycation products (RAGE) was detected exclusively on immune cells and not on stroma cells in livers of mice with liver cancer progression. Our work confirms astable interplay of liver inflammation, carbonyl stress mediated by α-dC, and upregulated RAGE expression on CD8+ Tand natural killer (NK) cells in situ in NAFLD and HCC, as key factors/determinants in liver disease progression. The obtained findings underline the role of α-dC and RAGE+CD8+ Tand RAGE+ NK cells as biomarkers and candidates for a local therapeutic intervention in NAFLD and malignant liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Petriv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lavinia Neubert
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Myroslava Vatashchuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Kai Timrott
- Department of General-, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Huizhen Suo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Hochnadel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - René Huber
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anastasiia Hrushchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Andriy S Yatsenko
- Gene Expression and Signaling Group, Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Halyna R Shcherbata
- Gene Expression and Signaling Group, Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Lichtinghagen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Biochemistry, Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Bantel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Halyna Semchyshyn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Yevsa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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10
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Diabetes and Pancreatic Cancer-A Dangerous Liaison Relying on Carbonyl Stress. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020313. [PMID: 33467038 PMCID: PMC7830544 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Diabetic people have an increased risk of developing several types of cancers, particularly pancreatic cancer. The higher availability of glucose and/or lipids that characterizes diabetes and obesity is responsible for the increased production of highly reactive carbonyl compounds, a condition referred to as “carbonyl stress”. Also known as glycotoxins and lipotoxins, these compounds react quickly and damage various molecules in cells forming final products termed AGEs (advanced glycation end-products). AGEs were shown to markedly accelerate tumor development in an experimental model of pancreatic cancer and AGE inhibition prevented the tumor-promoting effect of diabetes. In humans, carbonyl stress has been associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer and recognized as a possible contributor to other cancers, including breast and colorectal cancer. These findings suggest that carbonyl stress is involved in cancer development and growth and may be the mechanistic link between diabetes and pancreatic cancer, thus representing a potential drug target. Abstract Both type 2 (T2DM) and type 1 (T1DM) diabetes mellitus confer an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in humans. The magnitude and temporal trajectory of the risk conferred by the two forms of diabetes are similar, suggesting a common mechanism. Carbonyl stress is a hallmark of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, which accompanies T2DM, prediabetes, and obesity. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that diabetes promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in experimental models of T2DM, a finding recently confirmed in a T1DM model. The carbonyl stress markers advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), the levels of which are increased in diabetes, were shown to markedly accelerate tumor development in a mouse model of Kras-driven PDAC. Consistently, inhibition of AGE formation by trapping their carbonyl precursors (i.e., reactive carbonyl species, RCS) prevented the PDAC-promoting effect of diabetes. Considering the growing attention on carbonyl stress in the onset and progression of several cancers, including breast, lung and colorectal cancer, this review discusses the mechanisms by which glucose and lipid imbalances induce a status of carbonyl stress, the oncogenic pathways activated by AGEs and their precursors RCS, and the potential use of carbonyl-scavenging agents and AGE inhibitors in PDAC prevention and treatment, particularly in high-risk diabetic individuals.
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11
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Takeuchi M. Toxic AGEs (TAGE) theory: a new concept for preventing the development of diseases related to lifestyle. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2020; 12:105. [PMID: 33292465 PMCID: PMC7708159 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-00614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The habitual excessive intake of sugar (i.e., sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup), which has been implicated in the onset of diabetes mellitus, induces excessive production of glyceraldehyde, a metabolite produced during glucose and fructose metabolism, in hepatocytes, neuronal cells, and cardiomyocytes. MAIN TEXT Toxic advanced glycation end-products (toxic AGEs, TAGE) are formed from reactions between glyceraldehyde and intracellular proteins, and their accumulation contributes to various cellular disorders. TAGE leakage from cells affects the surrounding cells and increases serum TAGE levels, promoting the onset and/or development of lifestyle-related diseases (LSRD). Therefore, serum TAGE levels have potential as a novel biomarker for predicting the onset and/or progression of LSRD, and minimizing the effects of TAGE might help to prevent the onset and/or progression of LSRD. Serum TAGE levels are closely related to LSRD associated with the excessive ingestion of sugar and/or dietary AGEs. CONCLUSIONS The TAGE theory is also expected to open new perspectives for research into numerous other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
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12
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Takata T, Sakasai-Sakai A, Takeuchi M. Impact of intracellular toxic advanced glycation end-products (TAGE) on murine myoblast cell death. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2020; 12:54. [PMID: 32684984 PMCID: PMC7362572 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-00561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is a progressive condition that is characterized by decreases in skeletal muscle mass and function. Although sarcopenia is associated with lifestyle-related diseases (LSRD), the mechanisms underlying cell death in myoblasts, which differentiate to myotubes, remain unclear. We previously designated glyceraldehyde (an intermediate of glucose/fructose metabolism)-derived advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) as toxic AGEs (TAGE) because of their cytotoxicity and involvement in LSRD, and hypothesized that TAGE contribute to cell death in myoblasts. METHODS C2C12 cells, which are murine myoblasts, were treated with 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mM glyceraldehyde for 24 h. Cell viability and intracellular TAGE were then assessed using 5-[2,4,-bis(sodioxysulfonyl)phenyl]-3-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-tetrazole-3-ium (WST-8) and slot blot assays. Cells were pretreated with 8 mM aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of AGE production, for 2 h, followed by 0, 1.5, and 2 mM glyceraldehyde for 24 h. Cell viability and intracellular TAGE levels were then assessed. Serum TAGE levels in STAM mice, in which there were four stages (no steatosis, simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis), were measured using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results were expressed as TAGE units (U) per milliliter of serum, with 1 U corresponding to 1.0 μg of glyceraldehyde-derived AGE-bovine serum albumin (BSA) (TAGE-BSA). The viability of cells treated with 20, 50, and 100 μg/mL non-glycated BSA and TAGE-BSA for 24 h was assessed using the WST-8 assay. RESULTS In C2C12 cells treated with 1.5 and 2 mM glyceraldehyde, cell viability decreased to 47.7% (p = 0.0021) and 5.0% (p = 0.0001) and intracellular TAGE levels increased to 6.0 and 15.9 μg/mg protein, respectively. Changes in cell viability and TAGE production were completely inhibited by 8 mM aminoguanidine. Serum TAGE levels at the steatohepatitis and fibrosis stages were 10.51 ± 1.16 and 10.44 ± 0.95 U/mL, respectively, and were higher than those at the no steatosis stage (7.27 ± 0.18 U/mL). Cell death was not induced by 20 or 50 μg/mL TAGE-BSA. The viabilities of C2C12 cells treated with 100 μg/mL non-glycated BSA and TAGE-BSA were 105.0% (p = 0.2890) and 85.3% (p = 0.0217), respectively. CONCLUSION Intracellular TAGE strongly induced cell death in C2C12 cells and may also induce myoblast cell death in LSRD model mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Takata
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa, 920-0293 Japan
| | - Akiko Sakasai-Sakai
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa, 920-0293 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa, 920-0293 Japan
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Schröter D, Höhn A. Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in Carcinogenesis and their Therapeutic Implications. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5245-5251. [PMID: 30706806 PMCID: PMC6635609 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190130145549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aging is one of the biggest risk factors for the major prevalent diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration and cancer, but due to the complex and multifactorial nature of the aging process, the molecular mechanisms underlying age-related diseases are not yet fully understood. Research has been intensive in the last years aiming to characterize the pathophysiology of aging and develop therapies to fight age-related diseases. In this context advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have received attention. AGEs, when accumulated in tissues, significantly increase the level of inflammation in the body which has long been associated with the development of cancer. Here we discuss the classical settings promoting AGE formation, as well as reduction strategies, occurrence and relevance of AGEs in cancer tissues and the role of AGE-interaction with the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schröter
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren e.V. (IGZ), 14979 Grossbeeren.,Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Höhn
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Muenchen-Neuherberg, German
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Pin1 Plays Essential Roles in NASH Development by Modulating Multiple Target Proteins. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121545. [PMID: 31795496 PMCID: PMC6952946 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pin1 is one of the three known prolyl-isomerase types and its hepatic expression level is markedly enhanced in the obese state. Pin1 plays critical roles in favoring the exacerbation of both lipid accumulation and fibrotic change accompanying inflammation. Indeed, Pin1-deficient mice are highly resistant to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development by either a high-fat diet or methionine-choline-deficient diet feeding. The processes of NASH development can basically be separated into lipid accumulation and subsequent fibrotic change with inflammation. In this review, we outline the molecular mechanisms by which increased Pin1 promotes both of these phases of NASH. The target proteins of Pin1 involved in lipid accumulation include insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), while the p60 of the NF-kB complex and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway appear to be involved in the fibrotic process accelerated by Pin1. Interestingly, Pin1 deficiency does not cause abnormalities in liver size, appearance or function. Therefore, we consider the inhibition of increased Pin1 to be a promising approach to treating NASH and preventing hepatic fibrosis.
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Ramteke P, Deb A, Shepal V, Bhat MK. Hyperglycemia Associated Metabolic and Molecular Alterations in Cancer Risk, Progression, Treatment, and Mortality. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1402. [PMID: 31546918 PMCID: PMC6770430 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer and diabetes are amongst the leading causes of deaths worldwide. There is an alarming rise in cancer incidences and mortality, with approximately 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths in 2018. A major contributory but neglected factor for risk of neoplastic transformation is hyperglycemia. Epidemiologically too, lifestyle patterns resulting in high blood glucose level, with or without the role of insulin, are more often correlated with cancer risk, progression, and mortality. The two conditions recurrently exist in comorbidity, and their interplay has rendered treatment regimens more challenging by restricting the choice of drugs, affecting surgical consequences, and having associated fatal complications. Limited comprehensive literature is available on their correlation, and a lack of clarity in understanding in such comorbid conditions contributes to higher mortality rates. Hence, a critical analysis of the elements responsible for enhanced mortality due to hyperglycemia-cancer concomitance is warranted. Given the lifestyle changes in the human population, increasing metabolic disorders, and glucose addiction of cancer cells, hyperglycemia related complications in cancer underline the necessity for further in-depth investigations. This review, therefore, attempts to shed light upon hyperglycemia associated factors in the risk, progression, mortality, and treatment of cancer to highlight important mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Ramteke
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 007, India.
| | - Ankita Deb
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 007, India.
| | - Varsha Shepal
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 007, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar Bhat
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 007, India.
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Świderska M, Maciejczyk M, Zalewska A, Pogorzelska J, Flisiak R, Chabowski A. Oxidative stress biomarkers in the serum and plasma of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Can plasma AGE be a marker of NAFLD? Oxidative stress biomarkers in NAFLD patients. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:841-850. [PMID: 31234658 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1635691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Still little is known about the redox abnormalities in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The purpose of the study was to find the relationship between enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, redox homeostasis and oxidative damage in 67-patients with NAFLD. The study population was divided into patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver (early NAFLD, n = 29) and patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (advanced NAFLD, n = 38). Redox biomarkers: enzymatic antioxidants (Cu - Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR)); non-enzymatic antioxidants and redox status (reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC)); and oxidative damage products (total oxidant status (TOS), advanced glycation end products (AGE), malondialdehyde (MDA), and DNA/RNA oxidative damage) were determined in the serum/plasma samples. The activity of SOD, GPx, GR and levels of GSH, TOS, AGE, MDA, and DNA/RNA oxidative damage were significantly elevated in early NAFLD and advanced NAFLD group compared to controls (p < .001). There was a positive correlation between AGE, TAC and ALT activity (R = 0.34, p = .04; R = 0.36, p = .03, respectively) in advanced NAFLD group. Interestingly, ROC analysis for AGE showed good discriminatory ratio for patients with minimal steatosis (BARD score 0-1) vs. moderate steatosis (BARD score 2-4), AUC = 0.76. Plasma AGE can be a potential non-invasive biomarker differentiating NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Świderska
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Joanna Pogorzelska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Bialystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Robert Flisiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Bialystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok , Białystok , Poland
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Takata T, Sakasai-Sakai A, Ueda T, Takeuchi M. Intracellular toxic advanced glycation end-products in cardiomyocytes may cause cardiovascular disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2121. [PMID: 30765817 PMCID: PMC6375929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a lifestyle-related disease (LSRD) and one of the largest public health issues. Risk factors for CVD correlate with an excessive intake of glucose and/or fructose, which has been shown to induce the production of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). We previously identified AGEs derived from glyceraldehyde and named them toxic AGEs (TAGE) due to their cytotoxicities and relationship with LSRD. We also reported that extracellular TAGE in the vascular system may promote CVD and that serum TAGE levels are associated with risk factors for CVD. The mechanisms responsible for the onset and/or progression of CVD by extracellular TAGE or the above risk factors involve vascular disorders. In the present study, we revealed that rat primary cultured cardiomyocytes generated intracellular TAGE, which decreased beating rates and induced cell death. LC3-II/LC3-I, a factor of autophagy, also decreased. Although intracellular TAGE may be targets of degradation as cytotoxic proteins via autophagy, they may inhibit autophagy. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which intracellular TAGE decrease beating rates and induce cell death may involve the suppression of autophagy. The present results suggest that intracellular TAGE are generated in cardiomyocytes and directly damage them, resulting in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Takata
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Akiko Sakasai-Sakai
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ueda
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
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Wang ZQ, Jing LL, Yan JC, Sun Z, Bao ZY, Shao C, Pang QW, Geng Y, Zhang LL, Li LH. Role of AGEs in the progression and regression of atherosclerotic plaques. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:443-450. [PMID: 29987432 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of advanced glycation end-products(AGEs) is an important cause of metabolic memory in diabetic patients and a key factor in the formation of atherosclerosis(AS) plaques in patients with diabetes mellitus. Related studies showed that AGEs could disrupt hemodynamic steady-state and destroy vascular wall integrity through the endothelial barrier damage, foam cell(FC) formation, apoptosis, calcium deposition and other aspects. At the same time, AGEs could initiate oxidative stress and inflammatory response cascade via receptor-depended and non-receptor-dependent pathways, promoting plaques to develop from a steady state to a vulnerable state and eventually tend to rupture and thrombosis. Numerous studies have confirmed that these pathological processes mentioned above could lead to acute coronary heart disease(CHD) and other acute cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. However, the specific role of AGEs in the progression and regression of AS plaques has not yet been fully elucidated. In this paper, the formation, source, metabolism, physical and chemical properties of AGEs and their role in the migration of FCs and plaque calcification are briefly described, we hope to provide new ideas for the researchers that struggling in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Qun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
| | - Le-le Jing
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Jin-Chuan Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Bao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Qi-Wen Pang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Yue Geng
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Li-Hua Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
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Palma-Duran SA, Kontogianni MD, Vlassopoulos A, Zhao S, Margariti A, Georgoulis M, Papatheodoridis G, Combet E. Serum levels of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and the decoy soluble receptor for AGEs (sRAGE) can identify non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in age-, sex- and BMI-matched normo-glycemic adults. Metabolism 2018; 83:120-127. [PMID: 29409822 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious health problem affecting ~25% of the global population. While NAFLD pathogenesis is still unclear, multiple NAFLD parameters, including reduced insulin sensitivity, impaired glucose metabolism and increased oxidative stress are hypothesised to foster the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Given the link of AGEs with end organ damage, there is scope to examine the role of the AGE/RAGE axis activation in liver injury and NAFLD. METHODS Age, sex and body mass index matched normo-glycemic NAFLD adults (n = 58) and healthy controls (n = 58) were enrolled in the study. AGEs were analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (CML, CEL), fluorescence (pentosidine, AGE fluorescence), colorimetry (fructosamine) and ELISA (sRAGE). Their association with liver function, inflammation, fibrosis and stage of NAFLD was examined. RESULTS Early and advanced glycation end-products, except Nε-carboxymethyl-L-lysine (CML), were 10-30% higher, sRAGE levels 1.7-fold lower, and glycation/sRAGE ratios 4-fold higher in the NAFLD cases compared to controls. While AGEs presented weak to moderate correlations with indices of liver function and damage (AST/ALT, HOMA-IR, TNF-α and TGF-β1), including sRAGE to characterize the AGEs/sRAGE axis strengthened the associations observed. High glycation/sRAGE ratios were associated with 1.3 to 14-fold likelihood of lower AST/ALT ratios. The sum of AGEs/sRAGE ratios accurately distinguished between healthy controls and NAFLD patients (area under the curve of 0.85). Elevated AGEs/sRAGE (>7.8 mmol/pmol) was associated with a 12-fold likelihood of the presence of NAFLD. CONCLUSION These findings strengthen the involvement of AGEs-RAGE axis in liver injury and the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana A Palma-Duran
- Human Nutrition, New Lister Building, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Meropi D Kontogianni
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Vlassopoulos
- Human Nutrition, New Lister Building, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Shudong Zhao
- Human Nutrition, New Lister Building, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Aikaterini Margariti
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meedical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital of Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Georgoulis
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - George Papatheodoridis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meedical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital of Athens, Greece
| | - Emilie Combet
- Human Nutrition, New Lister Building, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK.
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Takata T, Ueda T, Sakasai-Sakai A, Takeuchi M. Generation of glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation end-products in pancreatic cancer cells and the potential of tumor promotion. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:4910-4919. [PMID: 28785145 PMCID: PMC5526761 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i27.4910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the possibility that diabetes mellitus promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma via glyceraldehyde (GA)-derived advanced glycation-end products (GA-AGEs).
METHODS PANC-1, a human pancreatic cancer cell line, was treated with 1-4 mmol/L GA for 24 h. The cell viability and intracellular GA-AGEs were measured by WST-8 assay and slot blotting. Moreover, immunostaining of PANC-1 cells with an anti-GA-AGE antibody was performed. Western blotting (WB) was used to analyze the molecular weight of GA-AGEs. Heat shock proteins 90α, 90β, 70, 27 and cleaved caspase-3 were analyzed by WB. In addition, PANC-1 cells were treated with GA-AGEs-bovine serum albumin (GA-AGEs-BSA), as a model of extracellular GA-AGEs, and proliferation of PANC-1 cells was measured.
RESULTS In PANC-1 cells, GA induced the production of GA-AGEs and cell death in a dose-dependent manner. PANC-1 cell viability was approximately 40% with a 2 mmol/L GA treatment and decreased to almost 0% with a 4 mmol/L GA treatment (each significant difference was P < 0.01). Cells treated with 2 and 4 mmol/L GA produced 6.4 and 21.2 μg/mg protein of GA-AGEs, respectively (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). The dose-dependent production of some high-molecular-weight (HMW) complexes of HSP90β, HSP70, and HSP27 was observed following administration of GA. We considered HMW complexes to be dimers and trimers with GA-AGEs-mediated aggregation. Cleaved caspase-3 could not be detected with WB. Furthermore, 10 and 20 μg/mL GA-AGEs-BSA was 27% and 34% greater than that of control cells, respectively (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION Although intracellular GA-AGEs induce pancreatic cancer cell death, their secretion and release may promote the proliferation of other pancreatic cancer cells.
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Matou-Nasri S, Sharaf H, Wang Q, Almobadel N, Rabhan Z, Al-Eidi H, Yahya WB, Trivilegio T, Ali R, Al-Shanti N, Ahmed N. Biological impact of advanced glycation endproducts on estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2808-2820. [PMID: 28712835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus potentiates the risk of breast cancer. We have previously described the pro-tumorigenic effects of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) on estrogen receptor (ER)-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line mediated through the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). However, a predominant association between women with ER-positive breast cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus has been reported. Therefore, we have investigated the biological impact of AGEs on ER-positive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 using in vitro cell-based assays including cell count, migration, and invasion assays. Western blot, FACS analyses and quantitative real time-PCR were also performed. We found that AGEs at 50-100μg/mL increased MCF-7 cell proliferation and cell migration associated with an enhancement of pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity, without affecting their poor invasiveness. However, 200μg/mL AGEs inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation through induction of apoptosis indicated by caspase-3 cleavage detected using Western blotting. A phospho-protein array analysis revealed that AGEs mainly induce the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and cAMP response element binding protein-1 (CREB1), both signaling molecules considered as key regulators of AGEs pro-tumorigenic effects. We also showed that AGEs up-regulate RAGE and ER expression at the protein and transcript levels in MCF-7 cells, in a RAGE-dependent manner after blockade of AGEs/RAGE interaction using neutralizing anti-RAGE antibody. Throughout the study, BSA had no effect on cellular processes. These findings pave the way for future studies investigating whether the exposure of AGEs-treated ER-positive breast cancer cells to estrogen could lead to a potentiation of breast cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Matou-Nasri
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hana Sharaf
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Nasser Almobadel
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaki Rabhan
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Al-Eidi
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam Bin Yahya
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thadeo Trivilegio
- Core Facility, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan Ali
- Core Facility, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Al-Shanti
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Nessar Ahmed
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom..
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Takeuchi M, Takino JI, Sakasai-Sakai A, Takata T, Tsutsumi M. Toxic AGE (TAGE) Theory for the Pathophysiology of the Onset/Progression of NAFLD and ALD. Nutrients 2017; 9:E634. [PMID: 28632197 PMCID: PMC5490613 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) are among the most common causes of chronic liver diseases in the westernized world. NAFLD and ALD are frequently accompanied by extrahepatic complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma and cardiovascular diseases, which have a negative impact on patient survival. The chronic ingestion of an excessive daily diet containing sugar/high-fructose corn syrup increases the level of the fructose/glucose metabolite, glyceraldehyde (GA), while the chronic consumption of an excessive number of alcoholic beverages increases the level of the alcohol metabolite, acetaldehyde (AA) in the liver. GA and AA are known to react non-enzymatically with the ε- or α-amino groups of proteins, thereby generating advanced glycation end-products (AGEs, GA-AGEs, and AA-AGEs, respectively) in vivo. The interaction between GA-AGEs and the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) alters intracellular signaling, gene expression, and the release of pro-inflammatory molecules and also elicits the production of reactive oxygen species by human hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells, all of which may contribute to the pathological changes associated with chronic liver diseases. We herein discuss the pathophysiological roles of GA-AGEs and AA-AGEs (toxic AGEs, TAGE) and a related novel theory for preventing the onset/progression of NAFLD and ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Takino
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan.
| | - Akiko Sakasai-Sakai
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Takanobu Takata
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Mikihiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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23
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Kieffer DA, Martin RJ, Adams SH. Impact of Dietary Fibers on Nutrient Management and Detoxification Organs: Gut, Liver, and Kidneys. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:1111-1121. [PMID: 28140328 PMCID: PMC5105045 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased dietary fiber (DF) intake elicits a wide range of physiologic effects, not just locally in the gut, but systemically. DFs can greatly alter the gut milieu by affecting the gut microbiome, which in turn influences the gut barrier, gastrointestinal immune and endocrine responses, and nitrogen cycling and microbial metabolism. These gut-associated changes can then alter the physiology and biochemistry of the body's other main nutrient management and detoxification organs, the liver and kidneys. The molecular mechanisms by which DF alters the physiology of the gut, liver, and kidneys is likely through gut-localized events (i.e., bacterial nitrogen metabolism, microbe-microbe, and microbe-host cell interactions) coupled with specific factors that emanate from the gut in response to DF, which signal to or affect the physiology of the liver and kidneys. The latter may include microbe-derived xenometabolites, peptides, or bioactive food components made available by gut microbes, inflammation signals, and gut hormones. The intent of this review is to summarize how DF alters the gut milieu to specifically affect intestinal, liver, and kidney functions and to discuss the potential local and systemic signaling networks that are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Kieffer
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Roy J Martin
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR; and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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24
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Fang XB, Xu YQ, Chan HF, Wang CM, Zheng Q, Xiao F, Chen MW. A Redox-Sensitive and RAGE-Targeting Nanocarrier for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3613-3625. [PMID: 27768322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Most current therapeutic agents lack the tumor-targeting efficiency and result in a nonselective biodistribution in the body. In our previous study, we identified a peptide Ala-Pro-Asp-Thr-Lys-Thr-Gln (APDTKTQ) that can selectively bind to the receptor of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), an immunoglobulin superfamily cell surface molecule overexpressed during HCC malignant progression. Here, we report the design of a mixed micelles system modified with this peptide to target HCC cells. Specifically, we modified Pluronic F68 (F68) with APDTKTQ (F68-APDTKTQ), and we conjugated d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) by a disulfide linker (TPGS-S-S-PLGA). We mixed TPGS-S-S-PLGA and F68-APDTKTQ (TSP/FP) to form a micelle, followed by the loading of oridonin (ORI). The prepared micelles showed a homogeneously spherical shape without aggregation, triggered an increased cellular uptake, and induced apoptosis in more cells than did the free ORI. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of this APDTKTQ-modified ORI-loaded TSP/FP mixed micelle system as a promising strategy for HCC-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
| | - Ying-Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
| | - Hon-Fai Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Chun-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
| | | | | | - Mei-Wan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
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25
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West BJ, Deng S, Uwaya A, Isami F, Abe Y, Yamagishi SI, Jensen CJ. Iridoids are natural glycation inhibitors. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:671-81. [PMID: 27306206 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycation of amino acid residues in proteins leads to the eventual formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGE formation significantly influences human health and the aging process. AGE accumulation rates may be slowed by modifications to lifestyle or by pharmacological strategies. But the use of therapeutic drugs is not an appropriate means of controlling AGEs within the general population. However, phytochemical constituents in plant-based foods exhibit anti-glycation activities and may be more appropriate for general consumption. Among these phytochemicals are iridoids. The anti-AGE potential of iridoids has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, while also revealing possible mechanisms of action. Inclusion of iridoid food sources in the diet may be a useful component of strategies intended to mitigate AGE accumulation within the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J West
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA.
| | - Shixin Deng
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA
| | - Akemi Uwaya
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA
| | - Fumiyuki Isami
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA
| | - Yumi Abe
- Anti-Aging Medical Research Center and Glycation Stress Research Center, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - C Jarakae Jensen
- Research and Development, Morinda, Inc., 737 East 1180 South, American Fork, UT, 84003, USA
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26
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Takeuchi M. Serum Levels of Toxic AGEs (TAGE) May Be a Promising Novel Biomarker for the Onset/Progression of Lifestyle-Related Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2016; 6:E23. [PMID: 27338481 PMCID: PMC4931418 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics6020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) generated with aging or in the presence of diabetes mellitus, particularly AGEs derived from the glucose/fructose metabolism intermediate glyceraldehyde (Glycer-AGEs; termed toxic AGEs (TAGE)), were recently shown to be closely involved in the onset/progression of diabetic vascular complications via the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). TAGE also contribute to various diseases, such as cardiovascular disease; nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; cancer; Alzheimer's disease, and; infertility. This suggests the necessity of minimizing the influence of the TAGE-RAGE axis in order to prevent the onset/progression of lifestyle-related diseases (LSRD) and establish therapeutic strategies. Changes in serum TAGE levels are closely associated with LSRD related to overeating, a lack of exercise, or excessive ingestion of sugars/dietary AGEs. We also showed that serum TAGE levels, but not those of hemoglobin A1c, glucose-derived AGEs, or Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine, have potential as a biomarker for predicting the progression of atherosclerosis and future cardiovascular events. We herein introduce the usefulness of serum TAGE levels as a biomarker for the prevention/early diagnosis of LSRD and the evaluation of the efficacy of treatments; we discuss whether dietary AGE/sugar intake restrictions reduce the generation/accumulation of TAGE, thereby preventing the onset/progression of LSRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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