MiRNA-146a Polymorphism Was Not Associated with Malaria in Southern India

Unravelling the Influence of Host Genetic Factors on Malaria Susceptibility in Asian Populations

Malaria is a deadly blood-borne disease caused by a Plasmodium parasite. Infection results in various forms of malaria, including an asymptomatic state, uncomplicated disease, or severe disease. Severe malaria (SM) is particularly prevalent among young children and is a significant cause of mortality. SM is associated with the sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes in the microvasculature of vital host organs, disrupting the normal functioning of the immune system. Although the exact mechanisms of malaria pathogenesis are yet to be fully understood, researchers have been investigating the role of host genetics in determining the severity of the disease and the outcome of infection. The objective of this study is to identify specific host genes that have been examined for their association with malaria in Asian populations and pinpoint those most likely to influence susceptibility. Through an extensive screening process, a total of 982 articles were initially identified, and after careful review, 40 articles discussing 68 genes were included in this review. By constructing a network of protein-protein interactions (PPIs), we identified six key proteins (TNF, IL6, TLR4, IL1β, IL10, and IL8) that exhibited substantial interactions (more than 30 edges), suggesting their potential as significant targets for influencing malaria susceptibility. Notably, these six proteins have been previously identified as crucial components of the immune response, associated with malaria susceptibility, and capable of affecting different clinical forms of the disease. Identifying genes that contribute to malaria susceptibility or resistance holds the promise of enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of this debilitating illness. Such knowledge has the potential to pave the way for more targeted and effective strategies in combating malaria, particularly in Asian populations where controlling Plasmodium vivax is challenging, and India contributes the highest number of cases. By understanding the genetic factors underlying malaria vulnerability, we can develop interventions that are tailored to the specific needs of Asian populations, ultimately leading to better outcomes in the fight against this disease.

MicroRNAs: master regulators in host-parasitic protist interactions

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs present in a wide diversity of organisms. MiRNAs regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level through their interaction with the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs, inducing translational inhibition or mRNA destabilization and degradation. Thus, miRNAs regulate key biological processes, such as cell death, signal transduction, development, cellular proliferation and differentiation. The dysregulation of miRNAs biogenesis and function is related to the pathogenesis of diseases, including parasite infection. Moreover, during host-parasite interactions, parasites and host miRNAs determine the probability of infection and progression of the disease. The present review is focused on the possible role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of diseases of clinical interest caused by parasitic protists. In addition, the potential role of miRNAs as targets for the design of drugs and diagnostic and prognostic markers of parasitic diseases is also discussed.

Non-coding RNAs in malaria infection

Malaria is one of the most severe infectious diseases affecting humans and it is caused by protozoan pathogens of the species Plasmodium (spp.). The malaria parasite Plasmodium is characterized by a complex, multistage life cycle that requires tight gene regulation which allows for host invasion and defense against host immune responses. Unfortunately, the mechanisms regulating gene expression during Plasmodium infection remain largely elusive, though several lines of evidence implicate a major involvement of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). The ncRNAs have been found to play a key role in regulating transcriptional and post-transcriptional events in a broad range of organisms including Plasmodium. In Plasmodium ncRNAs have been shown to regulate key events in the multistage life cycle and virulence ability. Here we review recent progress involving ncRNAs (microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs) and their role as regulators of gene expression during Plasmodium infection in human hosts with focus on the possibility of using these molecules as biomarkers for monitoring disease status. We also discuss the surprising function of ncRNAs in mediating the complex interplay between parasite and human host and future perspectives of the field. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.

Mammalian host microRNA response to plasmodial infection: role as therapeutic target and potential biomarker

The appearance of increasing drug resistance in apicomplexan intracellular Plasmodium falciparum presents a significant challenge. P. falciparum infection results in cerebral malaria (CM), causing irreversible damage to the brain leading to high mortality cases. To enhance the clinical outcome of the disease, further research is required to identify new molecular targets involved in disease manifestations. Presently, the role of non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) derived from different cells implicated in CM pathogenesis is still barely understood. Despite the absence of miRNA machinery in Plasmodium, host-parasite interactions can lead to disease severity or impart resistance to malaria. Cytoadherence and sequestration of parasitized RBCs dysregulate the miRNA profile of brain endothelial cells, leukocytes, monocytes, and platelets, disrupting blood-brain barrier integrity and activating inflammatory signaling pathways. The abundance of miRNA in blood plasma samples of CM patients directly correlates to cerebral symptoms compared to non-CM patients and healthy individuals. Moreover, the differential host-miRNA signatures distinguish P. falciparum from P. vivax infection. Here, we review the diverse functions of host-miRNA, either protective, pathogenic, or a combination of the two, which may act as prognostic markers and novel antimalarial drug targets.