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Dupuis AP, Lange RE, Ciota AT. Emerging tickborne viruses vectored by Amblyomma americanum (Ixodida: Ixodidae): Heartland and Bourbon viruses. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:1183-1196. [PMID: 37862097 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Heartland (HRTV) and Bourbon (BRBV) viruses are newly identified tick-borne viruses, isolated from serious clinical cases in 2009 and 2014, respectively. Both viruses originated in the lower Midwest United States near the border of Missouri and Kansas, cause similar disease manifestations, and are presumably vectored by the same tick species, Amblyomma americanum Linnaeus (Ixodida: Ixodidae). In this article, we provide a current review of HRTV and BRBV, including the virology, epidemiology, and ecology of the viruses with an emphasis on the tick vector. We touch on current challenges of vector control and surveillance, and we discuss future directions in the study of these emergent pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Dupuis
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Griffin Laboratory, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
| | - Rachel E Lange
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Griffin Laboratory, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Alexander T Ciota
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Griffin Laboratory, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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Dupuis AP, Prusinski MA, Russell A, O'Connor C, Maffei JG, Oliver J, Howard JJ, Sherwood JA, Tober K, Rochlin I, Cucura M, Backenson B, Kramer LD. Serologic Survey of Mosquito-Borne Viruses in Hunter-Harvested White-Tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus), New York State. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 104:593-603. [PMID: 33350367 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Sera from white-tailed deer (WTD, Odocoileus virginianus) hunter-harvested throughout New York State (NYS), 2007-2015, were tested by plaque reduction neutralization for antibodies against nine mosquito-borne viruses from the families Peribunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Togaviridae. Overall, 76.1% (373/490) of sampled WTD were seropositive against at least one virus, and 38.8% were exposed to multiple viruses. The seropositivity rate in adult WTD (78.0%) was significantly greater (P < 0.0001) than that in fawns (47.7%). Neutralizing antibodies against California serogroup viruses were most common in WTD sampled across all regions (67.1%), followed by the Bunyamwera serogroup (BUN) (37.6%). Jamestown Canyon and Cache Valley orthobunyaviruses were responsible for most California and BUN infections, respectively. Seroprevalence rates to West Nile virus were higher in samples originating from Long Island (LI) (19.0%) than in those originating from the central (7.3%), western (5.0%), and Hudson Valley (4.4%) regions of NYS. Antibodies to Eastern equine encephalitis virus were seen primarily in WTD from central NYS (5.1%), where annual enzootic activity occurs, but low rates were documented in western NYS (1.4%) and LI (1.7%). Low rates of Potosi and LaCrosse orthobunyavirus, and Highlands J virus antibodies were detected over the course of this investigation. St. Louis encephalitis virus (or a closely related virus) antibodies were detected in samples collected from central and western NYS, suggesting local virus transmission despite a lack of evidence from routine mosquito surveillance. Serologic results demonstrate the value of WTD in NYS as an indicator of arbovirus distribution and recent transmission on a relatively fine spatial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Dupuis
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, New York
| | - Melissa A Prusinski
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, Albany, New York
| | - Alexis Russell
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, Albany, New York
| | - Collin O'Connor
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, Albany, New York
| | - Joseph G Maffei
- New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, New York
| | - JoAnne Oliver
- New York State Department of Health, Central New York Regional Office, Syracuse, New York
| | - John J Howard
- New York State Department of Health, Central New York Regional Office, Syracuse, New York
| | - James A Sherwood
- New York State Department of Health, Central New York Regional Office, Syracuse, New York
| | - Keith Tober
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, Albany, New York
| | - Ilia Rochlin
- Division of Vector Control, Suffolk County Department of Public Works, Yaphank, New York
| | - Moses Cucura
- Division of Vector Control, Suffolk County Department of Public Works, Yaphank, New York
| | - Bryon Backenson
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, Albany, New York
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, New York.,New York State Department of Health, The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, New York
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Goddard J, Varela-Stokes AS. Role of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), in human and animal diseases. Vet Parasitol 2008; 160:1-12. [PMID: 19054615 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed scientific literature pertaining to known and putative disease agents associated with the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum. Reports in the literature concerning the role of the lone star tick in the transmission of pathogens of human and animal diseases have sometimes been unclear and even contradictory. This overview has indicated that A. americanum is involved in the ecology of several disease agents of humans and other animals, and the role of this tick as a vector of these diseases ranges from incidental to significant. Probably the clearest relationship is that of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and A. americanum. Also, there is a definite association between A. americanum and tularemia, as well as between the lone star tick and Theileria cervi to white-tailed deer. Evidence of Babesia cervi (= odocoilei) being transmitted to deer by A. americanum is largely circumstantial at this time. The role of A. americanum in cases of southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI) is currently a subject of intensive investigations with important implications. The lone star tick has been historically reported to be a vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever rickettsiae, but current opinions are to the contrary. Evidence incriminated A. americanum as the vector of Bullis fever in the 1940s, but the disease apparently has disappeared. Q fever virus has been found in unfed A. americanum, but the vector potential, if any, is poorly understood at this time. Typhus fever and toxoplasmosis have been studied in the lone star tick, and several non-pathogenic organisms have been recovered. Implications of these tick-disease relationships are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Goddard
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Alexander AD, Binn LN, Elisberg B, Husted P, Huxsoll DL, Marshall JD, Needy CF, White AD. Zoonotic infections in military scout and tracker dogs in Vietnam. Infect Immun 1972; 5:745-9. [PMID: 4564881 PMCID: PMC422434 DOI: 10.1128/iai.5.5.745-749.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant levels of antibodies indicative of a variety of zoonotic infections were demonstrated in sera collected from 64 U.S. military scout and tracker dogs after service in the Republic of Vietnam (RVN). Scrub typhus antibodies were found in 45% of the specimens, melioidosis in 19%, group B arbovirus in 49%, and leptospirosis in 62%. Only 38% of the seropositive reactions for leptospirosis could be related to overseas infections. Tests were conducted on paired sera obtained from 32 of the dogs before service in RVN. Significant increases in titer were demonstrated with scrub typhus, melioidosis, leptospirosis, plague, group B arbovirus, and Rickettsia canada antigens. After 2 to 6 months of service in RVN, 8 of 19 dogs developed antibody titers to at least one of four zoonotic diseases. Only 3 of 45 dogs with 7 or more months of service failed to develop antibodies to one or more of the agents. The serological findings pose questions on the potential epidemiological importance and veterinary significance of scrub typhus, group B arbovirus, leptospirosis, and melioidosis infections in dogs.
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