1
|
Frank JC, Song BH, Lee YM. Mice as an Animal Model for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Research: Mouse Susceptibility, Infection Route, and Viral Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050715. [PMID: 37242385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic flavivirus, is principally transmitted by hematophagous mosquitoes, continually between susceptible animals and incidentally from those animals to humans. For almost a century since its discovery, JEV was geographically confined to the Asia-Pacific region with recurrent sizable outbreaks involving wildlife, livestock, and people. However, over the past decade, it has been detected for the first time in Europe (Italy) and Africa (Angola) but has yet to cause any recognizable outbreaks in humans. JEV infection leads to a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic conditions to self-limiting febrile illnesses to life-threatening neurological complications, particularly Japanese encephalitis (JE). No clinically proven antiviral drugs are available to treat the development and progression of JE. There are, however, several live and killed vaccines that have been commercialized to prevent the infection and transmission of JEV, yet this virus remains the main cause of acute encephalitis syndrome with high morbidity and mortality among children in the endemic regions. Therefore, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the neuropathogenesis of JE to facilitate the development of effective treatments for the disease. Thus far, multiple laboratory animal models have been established for the study of JEV infection. In this review, we focus on mice, the most extensively used animal model for JEV research, and summarize the major findings on mouse susceptibility, infection route, and viral pathogenesis reported in the past and present, and discuss some unanswered key questions for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Frank
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Byung-Hak Song
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sikazwe C, Neave MJ, Michie A, Mileto P, Wang J, Cooper N, Levy A, Imrie A, Baird RW, Currie BJ, Speers D, Mackenzie JS, Smith DW, Williams DT. Molecular detection and characterisation of the first Japanese encephalitis virus belonging to genotype IV acquired in Australia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010754. [PMID: 36409739 PMCID: PMC9721490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A fatal case of Japanese encephalitis (JE) occurred in a resident of the Tiwi Islands, in the Northern Territory of Australia in February 2021, preceding the large JE outbreak in south-eastern Australia in 2022. This study reports the detection, whole genome sequencing and analysis of the virus responsible (designated JEV/Australia/NT_Tiwi Islands/2021). METHODS Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) testing was performed on post-mortem brain specimens using a range of JE virus (JEV)-specific assays. Virus isolation from brain specimens was attempted by inoculation of mosquito and mammalian cells or embryonated chicken eggs. Whole genome sequencing was undertaken using a combination of Illumina next generation sequencing methodologies, including a tiling amplicon approach. Phylogenetic and selection analyses were performed using alignments of the Tiwi Islands JEV genome and envelope (E) protein gene sequences and publicly available JEV sequences. RESULTS Virus isolation was unsuccessful and JEV RNA was detected only by RT-qPCR assays capable of detecting all JEV genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Tiwi Islands strain is a divergent member of genotype IV (GIV) and is closely related to the 2022 Australian outbreak virus (99.8% nucleotide identity). The Australian strains share highest levels of nucleotide identity with Indonesian viruses from 2017 and 2019 (96.7-96.8%). The most recent common ancestor of this Australian-Indonesian clade was estimated to have emerged in 2007 (95% HPD range: 1998-2014). Positive selection was detected using two methods (MEME and FEL) at several sites in the E and non-structural protein genes, including a single site in the E protein (S194N) unique to the Australian GIV strains. CONCLUSION This case represents the first detection of GIV JEV acquired in Australia, and only the second confirmed fatal human infection with a GIV JEV strain. The close phylogenetic relationship between the Tiwi Islands strain and recent Indonesian viruses is indicative of the origin of this novel GIV lineage, which we estimate has circulated in the region for several years prior to the Tiwi Islands case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chisha Sikazwe
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Neave
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice Michie
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick Mileto
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jianning Wang
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie Cooper
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Avram Levy
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Allison Imrie
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robert W. Baird
- Pathology and Infectious Diseases Departments, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Pathology and Infectious Diseases Departments, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - David Speers
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John S. Mackenzie
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David W. Smith
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail: (DWS); (DTW)
| | - David T. Williams
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (DWS); (DTW)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Webb C, Clancy J, Doggett SL, McAlister E, Williams C, Fricker S, van den Hurk A, Lessard B, Lenagan J, Walter M. First record of the mosquito Aedes ( Downsiomyia) shehzadae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Australia: A unique discovery aided by citizen science. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2022; 47:133-137. [PMID: 36629366 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-47.1.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Webb
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases and Charles Perkins Centre Citizen Science Node, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia,
- Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - John Clancy
- Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Stephen L Doggett
- Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Erica McAlister
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Craig Williams
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Stephen Fricker
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Andrew van den Hurk
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Archerfield, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Bryan Lessard
- Australian National Insect Collection, National Research Collections Australia-CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Marlene Walter
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- The Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Australia: From Known Known to Known Unknown. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4010038. [PMID: 30791674 PMCID: PMC6473502 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a major cause of neurological disease in Asia. It is a zoonotic flavivirus transmitted between water birds and/or pigs by Culex mosquitoes; humans are dead-end hosts. In 1995, JEV emerged for the first time in northern Australia causing an unprecedented outbreak in the Torres Strait. In this article, we revisit the history of JEV in Australia and describe investigations of JEV transmission cycles in the Australian context. Public health responses to the incipient outbreak included vaccination and sentinel pig surveillance programs. Virus isolation and vector competence experiments incriminated Culex annulirostris as the likely regional vector. The role this species plays in transmission cycles depends on the availability of domestic pigs as a blood source. Experimental evidence suggests that native animals are relatively poor amplifying hosts of JEV. The persistence and predominantly annual virus activity between 1995 and 2005 suggested that JEV had become endemic in the Torres Strait. However, active surveillance was discontinued at the end of 2005, so the status of JEV in northern Australia is unknown. Novel mosquito-based surveillance systems provide a means to investigate whether JEV still occurs in the Torres Strait or is no longer a risk to Australia.
Collapse
|
5
|
Colmant AMG, Hall-Mendelin S, Ritchie SA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Harrison JJ, Newton ND, O’Brien CA, Cazier C, Johansen CA, Hobson-Peters J, Hall RA, van den Hurk AF. The recently identified flavivirus Bamaga virus is transmitted horizontally by Culex mosquitoes and interferes with West Nile virus replication in vitro and transmission in vivo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006886. [PMID: 30356234 PMCID: PMC6200184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne flaviviruses such as yellow fever (YFV), Zika and dengue viruses continue to cause significant human disease globally. These viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes when a female imbibes an infected blood-meal from a viremic vertebrate host and expectorates the virus into a subsequent host. Bamaga virus (BgV) is a flavivirus recently discovered in Culex sitiens subgroup mosquitoes collected from Cape York Peninsula, Australia. This virus phylogenetically clusters with the YFV group, but is potentially restricted in most vertebrates. However, high levels of replication in an opossum cell line (OK) indicate a potential association with marsupials. To ascertain whether BgV could be horizontally transmitted by mosquitoes, the vector competence of two members of the Cx. sitiens subgroup, Cx. annulirostris and Cx. sitiens, for BgV was investigated. Eleven to thirteen days after imbibing an infectious blood-meal, infection rates were 11.3% and 18.8% for Cx. annulirostris and Cx. sitiens, respectively. Cx. annulirostris transmitted the virus at low levels (5.6% had BgV-positive saliva overall); Cx. sitiens did not transmit the virus. When mosquitoes were injected intrathoracially with BgV, the infection and transmission rates were 100% and 82%, respectively, for both species. These results provided evidence for the first time that BgV can be transmitted horizontally by Cx. annulirostris, the primary vector of pathogenic zoonotic flaviviruses in Australia. We also assessed whether BgV could interfere with replication in vitro, and infection and transmission in vivo of super-infecting pathogenic Culex-associated flaviviruses. BgV significantly reduced growth of Murray Valley encephalitis and West Nile (WNV) viruses in vitro. While prior infection with BgV by injection did not inhibit WNV super-infection of Cx. annulirostris, significantly fewer BgV-infected mosquitoes could transmit WNV than mock-injected mosquitoes. Overall, these data contribute to our understanding of flavivirus ecology, modes of transmission by Australian mosquitoes and mechanisms for super-infection interference. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses include medically significant members such as the dengue viruses, yellow fever virus and Zika virus. These viruses regularly cause outbreaks globally, notably in tropical regions. The ability of mosquitoes to transmit these viruses to vertebrate hosts plays a major role in determining the scale of these outbreaks. It is essential to assess the risk of emergence of flaviviruses in a given region by investigating the vector competence of local mosquitoes for these viruses. Bamaga virus was recently discovered in Australia in Culex mosquitoes and shown to be related to yellow fever virus. In this article, we investigated the potential for Bamaga virus to emerge as an arthropod-borne viral pathogen by assessing the vector competence of Cx. annulirostris and Cx. sitiens mosquitoes for this virus. We showed that Bamaga virus could be detected in the saliva of Cx. annulirostris after an infectious blood-meal, demonstrating that the virus could be horizontally transmitted. In addition, we showed that Bamaga virus could interfere with the replication in vitro and transmission in vivo of the pathogenic flavivirus West Nile virus. These data provide further insight on how interactions between viruses in their vector can influence the efficiency of pathogen transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agathe M. G. Colmant
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Sonja Hall-Mendelin
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott A. Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Gatton Australia
| | - Jessica J. Harrison
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Natalee D. Newton
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Caitlin A. O’Brien
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Chris Cazier
- Technical Services, Biosciences Division, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Cheryl A. Johansen
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Roy A. Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- * E-mail: (RAH); (AFVDH)
| | - Andrew F. van den Hurk
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
- * E-mail: (RAH); (AFVDH)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oliveira AR, Strathe E, Etcheverry L, Cohnstaedt LW, McVey DS, Piaggio J, Cernicchiaro N. Assessment of data on vector and host competence for Japanese encephalitis virus: A systematic review of the literature. Prev Vet Med 2018; 154:71-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
7
|
Huang B, Firth C, Watterson D, Allcock R, Colmant AMG, Hobson-Peters J, Kirkland P, Hewitson G, McMahon J, Hall-Mendelin S, van den Hurk AF, Warrilow D. Genetic Characterization of Archived Bunyaviruses and their Potential for Emergence in Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:833-40. [PMID: 27088588 PMCID: PMC4861517 DOI: 10.3201/eid2205.151566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic relationships between bunyaviruses from Australia and pathogenic bunyaviruses from elsewhere indicate emergence potential. To better understand the diversity of bunyaviruses and their circulation in Australia, we sequenced 5 viruses (Gan Gan, Trubanaman, Kowanyama, Yacaaba, and Taggert) isolated and serologically identified 4 decades ago as members of the family Bunyaviridae. Gan Gan and Trubanaman viruses almost perfectly matched 2 recently isolated, purportedly novel viruses, Salt Ash and Murrumbidgee viruses, respectively. Kowanyama and Yacaaba viruses were identified as being related to members of a large clade containing pathogenic viruses. Taggert virus was confirmed as being a nairovirus; several viruses of this genus are pathogenic to humans. The genetic relationships and historical experimental infections in mice reveal the potential for these viruses to lead to disease emergence.
Collapse
|
8
|
Smith DR. Waiting in the wings: The potential of mosquito transmitted flaviviruses to emerge. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:405-422. [PMID: 27800692 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1230974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The sudden dramatic emergence of the mosquito transmitted flavivirus Zika virus has bought to the world's attention a relatively obscure virus that was previously only known to specialist researchers. The genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae contains a number of well-known mosquito transmitted human pathogenic viruses including the dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses. However, the genus also contains a number of lesser known human pathogenic viruses transmitted by mosquitoes including Wesselsbron virus, Ilheus virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus and Usutu virus. This review summarizes our knowledge of these lesser known mosquito transmitted flaviviruses and highlights their potential to emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan R Smith
- a Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University , Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The phylogenetic and evolutionary history of Kokobera virus. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:968-972. [PMID: 27794390 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the genetic diversity of Kokobera virus, the date of origin and the spread among different viruses in the endemic regions of Australia. METHODS Two datasets were built. The first consisting of 29 sequences of the NS5/3' UTR region of Kokobera group downloaded from GenBank, the second including only 24 sequences of Kokobera viruses, focus is on this group. RESULTS Bayesian time analysis revealed two different entries in Australia of Kokobera virus in the 50s years with the dated ancestor in 1861 year. Clades A and B showed a clear separation of the Kokobera sequences according to the geographic region. CONCLUSIONS Data from the study showed as Kokobera virus, despite of its ancient origin and its circulation before the European colonization, remained limited to the Australian country and nowadays limited mostly to the regions were Australian marsupials are mostly found.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang H, Liang G. Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: past, present, and future prospects. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:435-48. [PMID: 25848290 PMCID: PMC4373597 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s51168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of severe viral encephalitis that affects individuals in Asia, western Pacific countries, and northern Australia. Although 67,900 JE cases have been estimated among 24 JE epidemic countries annually, only 10,426 have been reported in 2011. With the establishment of JE surveillance and vaccine use in some countries, the JE incidence rate has decreased; however, serious outbreaks still occur. Understanding JE epidemics and identifying the circulating JE virus genotypes will improve JE prevention and control. This review summarizes the current epidemiology data in these countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Department of Viral Encephalitis, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing People's Republic of China ; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Department of Viral Encephalitis, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing People's Republic of China ; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Complete coding sequences of three members of the kokobera group of flaviviruses. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/5/e00890-14. [PMID: 25237018 PMCID: PMC4172267 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00890-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The Kokobera group of flaviviruses circulates in Australia and Papua, New Guinea, and has been associated with occasional human polyarticular disease. To facilitate future studies to identify virulence determinants, the complete coding regions of the Stratford virus, and isolates of the Bainyik virus and Torres virus were obtained.
Collapse
|
12
|
Safety of Japanese encephalitis live attenuated vaccination in post-marketing surveillance in Guangdong, China, 2005-2012. Vaccine 2014; 32:1768-73. [PMID: 24503272 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed the adverse events following immunization of live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine in Guangdong Province, China. During the period of 2005-2012, 23 million doses of live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine were used and 1426 adverse events were reported (61.24 per million doses); of which, 570 (40%) were classified as allergic reactions (24.48 per million doses), 31 (2%) were neurologic events (1.33 per million doses), and 36 (2.5%) were diagnosed as serious adverse events (1.55 per million doses). This study suggests that the JEV-L has a reasonable safety profile, most adverse events are relatively mild, with relatively rare neurologic events being observed.
Collapse
|
13
|
May FJ, Clark DC, Pham K, Diviney SM, Williams DT, Field EJ, Kuno G, Chang GJ, Cheah WY, Setoh YX, Prow NA, Hobson-Peters J, Hall RA. Genetic divergence among members of the Kokobera group of flaviviruses supports their separation into distinct species. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1462-1467. [PMID: 23426358 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.049940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kokobera virus group comprises mosquito-borne flaviviruses that cluster together phylogenetically. These viruses are unique to Australia and Papua New Guinea, and have been associated with a mild polyarticular disease in humans. Recent isolation of genetically diverse viruses within this group has prompted analysis of their genetic and phenotypic relationships. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete ORF, the envelope gene or the NS5/3' untranslated region supported the separation of the group into distinct species: Kokobera virus (KOKV), Stratford virus, New Mapoon virus, MK7979 and TS5273. Virulence studies in 3-week-old mice also provided the first evidence that a member of the KOKV group (MK7979) was neuroinvasive after intraperitoneal inoculation. In this context, our recent detection of KOKV group-specific antibodies in horses in the field suggests that these viruses should be considered in the epidemiology of flavivirus encephalitis in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J May
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - David C Clark
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kim Pham
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sinéad M Diviney
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David T Williams
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Emma J Field
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Goro Kuno
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins 80521, CO, USA
| | - Gwong-Jen Chang
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins 80521, CO, USA
| | - Wai Yuen Cheah
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yin X Setoh
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Natalie A Prow
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Johnson PH, Hall-Mendelin S, Whelan PI, Frances SP, Jansen CC, Mackenzie DO, Northill JA, van den Hurk AF. Vector competence of AustralianCulex gelidusTheobald (Diptera: Culicidae) for endemic and exotic arboviruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.2009.00711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
15
|
Jansen CC, Zborowski P, Ritchie SA, van den Hurk AF. Efficacy of bird-baited traps placed at different heights for collecting ornithophilic mosquitoes in eastern Queensland, Australia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.2008.00671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
Jansen CC, Webb CE, Northill JA, Ritchie SA, Russell RC, Van den Hurk AF. Vector competence of Australian mosquito species for a North American strain of West Nile virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2009; 8:805-11. [PMID: 18973445 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the establishment of West Nile virus (WNV) into the United States, concern has arisen that this virus may also pose a serious threat to Australian biosecurity. The vector competence of 19 Australian mosquito species for a North American strain of WNV was evaluated. Mosquitoes collected from Cairns, Brisbane, and Sydney were exposed to blood containing 10(4.0+/-0.3) cell culture infectious dose(50)/mosquito WNV that was isolated from a crow during the 1999 New York outbreak. Mosquitoes were tested 12-15 days later to determine their infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. A number of Culex spp. demonstrated a high vector competence for this virus, with some populations of Culex annulirostris, the primary Australian Kunjin virus vector, displaying transmission rates up to 84%. Similarly, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. gelidus were highly competent, with infection and transmission rates of >80% and >50%, respectively. Common Aedes spp., including Aedes notoscriptus, Ae. vigilax, and Ae. procax, were moderately susceptible, and some Verrallina spp. and Coquillettidia spp. were relatively refractory to infection. Thus, Australia possesses a number of competent mosquito species that could facilitate local transmission of WNV, should it be introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassie C Jansen
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
van den Hurk AF, Ritchie SA, Mackenzie JS. Ecology and geographical expansion of Japanese encephalitis virus. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 54:17-35. [PMID: 19067628 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) (Flavivirus: Flaviviridae) is a leading cause of encephalitis in eastern and southern Asia. The virus is maintained in a zoonotic cycle between ardeid wading birds and/or pigs and Culex mosquitoes. The primary mosquito vector of JEV is Culex tritaeniorhynchus, although species such as Cx. gelidus, Cx. fuscocephala, and Cx. annulirostris are important secondary or regional vectors. Control of JEV is achieved through human and/or swine vaccination, changes in animal husbandry, mosquito control, or a combination of these strategies. This review outlines the ecology of JEV and examines the recent expansion of its geographical range, before assessing its ability to emerge in new regions, using the hypothetical establishment in the United States as a case study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F van den Hurk
- Virology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield, Queensland 4108, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ritchie SA, Zborowski P, Banks D, Walsh I, Davis J. Efficacy of novel updraft traps for collection of mosquitoes in Cairns, Australia. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2008; 24:520-527. [PMID: 19181059 DOI: 10.2987/5698.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We conducted trials in Cairns, Australia, to examine if novel updraft light traps collected significantly more mosquitoes than the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) model 512 miniature light trap. Two new updraft traps, the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) Mozzie Trap and a CDC updraft trap, both collected significantly more mosquitoes than the standard CDC light trap, with a mean CDC Trap Index (trap collections relative to paired standard CDC light trap collections) of 3.3 and 2.3, respectively. These traps both had large horizontal suction areas that increased the probability that attracted mosquitoes entered the trap updraft. However, if the CO2 source was located within the updraft of the CDC updraft trap, mosquito collections decreased considerably, indicating that placement of the bait is critical to trap performance. Creating an updraft by simply inverting the CDC trap body did not increase collections. The Mosquito Magnet X trap also did not collect significantly more mosquitoes than the CDC trap. Two CDC light traps sharing a 600 ml CO2/min gas line collected ca. 50% more mosquitoes than a single CDC trap baited with 600 ml CO2/min, suggesting that a single gas source could be used on a trap line consisting of multiple trap units. These studies suggest that the optimal trap design should incorporate a CO2 release system that lures mosquitoes to a large updraft within a bowl-shaped trap intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Ritchie
- Tropical Population Health Unit, Queensland Health, P.O. Box 1103, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ritchie SA, van den Hurk AF, Zborowski P, Kerlin TJ, Banks D, Walker JA, Lee JM, Montgomery BL, Smith GA, Pyke AT, Smith IL. Operational trials of remote mosquito trap systems for Japanese encephalitis virus surveillance in the Torres Strait, Australia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008; 7:497-506. [PMID: 18021024 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2006.0643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) appears nearly annually in the Torres Strait in far northern Queensland, Australia, and is a threat to invade the Australian mainland. Surveillance has involved the use of sentinel pigs that develop detectable viremias and antibody titers to JEV. However, pigs are amplifying hosts for JEV, and thus pose a health risk to the public and to pig handlers who bleed the pigs. A remote mosquito trap system would not have these risks. We report on trials using a remote mosquito trap system for the surveillance of JEV in the Torres Strait. The Mosquito Magnet (MM) Pro, MM Liberty Plus, and a novel updraft trap, the NAQS Mozzie Trap, were run at Badu and Moa islands in the Torres Strait and at Bamaga in the northern Cape York Peninsula from 2002-2005. TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect JEV nucleic acid in weekly mosquito collections. Sentinel pigs located at Badu were also bled and the serum processed by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR for JEV antigen and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-JEV antibodies. JEV was detected in mosquito collections each year but not in each trap. No JEV was detected in trapped mosquitoes before detection in sentinel pigs. The mosquito trap system cost ca. AU$10,000 per site, about AU$5,000 less than a pig-based system. However, trap failures caused by mosquito-clogged motors, electrical faults, and blocked gas lines reduced the efficacy of some mosquito traps. Nonetheless, a remote mosquito trap system, employing stand alone traps and PCR for viral antigen detection, can be a safe, economical way to detect arbovirus activity in remote areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Ritchie
- Tropical Population Health Unit, Queensland Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
van den Hurk AE, Montgomery BL, Zborowski P, Beebe NW, Cooper RD, Ritchie SA. Does 1-octen-3-ol enhance trap collections of Japanese encephalitis virus mosquito vectors in northern Australia? JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2006; 22:15-21. [PMID: 16646316 DOI: 10.2987/8756-971x(2006)22[15:doetco]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The responses of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) mosquito vectors to 1-octen-3-ol (octenol) and CO2 were evaluated using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps at 3 sites in northern Australia. There was no significant difference between the number of Culex sitiens subgroup mosquitoes or Cx. gelidus collected in CDC light traps baited with either CO2 alone or CO2 + octenol on Badu Island. At both mainland locations, using octenol in combination with CO2 significantly increased collections of Cx. sitiens subgroup mosquitoes. Collections of nontarget species, such as Ochlerotatus spp., Anopheles spp., and Verrallina spp. were also significantly increased with the addition of octenol. At all 3 locations, reducing collections of nontarget mosquitoes by not using octenol increased the proportion of Culex spp. collected, thus potentially reducing the time and resources required to sort and process collections for JEV detection. Our results also indicate that trials into the efficacy of using octenol as an attractant should be carried out in each area prior to the implementation of a mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E van den Hurk
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mackenzie JS, Williams DT, Smith DW. Japanese Encephalitis Virus: The Geographic Distribution, Incidence, and Spread of a Virus with a Propensity to Emerge in New Areas. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-7069(06)16010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
The last decade of the 20th Century saw the introduction of an unprecedented number of encephalitic viruses emerge or spread in the Southeast Asian and Western Pacific regions (Mackenzie et al, 2001; Solomon, 2003a). Most of these viruses are zoonotic, either being arthropod-borne viruses or bat-borne viruses. Thus Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has spread through the Indonesian archipelago to Papua New Guinea (PNG) and to the islands of the Torres Strait of northern Australia, to Pakistan, and to new areas in the Indian subcontinent; a strain of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was described for the first time in Hokkaido, Japan; and a novel mosquito-borne alphavirus, Me Tri virus, was described from Vietnam. Three novel bat-borne viruses emerged in Australia and Malaysia; two, Hendra and Nipah viruses, represent the first examples of a new genus in the family Paramyxoviridae, the genus Henipaviruses, and the third, Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) is new lyssavirus closely related to classical rabies virus. These viruses will form the body of this brief review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S Mackenzie
- Australian Biosecurity CRC, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Derraik JGB. Exotic mosquitoes in New Zealand: a review of species intercepted, their pathways and ports of entry. Aust N Z J Public Health 2005; 28:433-44. [PMID: 15707185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-842x.2004.tb00025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A review was carried out to identify the exotic mosquito species intercepted in New Zealand to 2004, together with their origins, pathways and ports of entry into the country. A total of 171 interceptions have been recorded since 1929. There was little or no taxonomic information available for many, but at least 27 exotic species not yet established in New Zealand have been intercepted, including important disease vectors such as Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti and Culex annulirostris. Of 152 interception records with a described origin, 100 (66%) have originated from the South Pacific, 42 (28%) from Australia alone, while Japan was the likely source for 22 (15%) interceptions and has become the main source of exotic mosquitoes since the 1990s. Aircraft have clearly been the main vessel for invading mosquitoes with 94 (62%) of 151 cases with a described entrance pathway, but that pattern has changed greatly in the past 15 years, with 51 (82%) of 62 interceptions occurring on ships. Auckland, New Zealand's largest city, has been the main port of entry for invaders (75/93; 81%). The data indicate that it is somewhat fortunate that New Zealand has only four exotic mosquito species established. It is necessary, therefore, to adopt comprehensive exotic species monitoring and border surveillance, with particular emphasis on incoming ships and their cargo, in order to stop further mosquito invasions that could potentially lead to future outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José G B Derraik
- Ecology and Health Research Centre, Department of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nisbet DJ, Lee KJ, van den Hurk AF, Johansen CA, Kuno G, Chang GJJ, Mackenzie JS, Ritchie SA, Hall RA. Identification of new flaviviruses in the Kokobera virus complex. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:121-124. [PMID: 15604438 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel flavivirus isolates from mosquitoes collected in northern Australia were analysed by partial genomic sequencing, monoclonal antibody-binding assays and polyclonal cross-neutralization tests. Two isolates were found to be antigenically distinct from, but related to, viruses of the Kokobera virus complex, which currently contains Kokobera (KOKV) and Stratford (STRV) viruses. Nucleotide sequence comparison of two separate regions of the genome revealed that an isolate from Saibai Island in the Torres Strait in 2000 (TS5273) was related closely to KOKV and STRV, with 74–80 and 75–76 % nucleotide similarity, respectively. An isolate from mainland Cape York in 1998 (CY1014) was found to be more divergent from KOKV and STRV, with <70 % nucleotide sequence similarity to either virus. It is proposed that isolate TS5273 represents a new subtype of KOKV and that CY1014 be classified as a novel species within the Kokobera virus complex of flaviviruses, named New Mapoon virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debra J Nisbet
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Katie J Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew F van den Hurk
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Cheryl A Johansen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Goro Kuno
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA
| | - Gwong-Jen J Chang
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA
| | - John S Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Scott A Ritchie
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
- Tropical Public Health Unit, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Derraik JGB. Exotic mosquitoes in New Zealand: a review of species intercepted, their pathways and ports of entry. Aust N Z J Public Health 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-842x.2004.tb00942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
26
|
Van Den Hurk AF, Johansen CA, Zborowski P, Paru R, Foley PN, Beebe NW, Mackenzie JS, Ritchie SA. Mosquito host-feeding patterns and implications for Japanese encephalitis virus transmission in northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2003; 17:403-411. [PMID: 14651654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2003.00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus spread to northern Australia during the 1990s, transmitted by Culex annulirostris Skuse and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). To determine the relative importance of various hosts for potential vectors of JE virus, we investigated the host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes in northern Australia and Western Province of Papua New Guinea, with particular attention to pigs, Sus scrofa L. - the main amplifying host of JE virus in South-east Asia. Mosquitoes were collected by CDC light traps baited with dry ice and 1-octen-3-ol, run 16.00-08.00 hours, mostly set away from human habitations, if possible in places frequented by feral pigs. Bloodmeals of 2569 mosquitoes, representing 15 species, were identified by gel diffusion assay. All species had fed mostly on mammals: only <10% of bloodmeals were from birds. The predominant species was Cx. annulirostris (88%), with relatively few (4.4%) bloodmeals obtained from humans. From all 12 locations sampled, the mean proportion of Cx. annulirostris fed on pigs (9.1%) was considerably lower than fed on other animals (90.9%). Highest rates of pig-fed mosquitoes (>30%) were trapped where domestic pigs were kept close to human habitation. From seven of eight locations on the Australian mainland, the majority of Cx. annulirostris had obtained their bloodmeals from marsupials, probably the Agile wallaby Macropus agilis (Gould). Overall proportions of mosquito bloodmeals identified as marsupial were 60% from the Gulf Plains region of Australia, 78% from the Cape York Peninsula and 64% from the Daru area of Papua New Guinea. Thus, despite the abundance of feral pigs in northern Australia, our findings suggest that marsupials divert host-seeking Cx. annulirostris away from pigs. As marsupials are poor JE virus hosts, the prevalence of marsupials may impede the establishment of JE virus in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F Van Den Hurk
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
van den Hurk AF, Nisbet DJ, Foley PN, Ritchie SA, Mackenzie JS, Beebe NW. Isolation of arboviruses from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected from the Gulf Plains region of northwest Queensland, Australia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2002; 39:786-792. [PMID: 12349863 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-39.5.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As part of investigations into Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus and related flaviviruses in northern Australia, 153,529 mosquitoes were collected and processed for virus isolation from the Gulf Plains region of northwest Queensland. Collections from within 30 km of each of the townships of Croydon, Normanton and Karumba yielded 3,087 (2.0%), 66,009 (43.0%), and 84,433 (55.0%) mosquitoes, respectively, from which 16 viruses were isolated. Four isolates of Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), two of Kunjin (KUN), three of Ross River (RR), and one of Sindbis (SIN) viruses were obtained from Culex sitiens subgroup mosquitoes. Molecular identification of the mosquito species composition of these virus positive pools revealed that most isolates were from pools containing mainly Culex annulirostris Skuse and low numbers of Culex palpalis (Taylor). Only three pools, one each of MVE, KUN, and RR, were from mosquitoes identified exclusively as Cx. annulirostris. Other viruses isolated include one Edge Hill virus from Ochlerotatus normanensis (Taylor), an isolate of SIN from Anopheles meraukensis Venhuis, two isolates of RR from Anopheles amictus Edwards, and single isolates of RR from Anopheles bancroftii Giles andAedes lineatopennis (Ludlow). The isolate of RR from Ae. lineatopennis was the first reported from this species. The public health implications of these isolations in the Gulf Plains region are discussed briefly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F van den Hurk
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mackenzie JS, Johansen CA, Ritchie SA, van den Hurk AF, Hall RA. Japanese encephalitis as an emerging virus: the emergence and spread of Japanese encephalitis virus in Australasia. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 267:49-73. [PMID: 12083000 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59403-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J S Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Johansen CA, van den Hurk AF, Pyke AT, Zborowski P, Phillips DA, Mackenzie JS, Ritchie SA. Entomological investigations of an outbreak of Japanese encephalitis virus in the Torres Strait, Australia, in 1998. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2001; 38:581-588. [PMID: 11476340 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-38.4.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus first appeared in Australia in 1995, when three clinical cases (two fatal) were diagnosed in residents on Badu Island in the Torres Strait, northern Queensland. More recently, two confirmed human JE cases were reported in the Torres Strait Islands and Cape York Peninsula, in northern Queensland in 1998. Shortly after JE virus activity was detected in humans and sentinel pigs on Badu Island in 1998, adult mosquitoes were collected using CO2 and octenol-baited CDC light traps; 43 isolates of JE virus were recovered. Although Culex sitiens group mosquitoes yielded the majority of JE isolates (42), one isolate was also obtained from Ochlerotatus vigilax (Skuse). Four isolates of Ross River virus and nine isolates of Sindbis (SIN) virus were also recovered from members of the Culex sitiens group collected on Badu Island in 1998. In addition, 3,240 mosquitoes were speciated and pooled after being anesthetized with triethylamine (TEA). There was no significant difference in the minimum infection rate of mosquitoes anesthetized with TEA compared with those sorted on refrigerated tables (2.8 and 1.6 per 1,000 mosquitoes, respectively). Nucleotide analysis of the premembrane region and an overlapping region of the fifth nonstructural protein and 3' untranslated regions of representative 1998 Badu Island isolates of JE virus reveled they were identical to each other. Between 99.1% and 100% identity was observed between 1995 and 1998 isolates of JE from Badu Island, as well as isolates of JE from mosquitoes collected in Papua New Guinea (PNG) in 1997 and 1998. This suggests that the New Guinea mainland is the likely source of incursions of JE virus in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Johansen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mackenzie JS, Chua KB, Daniels PW, Eaton BT, Field HE, Hall RA, Halpin K, Johansen CA, Kirkland PD, Lam SK, McMinn P, Nisbet DJ, Paru R, Pyke AT, Ritchie SA, Siba P, Smith DW, Smith GA, van den Hurk AF, Wang LF, Williams DT. Emerging viral diseases of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:497-504. [PMID: 11485641 PMCID: PMC2631848 DOI: 10.3201/eid0707.017703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 6 years, a number of zoonotic and vectorborne viral diseases have emerged in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Vectorborne disease agents discussed in this article include Japanese encephalitis, Barmah Forest, Ross River, and Chikungunya viruses. However, most emerging viruses have been zoonotic, with fruit bats, including flying fox species as the probable wildlife hosts, and these will be discussed as well. The first of these disease agents to emerge was Hendra virus, formerly called equine morbillivirus. This was followed by outbreaks caused by a rabies-related virus, Australian bat lyssavirus, and a virus associated with porcine stillbirths and malformations, Menangle virus. Nipah virus caused an outbreak of fatal pneumonia in pigs and encephalitis in humans in the Malay Peninsula. Most recently, Tioman virus has been isolated from flying foxes, but it has not yet been associated with animal or human disease. Of nonzoonotic viruses, the most important regionally have been enterovirus 71 and HIV.
Collapse
|