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Musau SK, Mwachari C, Kirui E, Muthoni J, Lascko T, Blanco N, Abimiku A, Koech E. Implementing an intensified mentorship approach towards accelerated medical laboratory accreditation in 10 counties in Kenya. Afr J Lab Med 2022; 11:1814. [PMID: 35937766 PMCID: PMC9350484 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v11i1.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite Kenya’s roll-out of the Strengthening Laboratory Management Towards Accreditation programme in 2010, most laboratories had not made significant or tangible improvements towards accreditation by 2016. In April 2016, the University of Maryland, Baltimore enrolled 27 facilities in the standard Strengthening Laboratory Management Towards Accreditation programme. Objective This study aimed to describe and evaluate the implementation of an intensified mentorship strategy on laboratory accreditation. Methods In October 2017, the University of Maryland, Baltimore implemented intensive mentorship in 27 hospital laboratories in Nairobi, Kiambu, Meru, Embu, Muranga, Nyeri, Laikipia, Nyandarua, Tharaka-Nithi, and Kirinyaga counties in Kenya. Laboratories were paired with competent mentors whose skills were matched to facility gaps. Baseline and follow-up assessments were done between April 2016 and March 2019 using the World Health Organization’s Stepwise Laboratory Quality Improvement Process Towards Accreditation Checklist and overall scores of the 12 Quality System Essentials and star ratings (from zero to five, based on scores) used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intensified mentorship. Results In September 2017, 14 laboratories scored zero stars, three scored one star, eight scored two stars, one scored three stars, and one laboratory was accredited. By March 2019, eight laboratories were accredited, five scored four stars, 10 scored three stars, three scored two stars, and only one scored one star. The average score change with the intensified approach was 81.5 versus 53.9 for the standard approach. Conclusion The intensified mentorship strategy resulted in fast-tracked progress towards laboratory accreditation and can be adopted in similar resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K. Musau
- Department of Laboratory, Maryland Global Initiatives Corporation (MGIC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christina Mwachari
- Department of Laboratory, Maryland Global Initiatives Corporation (MGIC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elvis Kirui
- Department of Strategic Information, Maryland Global Initiatives Corporation (MGIC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Junghae Muthoni
- Laboratory Department, Centers for Disease Control, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Taylor Lascko
- Center for International Health, Education, and Biosecurity, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Natalia Blanco
- Center for International Health, Education, and Biosecurity, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Alash’le Abimiku
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Emily Koech
- Department of Laboratory, Maryland Global Initiatives Corporation (MGIC), Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for International Health, Education, and Biosecurity (CIHEB), Nairobi, Kenya
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Guissou C, Quinlan MM, Sanou R, Ouédraogo RK, Namountougou M, Diabaté A. Preparing an Insectary in Burkina Faso to Support Research in Genetic Technologies for Malaria Control. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:18-28. [PMID: 34995157 PMCID: PMC8787693 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) of Burkina Faso, West Africa, was the first African institution to import transgenic mosquitoes for research purposes. A shift from the culture of mosquito research to regulated biotechnology research and considerable management capacity is needed to set up and run the first insectary for transgenic insects in a country that applied and adapted the existing biosafety framework, first developed for genetically modified (GM) crops, to this new area of research. The additional demands arise from the separate regulatory framework for biotechnology, referencing the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, and the novelty of the research strain, making public understanding and acceptance early in the research pathway important. The IRSS team carried out extensive preparations following recommendations for containment of GM arthropods and invested efforts in local community engagement and training with scientific colleagues throughout the region. Record keeping beyond routine practice was established to maintain evidence related to regulatory requirements and risk assumptions. The National Biosafety Agency of Burkina Faso, Agence Nationale de Biosécurité (ANB), granted the permits for import of the self-limiting transgenic mosquito strain, which took place in November 2016, and for conducting studies in the IRSS facility in Bobo-Dioulasso. Compliance with permit terms and conditions of the permits and study protocols continued until the conclusion of studies, when the transgenic colonies were terminated. All this required close coordination between management and the insectary teams, as well as others. This article outlines the experiences of the IRSS to support others undertaking such studies. The IRSS is contributing to the ongoing development of genetic technologies for malaria control, as a partner of Target Malaria. The ultimate objective of the innovation is to reduce malaria transmission by using GM mosquitoes of the same species released to reduce the disease-vectoring native populations of Anopheles gambiae s.l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Guissou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé-Direction Régionale de l''Ouest (IRSS-DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - M Megan Quinlan
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Sanou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé-Direction Régionale de l''Ouest (IRSS-DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Robert K Ouédraogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé-Direction Régionale de l''Ouest (IRSS-DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa Namountougou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé-Direction Régionale de l''Ouest (IRSS-DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé-Direction Régionale de l''Ouest (IRSS-DRO), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Begg S, Wright A, Small G, Kirby M, Moore S, Koudou B, Kisinza W, Abdoulaye D, Moore J, Malima R, Kija P, Mosha F, Edi C, Bates I. Multi-site comparison of factors influencing progress of African insecticide testing facilities towards an international Quality Management System certification. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259849. [PMID: 34780512 PMCID: PMC8592480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticidal mosquito vector control products are vital components of malaria control programmes. Test facilities are key in assessing the effectiveness of vector control products against local mosquito populations, in environments where they will be used. Data from these test facilities must be of a high quality to be accepted by regulatory authorities, including the WHO Prequalification Team for vector control products. In 2013-4, seven insecticide testing facilities across sub-Saharan Africa, with technical and financial support from Innovative Vector Control Consortium (IVCC), began development and implementation of quality management system compliant with the principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) to improve data quality and reliability. METHODS AND PRINCIPLE FINDINGS We conducted semi-structured interviews, emails, and video-call interviews with individuals at five test facilities engaged in the IVCC-supported programme and working towards or having achieved GLP. We used framework analysis to identify and describe factors affeting progress towards GLP. We found that eight factors were instrumental in progress, and that test facilities had varying levels of control over these factors. They had high control over the training programme, project planning, and senior leadership support; medium control over infrastructure development, staff structure, and procurement; and low control over funding the availability and accessibility of relevant expertise. Collaboration with IVCC and other partners was key to overcoming the challenges associated with low and medium control factors. CONCLUSION For partnership and consortia models of research capacity strengthening, test facilities can use their own internal resources to address identified high-control factors. Project plans should allow additional time for interaction with external agencies to address medium-control factors, and partners with access to expertise and funding should concentrate their efforts on supporting institutions to address low-control factors. In practice, this includes planning for financial sustainability at the outset, and acting to strengthen national and regional training capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Begg
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Wright
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Small
- Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Kirby
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London, United Kingdom
- KCMUCo-PAMVERC, KCMUCo-PAMVERC Test Facility, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Sarah Moore
- Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Ben Koudou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifques en Côte D’Ivoire, Route de Dabou, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - William Kisinza
- National Institute of Medical Research, Amani Centre, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Diabate Abdoulaye
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jason Moore
- Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Robert Malima
- National Institute of Medical Research, Amani Centre, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Patrick Kija
- National Institute of Medical Research, Amani Centre, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Frank Mosha
- KCMUCo-PAMVERC, KCMUCo-PAMVERC Test Facility, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Constant Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifques en Côte D’Ivoire, Route de Dabou, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Imelda Bates
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Ghislain MR, Mushebenge GAA, Magula N. Cause of hospitalization and death in the antiretroviral era in Sub-Saharan Africa published 2008-2018: A systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27342. [PMID: 34713822 PMCID: PMC8556022 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide despite the availability of antiretroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome still causes morbidity and mortality among patients. In Sub-Saharan Africa, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome remains a major public health concern. The aim of this study was to identify the causes of morbidity and mortality in the modern antiretroviral therapy era in Sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS We conducted a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines. We searched relevant studies from 3 databases which are Google Scholar, PubMed, and CINAHL. Two review authors independently screened titles, abstracts, and full-text articles in duplicate, extracted data, and assessed bias. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion or arbitration of a third review author. R software version 3.6.2 was used to analyze the data. Maximum values were used in order to show which disease was mostly spread out by looking at the highest prevalence reported. This systematic review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). RESULTS A total of 409 articles were obtained from the database search, finally 12 articles met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for data extraction. Among them, 3 were conducted in Nigeria, 2 were conducted in Uganda, 3 were conducted in South Africa, 1 in Gabon, 1 in Ethiopia, 1 in Ghana, and 1 in Burkina Faso. In most of the included studies, tuberculosis was the leading cause of hospitalization which accounted for between 18% and 40.7% and it was also the leading cause of death and accounted for between 16% and 44.3%, except in 1 which reported anemia as the leading cause of hospitalization and in 2 which reported wasting syndrome and meningitis respectively as the leading causes of death. Opportunistic malignancies accounted between for 1.8% to 5% of hospitalization and 1.2% to 9.8% of deaths. CONCLUSIONS Tuberculosis is the commonest cause of hospitalization and death in Sub-Saharan Africa, but it is always followed by other infectious disease and other non-AIDS related causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manimani Riziki Ghislain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | | | - Nombulelo Magula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Ntiamoah P, Monu NR, Abdulkareem FB, Adeniji KA, Obafunwa JO, Komolafe AO, Yates C, Kaninjing E, Carpten JD, Salhia B, Odedina FT, Edelweiss M, Kingham TP, Alatise OI. Pathology Services in Nigeria: Cross-Sectional Survey Results From Three Cancer Consortia. J Glob Oncol 2020; 5:1-9. [PMID: 31479341 PMCID: PMC6733183 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.19.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer incidence is increasing in sub-Saharan Africa, yet there is little information on the capacity of pathology laboratories in this region. We aimed to assess the current state of pathology services in Nigeria to guide strategies to ensure best practices and improve the quality of surgical specimen handling. METHODS We developed structured pathology survey to assess tissue handling, sample processing, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) capabilities. The survey was distributed electronically to 22 medical centers in Nigeria that are part of established cancer consortia. Data were collected between September and October 2017. RESULTS Sixteen of 22 centers completed the survey in full. All 16 institutions had at least one board-certified pathologist and at least one full-time laboratory scientist/technologist. The majority of responding institutions (75%) reported processing fewer than 3,000 samples per year. For sample processing, 38% of institutions reported manual tissue processing and 75% processed biopsies and surgical specimens together. The average tissue fixation time ranged from 5 to more than 72 hours before processing and paraffin embedding. Half of the institutions reported having no quality assurance processes to evaluate hematoxylin and eosin–stained slides, and 25% reported having no written operating procedures. Half of the participating institutions have a facility for routine IHC staining, and among these there was considerable variability in processes and validation procedures. External proficiency testing was not common among surveyed sites (38%). CONCLUSION Data from 16 Nigerian medical institutions indicate deficiencies in standardization, quality control, and IHC validation that could affect the reliability of pathology results. These findings highlight addressable gaps in pathology services that can ensure accurate diagnosis and follow-up for the growing number of patients with cancer in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Folake T Odedina
- University of Florida Lake Nona Research and Academic Center, Orlando, FL
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Quinlan MM, Birungi J, Coulibaly MB, Diabaté A, Facchinelli L, Mukabana WR, Mutunga JM, Nolan T, Raymond P, Traoré SF. Containment Studies of Transgenic Mosquitoes in Disease Endemic Countries: The Broad Concept of Facilities Readiness. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:14-20. [PMID: 29337664 PMCID: PMC5770120 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic strategies for large scale pest or vector control using modified insects are not yet operational in Africa, and currently rely on import of the modified strains to begin preliminary, contained studies. Early involvement of research teams from participating countries is crucial to evaluate candidate field interventions. Following the recommended phased approach for novel strategies, evaluation should begin with studies in containment facilities. Experiences to prepare facilities and build international teams for research on transgenic mosquitoes revealed some important organizing themes underlying the concept of "facilities readiness," or the point at which studies in containment may proceed, in sub-Saharan African settings. First, "compliance" for research with novel or non-native living organisms was defined as the fulfillment of all legislative and regulatory requirements. This is not limited to regulations regarding use of transgenic organisms. Second, the concept of "colony utility" was related to the characteristics of laboratory colonies being produced so that results of studies may be validated across time, sites, and strains or technologies; so that the appropriate candidate strains are moved forward toward field studies. Third, the importance of achieving "defensible science" was recognized, including that study conclusions can be traced back to evidence, covering the concerns of various stakeholders over the long term. This, combined with good stewardship of resources and appropriate funding, covers a diverse set of criteria for declaring when "facilities readiness" has been attained. It is proposed that, despite the additional demands on time and resources, only with the balance of and rigorous achievement of each of these organizing themes can collaborative research into novel strategies in vector or pest control reliably progress past initial containment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Megan Quinlan
- 1 Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London , Ascot, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Birungi
- 2 Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) , Entebbe, Uganda
- 3 International Livestock Research Institute , Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mamadou B Coulibaly
- 4 Université des Sciences , des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- 5 Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz , Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Luca Facchinelli
- 6 Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Richard Mukabana
- 7 School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi , Nairobi, Kenya
- 8 Science for Health , Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Mutuku Mutunga
- 9 International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) , Mbita Point, Kenya
| | - Tony Nolan
- 1 Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London , Ascot, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Raymond
- 10 Donald Danforth Plant Science Center , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sékou F Traoré
- 4 Université des Sciences , des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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Bonsu JM, Frasso R, Curry AE. Lessons from the field: the conduct of randomized controlled trials in Botswana. Trials 2017; 18:503. [PMID: 29078791 PMCID: PMC5658937 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The conduct of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in low-resource settings may present unique financial, logistic, and process-related challenges. Middle-income countries that have comparable disease burdens to low-income countries, but greater availability of resources, may be conducive settings for RCTs. Indeed, the country of Botswana is experiencing a rapid increase in the conduct of RCTs. Our objective was to explore the experiences of individuals conducting RCTs in Botswana to gain an understanding of the challenges and adaptive strategies to their work. Methods We conducted in-depth interviews with 14 national and international individuals working on RCTs in Botswana. Participants included principal investigators, research coordinators, lab technicians, research assistants, and other healthcare professionals. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and coded for thematic analysis. Results Five primary themes were identified: ethics board relationships (including delays in the process); research staff management (including staff attrition and career development); study recruitment and retention (including the use of reimbursements); resource availability (including challenges accessing laboratory equipment); and capacity-building (including issues of exporting locally sourced samples). These themes were explored to discuss key challenges and adaptive strategies. Conclusions This study offers a first-hand account of individuals engaged in conducting RCTs in Botswana, a nation that is experiencing a rapid increase in research activities. Findings provide a foundational understanding for researchers in Botswana and trial managers in similar settings when planning RCTs so that the conduct of research does not outpace the ability to manage, support, and regulate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Bonsu
- Master of Public Health Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,, 370 W. 9th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | - Rosemary Frasso
- College of Population Health, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allison E Curry
- Center for Research Injury and Prevention, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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De Baetselier I, Taylor D, Mandala J, Nanda K, Van Campenhout C, Agingu W, Madurai L, Barsch EM, Deese J, Van Damme L, Crucitti T. Verification of chemistry reference ranges using a simple method in sub-Saharan Africa. Afr J Lab Med 2017; 5:404. [PMID: 28879112 PMCID: PMC5436402 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v5i1.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemistry safety assessments are interpreted by using chemistry reference ranges (CRRs). Verification of CRRs is time consuming and often requires a statistical background. Objectives We report on an easy and cost-saving method to verify CRRs. Methods Using a former method introduced by Sigma Diagnostics, three study sites in sub-Saharan Africa, Bondo, Kenya, and Pretoria and Bloemfontein, South Africa, verified the CRRs for hepatic and renal biochemistry assays performed during a clinical trial of HIV antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis. The aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase, creatinine and phosphorus results from 10 clinically-healthy participants at the screening visit were used. In the event the CRRs did not pass the verification, new CRRs had to be calculated based on 40 clinically-healthy participants. Results Within a few weeks, the study sites accomplished verification of the CRRs without additional costs. The aspartate aminotransferase reference ranges for the Bondo, Kenya site and the alanine aminotransferase reference ranges for the Pretoria, South Africa site required adjustment. The phosphorus CRR passed verification and the creatinine CRR required adjustment at every site. The newly-established CRR intervals were narrower than the CRRs used previously at these study sites due to decreases in the upper limits of the reference ranges. As a result, more toxicities were detected. Conclusion To ensure the safety of clinical trial participants, verification of CRRs should be standard practice in clinical trials conducted in settings where the CRR has not been validated for the local population. This verification method is simple, inexpensive, and can be performed by any medical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irith De Baetselier
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, STI Reference Laboratory, Nationalestraat, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Walter Agingu
- IMPACT Research and Development Organization, Kisumu City, Kenya
| | - Lorna Madurai
- Global Clinical and Viral Laboratory, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Eva-Maria Barsch
- PathCare Bloemfontein, Quantum Building, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Lut Van Damme
- FHI 360, Durham, North Carolina, United States.,Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Tania Crucitti
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, STI Reference Laboratory, Nationalestraat, Antwerp, Belgium
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Kouriba B, Diarra AB, Douyon I, Diabaté DT, Kamissoko F, Guitteye H, Baby M, Guindo MA, Doumbo OK. P. falciparum malaria prevalence among blood donors in Bamako, Mali. Transfus Clin Biol 2017; 24:62-67. [PMID: 28434852 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM Malaria parasite is usually transmitted to humans by Anopheles mosquitoes but it can also be transmitted through blood transfusion. Usually malaria transmission is low in African urban settings. In West Africa where the P. falciparum is the most predominant malaria species, there are limited measures to reduce the risk of blood transfusion malaria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of P. falciparum malaria carriage among blood donors in the National Blood Center of Bamako, capital city of Mali. METHODS The study was conducted using a random sample of 946 blood donors in Bamako, Mali, from January to December 2011. Screening for malaria was performed by thick smear and rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Blood group was typed by Beth-Vincent and Simonin techniques. RESULTS The frequency of malaria infection was 1.4% by thick smear and 0.8% by the RDT. The pick prevalence of P. falciparum malaria was in rainy season, indicating a probable high seasonal risk of malaria by blood transfusion, in Mali. The prevalence of P. falciparum infection was 2% among donors of group O the majority being in this group. CONCLUSION There is a seasonal prevalence of malaria among blood donors in Bamako. A prevention strategy of transfusion malaria based on the combination of selection of blood donors through the medical interview, promoting a voluntary low-risk blood donation and screening all blood bags intended to be transfused to children under 5, pregnant women and immune-compromised patients during transmission season using thick smear will reduce the risk of transfusion malaria in Mali.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kouriba
- Département d'épidémiologie des affections parasitaires, malaria research and training center, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali; Centre National de transfusion sanguine du Mali, Ministère de la santé et de l'hygiène publique, BP E344, Bamako, Mali.
| | - A B Diarra
- Département d'épidémiologie des affections parasitaires, malaria research and training center, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - I Douyon
- Département d'épidémiologie des affections parasitaires, malaria research and training center, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - D T Diabaté
- Département d'épidémiologie des affections parasitaires, malaria research and training center, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - F Kamissoko
- Département d'épidémiologie des affections parasitaires, malaria research and training center, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - H Guitteye
- Département d'épidémiologie des affections parasitaires, malaria research and training center, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Baby
- Département d'épidémiologie des affections parasitaires, malaria research and training center, faculty of medicine and pharmacy, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - M A Guindo
- Centre National de transfusion sanguine du Mali, Ministère de la santé et de l'hygiène publique, BP E344, Bamako, Mali
| | - O K Doumbo
- Centre National de transfusion sanguine du Mali, Ministère de la santé et de l'hygiène publique, BP E344, Bamako, Mali
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10
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Franzen SRP, Chandler C, Lang T. Health research capacity development in low and middle income countries: reality or rhetoric? A systematic meta-narrative review of the qualitative literature. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e012332. [PMID: 28131997 PMCID: PMC5278257 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Locally led health research in low and middle income countries (LMICs) is critical for overcoming global health challenges. Yet, despite over 25 years of international efforts, health research capacity in LMICs remains insufficient and development attempts continue to be fragmented. The aim of this systematic review is to identify and critically examine the main approaches and trends in health research capacity development and consolidate key thinking to identify a more coherent approach. METHODS This review includes academic and grey literature published between January 2000 and July 2013. Using a predetermined search strategy, we systematically searched PubMed, hand-searched Google Scholar and checked reference lists. This process yielded 1668 papers. 240 papers were selected based on a priori criteria. A modified version of meta-narrative synthesis was used to analyse the papers. RESULTS 3 key narratives were identified: the effect of power relations on capacity development; demand for stronger links between research, policy and practice and the importance of a systems approach. Capacity development was delivered through 4 main modalities: vertical research projects, centres of excellence, North-South partnerships and networks; all were controversial, and each had their strengths and weaknesses. A plurality of development strategies was employed to address specific barriers to health research. However, lack of empirical research and monitoring and evaluation meant that their effectiveness was unclear and learning was weak. CONCLUSIONS There has been steady progress in LMIC health research capacity, but major barriers to research persist and more empirical evidence on development strategies is required. Despite an evolution in development thinking, international actors continue to use outdated development models that are recognised as ineffective. To realise newer development thinking, research capacity outcomes need to be equally valued as research outputs. While some development actors are now adopting this dedicated capacity development approach, they are in the minority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R P Franzen
- The Global Health Network, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Policy Management, Oxford, UK
| | - Clare Chandler
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Trudie Lang
- The Global Health Network, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Clinical Research in Neglected Tropical Diseases: The Challenge of Implementing Good Clinical (Laboratory) Practices. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004654. [PMID: 27812089 PMCID: PMC5094655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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12
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Zhang HL, Omondi MW, Musyoka AM, Afwamba IA, Swai RP, Karia FP, Muiruri C, Reddy EA, Crump JA, Rubach MP. Challenges of Maintaining Good Clinical Laboratory Practices in Low-Resource Settings: A Health Program Evaluation Framework Case Study From East Africa. Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 146:199-206. [PMID: 27473737 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqw083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using a clinical research laboratory as a case study, we sought to characterize barriers to maintaining Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP) services in a developing world setting. METHODS Using a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention framework for program evaluation in public health, we performed an evaluation of the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre-Duke University Health Collaboration clinical research laboratory sections of the Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute in Moshi, Tanzania. Laboratory records from November 2012 through October 2014 were reviewed for this analysis. RESULTS During the 2-year period of study, seven instrument malfunctions suspended testing required for open clinical trials. A median (range) of 9 (1-55) days elapsed between instrument malfunction and biomedical engineer service. Sixteen (76.1%) of 21 suppliers of reagents, controls, and consumables were based outside Tanzania. Test throughput among laboratory sections used a median (range) of 0.6% (0.2%-2.7%) of instrument capacity. Five (55.6%) of nine laboratory technologists left their posts over 2 years. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that GCLP laboratory service provision in this setting is hampered by delays in biomedical engineer support, delays and extra costs in commodity procurement, low testing throughput, and high personnel turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L. Zhang
- From the 1Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Augustine M. Musyoka
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Francis P. Karia
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Reddy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate, Syracuse, NY
| | - John A. Crump
- From the 1Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matthew P. Rubach
- From the 1Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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13
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Niaré K, Dara A, Sagara I, Sissoko MS, Guindo CO, Cissé NH, Coulibaly CO, Ringwald P, Benoit-Vical F, Berry A, Djimdé AA, Doumbo OK. In Vivo Efficacy and Parasite Clearance of Artesunate + Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Versus Artemether-Lumefantrine in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:634-9. [PMID: 26811430 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Although artemisinin resistance has yet to be reported in Africa, surveillance of the efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) is warranted. Here, the efficacy of artesunate + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AS + SP) and artemether-lumefantrine (AL) was evaluated in Mali. Randomized open-label comparative in vivo assay of AS + SP versus AL were carried out using the 28-day follow-up World Health Organization protocol. Patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria and at least 6 months of age were recruited between October 2010 and January 2014. A subset of these patients was selected to measure Plasmodium falciparum clearance time. Polymerase chain reaction-corrected adequate clinical and parasitological responses were 100% for AS + SP and 98.2% for AL with no significant difference (P = 0.06). The reinfection rates were comparable (P = 0.63) with 8.0% for AS + SP and 12.6% for AL. Individuals under 8 years were more susceptible to treatment failure (relative risk = 1.9; 95% confidence interval = 1.2, 3.3). Median parasite clearance half-life was 1.7 hours (interquartile range [IQR] = 1.3-2.2) for AS + SP and 1.9 hours (IQR = 1.5-2.5) for AL with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.24). Efficacy of AS + SP and AL was high. This study provides baseline information on parasite clearance half-lives after ACT treatment, particularly AS + SP, in Mali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karamoko Niaré
- Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antoine Dara
- Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Issaka Sagara
- Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mahamadou S Sissoko
- Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cheick Oumar Guindo
- Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nana H Cissé
- Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cheick Oumar Coulibaly
- Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pascal Ringwald
- Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Françoise Benoit-Vical
- Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antoine Berry
- Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Abdoulaye A Djimdé
- Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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14
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Fitzgibbon JE, Wallis CL. Laboratory challenges conducting international clinical research in resource-limited settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 65 Suppl 1:S36-9. [PMID: 24321984 PMCID: PMC3893068 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There are many challenges to performing clinical research in resource-limited settings. Here, we discuss several of the most common laboratory issues that must be addressed. These include issues relating to organization and personnel, laboratory facilities and equipment, standard operating procedures, external quality assurance, shipping, laboratory capacity, and data management. Although much progress has been made, innovative ways of addressing some of these issues are still very much needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Fitzgibbon
- Drug Development and Clinical Sciences Branch, Therapeutics Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Carole L. Wallis
- Specialty Molecular Division, Molecular Pathology, Lancet Laboratories, South Africa
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15
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Jegede FE, Mbah HA, Yakubu TN, Adedokun O, Negedu-Momoh OR, Torpey K. Laboratory Quality Audit in 25 Anti-Retroviral Therapy Facilities in North West of Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojcd.2014.44028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Murphy SC, Shott JP, Parikh S, Etter P, Prescott WR, Stewart VA. Malaria diagnostics in clinical trials. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:824-39. [PMID: 24062484 PMCID: PMC3820323 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria diagnostics are widely used in epidemiologic studies to investigate natural history of disease and in drug and vaccine clinical trials to exclude participants or evaluate efficacy. The Malaria Laboratory Network (MLN), managed by the Office of HIV/AIDS Network Coordination, is an international working group with mutual interests in malaria disease and diagnosis and in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome clinical trials. The MLN considered and studied the wide array of available malaria diagnostic tests for their suitability for screening trial participants and/or obtaining study endpoints for malaria clinical trials, including studies of HIV/malaria co-infection and other malaria natural history studies. The MLN provides recommendations on microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests, serologic tests, and molecular assays to guide selection of the most appropriate test(s) for specific research objectives. In addition, this report provides recommendations regarding quality management to ensure reproducibility across sites in clinical trials. Performance evaluation, quality control, and external quality assessment are critical processes that must be implemented in all clinical trials using malaria tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C. Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Office of HIV/AIDS Network Coordination, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Hydas World Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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