1
|
Golomazou E, Mamedova S, Eslahi AV, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium and agriculture: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170057. [PMID: 38242460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant contributor to global foodborne and waterborne disease burden. It is a widespread cause of diarrheal diseases that affect humans and animals worldwide. Agricultural environments can become a source of contamination with Cryptosporidium species through faecal material derived from humans and animals. This review aims to report the main findings of scientific research on Cryptosporidium species related to various agricultural sectors, and highlights the risks of cryptosporidiosis in agricultural production, the contamination sources, the importance of animal production in transmission, and the role of farmed animals as hosts of the parasites. Agricultural contamination sources can cause water pollution in groundwater and different surface waters used for drinking, recreational purposes, and irrigation. The application of contaminated manure, faecal sludge management, and irrigation with inadequately treated water are the main concerns associated with foodborne and waterborne cryptosporidiosis related to agricultural activities. The review emphasizes the public health implications of agriculture concerning the transmission risk of Cryptosporidium parasites and the urgent need for a new concept in the agriculture sector. Furthermore, the findings of this review provide valuable information for developing appropriate measures and monitoring strategies to minimize the risk of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Golomazou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment - Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Simuzer Mamedova
- Institute of Zoology, Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan & Department of Life Sciences, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Nicosia Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Centre, 2408 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nasser AM. Transmission of Cryptosporidium by Fresh Vegetables. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1737-1744. [PMID: 36048914 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables is increasing thanks to a greater awareness of the human health benefits. Vegetables may become contaminated by enteric pathogens (protozoan parasites, bacteria, and viruses) by irrigation with contaminated water, fertilization with fresh animal manure, or by infected food handlers. Cryptosporidium spp. are fecal-oral protozoan parasites, known to be highly persistent in the environment. Efficient methods were developed for releasing and concentrating Cryptosporidium oocysts from leafy vegetables, and sensitive and specific methods were applied for detection. The aims of this review are to discuss the development and optimization of methods applied to elute, concentrate, and detect oocysts from leafy vegetables, to review the prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts on fresh leafy vegetables from various parts of the world, and to discuss cryptosporidiosis outbreaks resulting from the consumption of leafy vegetables. Three solutions were used with comparable efficiency to release oocysts from leafy vegetables: 1 M glycine solution; 0.1% Alconox; and filter elution buffer, with an efficiency of 36.2, 72.6, and 44%, respectively. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was reported in developed, as well as from developing countries, although simple detection methods were applied. Most of the cryptosporidiosis outbreaks were reported in developed countries, which can be related to the efficient surveillance system. Transmission of infectious pathogens, such as Cryptosporidium, may be facilitated by fresh vegetables, which are imported and transferred from less developed to highly developed countries and consumed uncooked. Monitoring of Cryptosporidium oocysts by sensitive detection methods may enhance measures to prevent transmission by freshly consumed vegetables. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abidelfatah M Nasser
- Water Quality Research Laboratory, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, 69 Ben Zvi Road, Tel Aviv-Jaffa 6810416, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chalmers RM, Katzer F, La Carbona S, Lalle M, Razakandrainibe R, Robertson LJ, Robinson G, Šoba B, Temesgen T, Mayer-Scholl A. A guide to standardise artificial contamination procedures with protozoan parasite oocysts or cysts during method evaluation, using Cryptosporidium and leafy greens as models. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
4
|
Sun A, Stanton JAL, Bergquist PL, Sunna A. Universal Enzyme-Based Field Workflow for Rapid and Sensitive Quantification of Water Pathogens. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2367. [PMID: 34835492 PMCID: PMC8618791 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A universal filtration and enzyme-based workflow has been established to allow for the rapid and sensitive quantification of leading pathogens Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia gamblia, Campylobacter jejuni, and Escherichia coli from tap water samples with volumes up to 100 mL, and the potential to scale up to larger volumes. qPCR limits of quantification as low as four oocysts for Cryptosporidium, twelve cysts for Giardia, two cells for C. jejuni, and nineteen cells for E. coli per reaction were achieved. A polycarbonate filter-based sampling method coupled with the prepGEM enzyme-based DNA extraction system created a single-step transfer workflow that required as little as 20 min of incubation time and a 100 µL reaction mix. The quantification via qPCR was performed directly on the prepGEM extract, bypassing time-consuming, labour-intensive conventional culture-based methods. The tap water samples were shown to contain insoluble particles that inhibited detection by reducing the quantification efficiency of a representative pathogen (C. jejuni) to 30-60%. This sample inhibition was effectively removed by an on-filter treatment of 20% (v/v) phosphoric acid wash. Overall, the established workflow was able to achieve quantification efficiencies of 92% and higher for all four leading water pathogens, forming the basis of a rapid, portable, and low-cost solution to water monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sun
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (A.S.); (P.L.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Jo-Ann L. Stanton
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Peter L. Bergquist
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (A.S.); (P.L.B.); (A.S.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Anwar Sunna
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (A.S.); (P.L.B.); (A.S.)
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Razakandrainibe R, Kubina S, Costa D, Robinson G, La Carbona S, Aubert D, David A, Gargala G, Villena I, Favennec L, Chalmers RM. Evaluation of a modified method for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts on spinach leaves. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 21:e00097. [PMID: 33102825 PMCID: PMC7578526 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the infection risk associated with the consumption of contaminated food, techniques for recovering and detecting Cryptosporidium oocysts from fruit and vegetables are generally inadequate due to the variable recovery efficiencies and high reagent costs, such as those presented by ISO 18744:2016 "Microbiology of the food chain -Detection and enumeration of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in fresh leafy green vegetables and berry fruits". Although an improved method for recovering these parasites from Iceberg lettuce, which reported increased recovery efficiency as well as lower costs, has been published, it appears to have limitations for the recovery of Cryptosporidium from saponin-rich leaves such as spinach (Spinacia oleraceae), which have previously been implicated in Cryptosporidium parvum outbreaks. In this study, we refined the method to improve its use with these more challenging samples. The use of alkaline elution buffer (1 M glycine) of different pH values was evaluated for their effectiveness in removing C. parvum from spinach leaves. The refinement of Utaaker's method showed, from spinach leaves inoculated with 100 oocysts, an increased oocyst recovery rate with an overall mean recovery rate of 33.79% ± 2.82%. The emergence of parasitic foodborne illnesses and outbreaks associated with the consumption of fresh produce demonstrates the need for the development of an optimal recovery process for parasites from suspected foods. Results showed that refinement of existing protocols could improve the retrieval of Cryptosporidium oocysts from these more challenging leafy greens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romy Razakandrainibe
- Centre National de Référence -Laboratoire Expert-Cryptosporidioses, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU de Rouen, France.,UMT ACTIA PROTORISK 2 - Université de Rouen, Normandie, EA 7510 ESCAPE, France
| | - Sophie Kubina
- ACTALIA, Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50000 Saint-Lô, France.,UMT ACTIA PROTORISK 2 - Université de Rouen, Normandie, EA 7510 ESCAPE, France
| | - Damien Costa
- Centre National de Référence -Laboratoire Expert-Cryptosporidioses, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU de Rouen, France.,UMT ACTIA PROTORISK 2 - Université de Rouen, Normandie, EA 7510 ESCAPE, France
| | - Guy Robinson
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea SA2 8QA, UK.,Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Stephanie La Carbona
- ACTALIA, Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50000 Saint-Lô, France.,UMT ACTIA PROTORISK 2 - Université de Rouen, Normandie, EA 7510 ESCAPE, France
| | - Dominique Aubert
- Centre National de Référence de la Toxoplasmose, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Toxoplasma, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU de Reims, Université de Reims, Champagne-Ardenne, EA 7510 ESCAPE, France.,UMT ACTIA PROTORISK 2 - Université de Rouen, Normandie, EA 7510 ESCAPE, France
| | - Adonis David
- Centre National de Référence -Laboratoire Expert-Cryptosporidioses, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU de Rouen, France.,UMT ACTIA PROTORISK 2 - Université de Rouen, Normandie, EA 7510 ESCAPE, France
| | - Gilles Gargala
- Centre National de Référence -Laboratoire Expert-Cryptosporidioses, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU de Rouen, France.,UMT ACTIA PROTORISK 2 - Université de Rouen, Normandie, EA 7510 ESCAPE, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- Centre National de Référence de la Toxoplasmose, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Toxoplasma, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU de Reims, Université de Reims, Champagne-Ardenne, EA 7510 ESCAPE, France.,UMT ACTIA PROTORISK 2 - Université de Rouen, Normandie, EA 7510 ESCAPE, France
| | - Loïc Favennec
- Centre National de Référence -Laboratoire Expert-Cryptosporidioses, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU de Rouen, France.,UMT ACTIA PROTORISK 2 - Université de Rouen, Normandie, EA 7510 ESCAPE, France
| | - Rachel M Chalmers
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea SA2 8QA, UK.,Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shrestha R, Duwal R, Wagle S, Pokhrel S, Giri B, Neupane BB. A smartphone microscopic method for simultaneous detection of (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008560. [PMID: 32898180 PMCID: PMC7500626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Food and water-borne illness caused by ingestion of (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is one of the major health problems globally. Several methods are available to detect Giardia cyst and Cryptosporidium oocyst in food and water. Most of the available methods require a good laboratory facility and well-trained manpower and are therefore costly. There is a need of affordable and reliable method that can be easily implemented in resource limited settings. Methodology/Principle findings We developed a smartphone based microscopic assay method to screen (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia contamination of vegetable and water samples. The method consisting of a ball lens of 1 mm diameter, white LED as illumination source and Lugols's iodine staining provided magnification and contrast capable of distinguishing (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia. The analytical performance of the method was tested by spike recovery experiments. The spike recovery experiments performed on cabbage, carrot, cucumber, radish, tomatoes, and water resulted in 26.8±10.3, 40.1±8.5, 44.4±7.3, 47.6±11.3, 49.2 ±10.9, and 30.2±7.9% recovery for Cryptosporidium, respectively and 10.2±4.0, 14.1±7.3, 24.2±12.1, 23.2±13.7, 17.1±13.9, and 37.6±2.4% recovery for Giardia, respectively. The spike recovery results are comparable with data obtained using commercial brightfield and fluorescence microscope methods. Finally, we tested the smartphone microscope system for detecting (oo)cysts on 7 types of vegetable (n = 196) and river water (n = 18) samples. Forty-two percent vegetable and thirty-nine percent water samples were found to be contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocyst. Similarly, thirty-one percent vegetable and thirty-three percent water samples were contaminated with Giardia cyst. Conclusions The newly developed smartphone microscopic method showed comparable performance to commercial microscopic methods. The new method can be a low-cost and easy to implement alternative method for simultaneous detection of (oo)cysts in vegetable and water samples in resource limited settings. Food and water-borne illness arising from the consumption of contaminated food and water are serious health hazards globally. Cryptosporidium and Giardia are the major food and water‒borne parasites. The infection occurs mainly by (oo)cyst phase of the parasites. People in developing countries are more vulnerable to these parasites where infection is more likely underdiagnosed and underreported due to limited resources for detection. There is need of a method that is affordable and easy to implement. In this study, we developed and optimized a novel smartphone microscope method that can detect and quantify the (oo)cyst of the parasites in food and water samples. The developed method is easy to implement and affordable and provides similar performance to the other commercially available microscopic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Retina Shrestha
- Center for analytical sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rojina Duwal
- Center for analytical sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sajeev Wagle
- Center for analytical sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Samiksha Pokhrel
- Center for analytical sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Environmental Science, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Basant Giri
- Center for analytical sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
- * E-mail: (BG); (BBN)
| | - Bhanu Bhakta Neupane
- Center for analytical sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
- * E-mail: (BG); (BBN)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Monteiro S, Smigic N, Rajkovic A, Santos R. Efficiency of PEG secondary concentration and PCR for the simultaneous concentration and quantification of foodborne bacteria, viruses and protozoa. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:5841523. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Fresh fruits are a potential source of many different pathogens, including bacteria, enteric viruses and protozoa that may pose serious health risks. The consumption of raspberries has been widely associated with large foodborne outbreaks and because of the low concentration at which most of these pathogens are found, sensitive and accurate detection methods are required. Methods that would allow for an accurate and sensitive simultaneous elution and concentration of the different classes of pathogens would decrease the time for analysis, the costs associated and the expertise necessary. In this study we explored the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) secondary concentration to simultaneously concentrate bacteria, enteric viruses and protozoa from raspberries. PEG secondary concentration showed good recovery rates for all the organisms tested. This work indicates that PEG secondary concentration followed by quantitative (Reverse Transcription) Polymerase Chain Reaction (q(RT)PCR) may be a relevant alternative to standardized methods for the simultaneous concentration of bacteria, enteric viruses and protozoa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratorio Analises, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nada Smigic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Santos
- Laboratorio Analises, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Li X, Zhang X, Jian Y, Wang G, Ma L, Schou C, Karanis P. Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in vegetables from street markets from the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Area in China. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1847-1855. [PMID: 32350588 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are well-known parasitic protozoans responsible for waterborne and foodborne diarrhoeal diseases. However, data are not available on market vegetables contaminated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia in China. In the present study, 642 different vegetable samples were collected from Xining City street vendors in the Qinghai Province to study the Cryptosporidium and Giardia contamination rates via PCR and sequence analyses. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis were detected in 16 (2.5%) and 73 (11.4%) samples, respectively. Two species of Cryptosporidium, C. parvum (n = 11) and C. andersoni (n = 5), were identified. G. duodenalis assemblage B was identified in almost all positive samples (n = 72), except one sample that contained G. duodenalis assemblage E. We report on the rate of Cryptosporidium and Giardia contamination in vegetables for the first time from the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Area (QTPA) in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University, Centre for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University, Centre for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingna Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University, Centre for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Geping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University, Centre for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University, Centre for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chad Schou
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Nicosia University Medical School, 2408, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University, Centre for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China. .,University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Nicosia University Medical School, 2408, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Detection methods and prevalence of transmission stages of Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in fresh vegetables: a review. Parasitology 2020; 147:516-532. [PMID: 31965956 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the ways of human parasitic infection is the accidental ingestion of vegetables contaminated with parasites, which represents a major human health hazard. This non-exhaustive review aims to evaluate studies carried out on five types of vegetables (lettuce, parsley, coriander, carrot and radish) since 2000, particularly the methods used for recovery, concentration, detection and identification of protozoan parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp., and the results of each work. Various studies have determined the presence of pathogenic parasites in fresh vegetables with different rates; this variation in rate depends particularly on the detection method used which is related to each parasite and each vegetable type. The variation in parasitic prevalence in food could be due to different factors such as the geographical location, the size of analysed samples and the methods used for parasite detection.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hernández-Arango N, Pinto V, Muñoz-Sanchez D, Lora-Suarez F, Gómez-Marín JE. Detection of Giardia spp. with formalin/ether concentration in Brassica oleracea (cabbage) and Lactuca sativa (lettuce). Heliyon 2019; 5:e02377. [PMID: 31517100 PMCID: PMC6728726 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods to detect protozoa are needed for food safety monitoring. We evaluated protocols to recover Giardia spp. cysts in Brassica oleracea (cabbage) and Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and then detection was performed by concentrating with formalin/ether solutions and microscopy or immunofluorescence or DNA amplification via PCR. To evaluate this methodology, G. duodenalis cysts were inoculated in triplicate (10 cysts) in 35-g samples of lettuce and cabbage. The method obtaining the highest percentage of recovery in cabbage was sulfamic acid solution plus stirring with stomacher (47.7% ± 7.5). For lettuce, the best method was glycine solution plus stirring with stomacher (46.6% ± 5.3). Inter-observer agreement was of 0.99. Giardia was detected by amplifying specific sequences for the DNA coding SSU rRNA. In 27 lettuce samples and 27 cabbage samples, obtained from supermarkets and street vendors, two lettuce samples (7.4%) and one cabbage sample (3.7%) were positive for Giardia via PCR assay and were sequenced, determining that they were two of assemblage B and one of lettuce to assemblage E. This method is proposed to detect Giardia in vegetables by PCR detection, enabling public health authorities to identify genotypes circulating in food, which will help to establish measures that reduce outbreaks of parasitic diseases associated with contaminated food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Enrique Gómez-Marín
- Grupo Parasitología Molecular (GEPAMOL), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Quindio, Armenia, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Prevalence of Parasites in Fresh Vegetables from Two Regions of Thi-Qar Province, Iraq. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.2.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
13
|
Shapiro K, Kim M, Rajal VB, Arrowood MJ, Packham A, Aguilar B, Wuertz S. Simultaneous detection of four protozoan parasites on leafy greens using a novel multiplex PCR assay. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103252. [PMID: 31421749 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen contamination of fresh produce presents a health risk for consumers; however, the produce industry still lacks adequate tools for simultaneous detection of protozoan parasites. Here, a simple multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay was developed for detection of protozoan (oo)cysts and compared with previously published real-time PCR assays and microscopy methods. The assay was evaluated for simultaneous detection of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Toxoplasma gondii followed by parasite differentiation via either a nested specific PCR or a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. Spiking experiments using spinach as a model leafy green were performed for assay validation. Leaf-washing yielded higher recoveries and more consistent detection of parasites as compared with stomacher processing. Lowest limits of detection using the nested mPCR assay were 1-10 (oo)cysts/g spinach (in 10 g samples processed), and this method proved more sensitive than qPCR for parasite detection. Microscopy methods were more reliable for visual detection of parasites in lower spiking concentrations, but are more costly and laborious, require additional expertise, and lack molecular confirmation essential for accurate risk assessment. Overall, the nested mPCR assay provides a rapid (<24 h), inexpensive ($10 USD/sample), and simple approach for simultaneous detection of protozoan pathogens on fresh produce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Shapiro
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Veronica B Rajal
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), CONICET, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta, 4400, Argentina; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Michael J Arrowood
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrea Packham
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Beatriz Aguilar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTU, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Santos AL, de Oliveira LTF, Souza ALA, Hauser-Davis RA, De Simone SG. Cryptosporidium spp. Contamination in Perna perna Mussels Destined for Human Consumption in Southeastern Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 100:240-244. [PMID: 29181607 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. has been recognized as an important pathogen. As bivalve mollusks are noted as potential sources of several pathogens due to their consumption as foodstuffs, the aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in Perna perna mussels and in seawater samples from a mussel farm in Southeastern Brazil, where mussels are grown directly in the sea, attached to ropes. Oocysts were observed by microscopy and confirmed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oocysts were present in mussel gills and GI tracts, as well as in the seawater. Of the 100 females, 10% and 11% showed contaminated GI tracts and gills, respectively, while this rate was lower in males, at 5% and 8.9%. Oocysts were present in higher amounts in the GI tract compared to gills and water. Contamination of the study area is apparent, leading to public health risks. More in-depth studies are needed, including molecular investigations, to identify Cryptosporidium species in mussels, as well as the implementation of monitoring actions in animals destined for human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Santos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos - IOC FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - L T F de Oliveira
- Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio - EPSJV - PROVOC - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - A L A Souza
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos - IOC FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - R A Hauser-Davis
- Centro de Estudos da Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21041210, Brazil
| | - S G De Simone
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos - IOC FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
An overview of methods/techniques for the detection of Cryptosporidium in food samples. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:629-653. [PMID: 29350281 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is one of the most important parasitic protozoa of concern within the food production industry, worldwide. This review describes the evolution and its development, and it monitors the methodology that has been used for Cryptosporidium in food material since 1984, when the first publication appeared regarding the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in food materials. The methods that are currently being used for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in food material (mainly vegetables) and all of the other available published methods are discussed in this review. Generating more consistent and reliable data should lead to a better understanding of the occurrence, transport and fate of the oocysts in food material. Improvements in monitoring and developing effective methodology, along with food security, offer more practical possibilities for both the developed and developing worlds.
Collapse
|
16
|
Mirzaghavami M, Sadraei J, Forouzandeh M. Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in free ranging animals of Tehran, Iran. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:1528-1531. [PMID: 27876975 PMCID: PMC5118346 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a world widely distributed parasite which comparatively has a high prevalence in developing countries. The zoonotic potential of some Cryptosporidium species has made the cryptosporidiosis a significant concern to physicians and veterinarians. The occurrence and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium species in probable reservoir hosts for man infections was determined by examining faeces of symptomatic and asymptomatic animals. The aim of this study is to screen the presence of Cryptosporidium in fecal sample of free ranging animals in Tehran using Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. The findings indicate that Cryptosporidium are present in 9/50 (18 %) stray cat (Felis catus), 12/50 (24 %) hooded crows (Corvus cornix), 23/180 (12.7 %) rat (Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus) and 1/40 (2.5 %) pigeons (Columba livia). This investigation confirms the potential role of rats, cats, crows and pigeons for zoonotic transmission of human cryptosporidiosis and they must be considered as reservoir hosts which can endanger public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Mirzaghavami
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Sadraei
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Forouzandeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Adeyeye SAO. Safety Issues in Traditional West African Foods: A Critical Review. JOURNAL OF CULINARY SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15428052.2016.1225533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
18
|
Ismail Y. Prevalence of Parasitic Contamination in Salad Vegetables Collected from Supermarkets and Street Vendors in Amman and Baqa’a – Jordan. Pol J Microbiol 2016; 65:201-207. [DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1204480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
19
|
Matosinhos FC, Valenzuela VC, Silveira JA, Rabelo EM. Standardization of a method for the detection of helminth eggs and larvae in lettuce. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1827-34. [PMID: 26786833 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4922-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite reports that food-borne parasitic infections have been increasing worldwide, the methodologies employed to detect food contamination by helminths are still largely based on methodologies used to detect these pathogens in feces and water. This study sought to improve the diagnosis of parasitic contaminants in lettuce by standardizing a method for detecting helminth eggs and larvae and estimating their percentage of recovery. Sanitized lettuces were artificially contaminated with different amounts of Ascaris suum and hookworm eggs and larvae. To standardize the method, we tested liquid extractors, vegetable washing steps, and spontaneous sedimentation times. Higher percentages of egg and larvae recovery were obtained using 1 M glycine as the liquid extractor, manual shaking for 3 min and 2 h of sedimentation. Five different levels of artificial contamination (ten replicates each; n = 50) were tested using these standardized conditions, yielding an average recovery of 62.6 % (±20.2), 51.9 % (±20.0), and 50.0 % (±27.3) for A. suum eggs, hookworm eggs, and larvae, respectively. Tests were performed with a different matrix to evaluate the performance of the method. Furthermore, collaborative analytical studies performed by different laboratories produced satisfactory results. The method for the identification of helminth eggs and larvae proposed in this study proved to be simpler and more efficient than previously published procedures, thereby demonstrating its potential contribution to health surveillance and epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F C Matosinhos
- Serviço de Microscopia de Produtos do Instituto Otávio Magalhães da Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - V C Valenzuela
- Serviço de Microscopia de Produtos do Instituto Otávio Magalhães da Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - J A Silveira
- Departamento de Parasitologia - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - E M Rabelo
- Departamento de Parasitologia - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lalonde LF, Gajadhar AA. Optimization and validation of methods for isolation and real-time PCR identification of protozoan oocysts on leafy green vegetables and berry fruits. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
21
|
Beyhan YE, Yilmaz H, Hokelek M. Effects of acetic acid on the viability of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs. Is vinegar reliable enough to clean the vegetables? Saudi Med J 2016; 37:288-92. [PMID: 26905351 PMCID: PMC4800893 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2016.3.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of acetic acid on durable Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides) eggs to determine the effective concentration of vinegar and the implementation period to render the consumption of raw vegetables more reliable. METHODS This experimental study was performed in May 2015 in the Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey. The A. lumbricoides eggs were divided into 2 groups. Eggs in the study group were treated with 1, 3, 5, and 10% acetic acid concentrations, and eggs in the control group were treated with Eosin. The eggs' viability was observed at the following points in time during the experiment: 0, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. RESULTS The 1% acetic acid was determined insufficient on the viability of Ascaris eggs. At the 30th minute, 3% acetic acid demonstrated 95% effectiveness, and at 5% concentration, all eggs lost their viability. Treatment of acetic acid at the ratio of 4.8% in 30 minutes, or a ratio of 4.3% in 60 minutes is required for full success of tretment. CONCLUSION Since Ascaris eggs have 3 layers and are very resistant, the acetic acid concentration, which can be effective on these eggs are thought to be effective also on many other parasitic agents. In order to attain an active protection, after washing the vegetables, direct treatment with a vinegar containing 5% acetic acid for 30 minutes is essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunus E Beyhan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Zeve Campus, Van, Turkey. E-mail.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Asadpour M, Malekpour H, Jafari A, Bahrami S. Diversity of parasitic contamination in raw vegetables commonly consumed in Shiraz, southwest of Iran. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)61004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
23
|
A reduced-cost approach for analyzing fresh produce for contamination with Cryptosporidium oocysts and/or Giardia cysts. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
24
|
Ganz KR, Clime L, Farber JM, Corneau N, Veres T, Dixon BR. Enhancing the Detection of Giardia duodenalis Cysts in Foods by Inertial Microfluidic Separation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3925-33. [PMID: 25841016 PMCID: PMC4524145 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03868-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity and specificity of current Giardia cyst detection methods for foods are largely determined by the effectiveness of the elution, separation, and concentration methods used. The aim of these methods is to produce a final suspension with an adequate concentration of Giardia cysts for detection and a low concentration of interfering food debris. In the present study, a microfluidic device, which makes use of inertial separation, was designed and fabricated for the separation of Giardia cysts. A cyclical pumping platform and protocol was developed to concentrate 10-ml suspensions down to less than 1 ml. Tests involving Giardia duodenalis cysts and 1.90-μm microbeads in pure suspensions demonstrated the specificity of the microfluidic chip for cysts over smaller nonspecific particles. As the suspension cycled through the chip, a large number of beads were removed (70%) and the majority of the cysts were concentrated (82%). Subsequently, the microfluidic inertial separation chip was integrated into a method for the detection of G. duodenalis cysts from lettuce samples. The method greatly reduced the concentration of background debris in the final suspensions (10-fold reduction) in comparison to that obtained by a conventional method. The method also recovered an average of 68.4% of cysts from 25-g lettuce samples and had a limit of detection (LOD) of 38 cysts. While the recovery of cysts by inertial separation was slightly lower, and the LOD slightly higher, than with the conventional method, the sample analysis time was greatly reduced, as there were far fewer background food particles interfering with the detection of cysts by immunofluorescence microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Ganz
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liviu Clime
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Farber
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathalie Corneau
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Teodor Veres
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brent R Dixon
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chandra V, Torres M, Ortega YR. Efficacy of wash solutions in recovering Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Toxoplasma gondii from basil. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1348-54. [PMID: 25198596 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases can be acquired by ingestion of contaminated raw or minimally processed fresh produce (herbs and fruits). The sensitivity of methods used to detect parasites on fresh produce depends in part on the efficacy of wash solutions in removing them from suspect samples. In this study, six wash solutions (sterile E-Pure water, 3% levulinic acid-3% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 1 M glycine, 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline, 0.1% Alconox, and 1% HCl-pepsin) were evaluated for their effectiveness in removing Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Toxoplasma gondii from basil. One hundred or 1,000 oocysts of these parasites were inoculated onto the adaxial surfaces of 25 g of basil leaves, placed in stomacher bags, and stored for 1 h at 21°C or 24 h at 4°C. Leaves were hand washed in each wash solution for 1 min. DNA was extracted from the wash solutions and amplified using PCR for the detection of all parasites. Oocysts inoculated at a concentration of 1,000 oocysts per 25 g of basil were detected in all wash solutions. At an inoculum concentration of 100 oocysts per 25 g, oocysts were detected in 18.5 to 92.6% of the wash solutions. The lowest variability in recovering oocysts from basil inoculated with 100 oocysts was observed in 1% HCl-pepsin wash solution. Oocyst recovery rates were higher at 1 h than at 24 h postinoculation. Unlike most bacteria, parasites cannot be enriched; therefore, an optimal recovery process for oocysts from suspected foods is critical. The observations in this study provide guidance concerning the selection of wash solutions giving the highest retrieval of parasite oocysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venessa Chandra
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
| | - Maria Torres
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
| | - Ynés R Ortega
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Benkerroum N. Traditional Fermented Foods of North African Countries: Technology and Food Safety Challenges With Regard to Microbiological Risks. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Inst. Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II; Dépt. des Sciences Alimentaires et Nutritionnelles; BP 6202, Instituts; 10101-Rabat; Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Robertson LJ, Huang Q. Analysis of cured meat products for cryptosporidium oocysts following possible contamination during an extensive waterborne outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis. J Food Prot 2012; 75:982-8. [PMID: 22564952 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis in a town in northern Sweden during winter 2010 resulted in the potential exposure of cured meat products to Cryptosporidium oocysts during their manufacture. The purpose of this work was to develop a method for analyzing cured meat products for contamination with Cryptosporidium oocysts and use this method to analyze potentially contaminated product samples. A simple method of elution, concentration, separation, and detection was used, based on work with other food matrices but adapted for the relatively high fat content of cured meat surfaces. Using spiking experiments, the recovery efficiency of this method was found to be over 60%. In the analysis of the potentially contaminated products, only one putative Cryptosporidium oocyst was detected, and this was sufficiently deformed so that it could not be confirmed as an oocyst; if it was an oocyst, it was considered to have been probably deformed and inactivated prior to analysis. Based on the results of the analyses, together with data on the probable extent of contamination of the products and on our knowledge of factors, such as water activity, which affect oocyst survival, the products were safely released to the market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology Laboratory, Section for Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shields JM, Lee MM, Murphy HR. Use of a common laboratory glassware detergent improves recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis from lettuce, herbs and raspberries. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 153:123-8. [PMID: 22094179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The success of any protocol designed to detect parasitic protozoa on produce must begin with an efficient initial wash step. Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts were seeded onto herbs, lettuces and raspberries, eluted with one of four wash solutions and the recovered number of oocysts determined via fluorescent microscopy. Recovery rates for fluorescein thiosemicarbazide labeled C. parvum oocysts seeded onto spinach and raspberries and washed with de-ionized water were 38.4 ± 10.1% and 34.9 ± 6.2%, respectively. Two alternative wash solutions viz. 1M glycine, pH 5.5 and a detachment solution were tested also using labeled C. parvum seeded spinach and raspberries. No statistically significant difference was noted in the recovery rates. However, a wash solution containing 0.1% Alconox, a laboratory glassware detergent, resulted in a significant improvement in oocyst recovery. 72.6 ± 6.6% C. parvum oocysts were recovered from basil when washed with 0.1% Alconox compared to 47.9 ± 5.8% using detachment solution. Also, C. cayetanensis oocysts were seeded onto lettuces, herbs and raspberries and the recovery using de-ionized water were compared to 0.1% Alconox wash: basil 17.5 ± 5.0% to 76.1 ± 14.0%, lollo rosso lettuce 38.3 ± 5.5% to 72.5 ± 8.1%, Tango leaf lettuce 45.9 ± 5.4% to 71.1 ± 7.8% and spring mix (mesclun) 39.8 ± 0.7% to 80.2 ± 11.3%, respectively. These results suggest that the use of Alconox in a wash solution significantly improves recovery resulting in the detection of these parasitic protozoa on high risk foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Shields
- Division of Virulence Assessment, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food & Drug Administration, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Assessing parasitic infestation of vegetables in selected markets in Metro Manila, Philippines. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
30
|
Budu-Amoako E, Greenwood SJ, Dixon BR, Barkema HW, McClure JT. Foodborne illness associated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia from livestock. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1944-55. [PMID: 22054199 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Waterborne outbreaks caused by Cryptosporidium and Giardia are well documented, while the public health implications for foodborne illness from these parasites have not been adequately considered. Cryptosporidium and Giardia are common in domestic livestock, where young animals can have a high prevalence of infection, shedding large numbers of oocysts and cysts. Molecular epidemiological studies have advanced our knowledge on the distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species and genotypes in specific livestock. This has enabled better source tracking of contaminated foods. Livestock generate large volumes of fecal waste, which can contaminate the environment with (oo)cysts. Evidence suggests that livestock, particularly cattle, play a significant role in food contamination, leading to outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis. However, foodborne giardiasis seems to originate primarily from anthroponotic sources. Foodborne cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are underreported because of the limited knowledge of the zoonotic potential and public health implications. Methods more sensitive and cheaper are needed to detect the often-low numbers of (oo)cysts in contaminated food and water. As the environmental burden of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from livestock waste increases with the projected increase in animal agriculture, public health is further compromised. Contamination of food by livestock feces containing Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts could occur via routes that span the entire food production continuum. Intervention strategies aimed at preventing food contamination with Cryptosporidium and Giardia will require an integrated approach based on knowledge of the potential points of entry for these parasites into the food chain. This review examines the potential for foodborne illness from Cryptosporidium and Giardia from livestock sources and discusses possible mechanisms for prevention and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebo Budu-Amoako
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bonadonna L, Briancesco R. Zootechnical wastewater reuse: constructed wetland as a challenge for protozoan parasite removal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2011; 21:331-340. [PMID: 21547810 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2011.552714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Samples of soil, well water, and wastewater from a zootechnical farm, water after phytodepuration and maize plants (Zea mays) grown on soils irrigated with these different kinds of water were analysed for indicator bacteria and the protozoa Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Protozoa and bacterial indicators, except coliforms, were not recovered from well water samples. In the effluent from the zootechnical farm, high parasitological concentrations were observed, whilst water after the phytodepuration process showed a concentration reduction of two orders of magnitude. The high numbers of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in the zootechnical effluent could represent a potential risk for the spread of the pathogens. Nevertheless the environmental spread is minimized when data on soils and plants are observed. From the study, it emerges that this water treatment system could represent an alternative option to other conventional wastewater treatments and an economic and environmental advantage.
Collapse
|
32
|
Simulation modelling and risk assessment as tools to identify the impact of climate change on microbiological food safety – The case study of fresh produce supply chain. Food Res Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
33
|
Mota A, Mena KD, Soto-Beltran M, Tarwater PM, Cháidez C. Risk assessment of cryptosporidium and giardia in water irrigating fresh produce in Mexico. J Food Prot 2009; 72:2184-8. [PMID: 19833043 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.10.2184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A rise in foodborne outbreaks in the United States associated with fresh produce has resulted in increased concerns with the importation of fruits and vegetables. Mexico is a major exporter of produce to the United States, particularly tomatoes and bell peppers. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was conducted to evaluate the public health impact of protozoan-laden water irrigating produce in Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Specifically, a QMRA was conducted to address the human health impact associated with consumption of tomatoes, bell peppers, cucumbers, and lettuce irrigated with water contaminated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Yearly infection risks were estimated and assumed a 120-day exposure in a given year. Annual risks range from 9 x 10(-6) for Cryptosporidium at the lowest concentration associated with bell peppers to almost 2 x 10(-1) for exposure to Giardia on lettuce at the highest detected concentration. With the relatively high number of illnesses resulting from produce-related outbreaks, addressing pre- and postharvest points of contamination for fruits and vegetables consumed raw should be a food industry priority. This research shows how QMRA can be used to interpret microbial contamination data for public health significance and subsequently provide the foundation for guideline development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Mota
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, El Paso Regional Campus, 1100 North Stanton Street, Suite 110 El Paso, Texas 79902, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Smith HV, Nichols RAB. Cryptosporidium: detection in water and food. Exp Parasitol 2009; 124:61-79. [PMID: 19501088 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Water and food are major environmental transmission routes for Cryptosporidium, but our ability to identify the spectrum of oocyst contributions in current performance-based methods is limited. Determining risks in water and foodstuffs, and the importance of zoonotic transmission, requires the use of molecular methods, which add value to performance-based morphologic methods. Multi-locus approaches increase the accuracy of identification, as many signatures detected in water originate from species/genotypes that are not infectious to humans. Method optimisation is necessary for detecting small numbers of oocysts in environmental samples consistently, and further work is required to (i) optimise IMS recovery efficiency, (ii) quality assure performance-based methods, (iii) maximise DNA extraction and purification, (iv) adopt standardised and validated loci and primers, (v) determine the species and subspecies range in samples containing mixtures, and standardising storage and transport matrices for validating genetic loci, primer sets and DNA sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huw V Smith
- Scottish Parasite Diagnostic Laboratory, Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow G21 3UW, Scotland, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Daryani A, Ettehad G, Sharif M, Ghorbani L, Ziaei H. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in vegetables consumed in Ardabil, Iran. Food Control 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
36
|
Traversa D, Iorio R, Otranto D, Modrý D, Šlapeta J. Cryptosporidium from tortoises: Genetic characterisation, phylogeny and zoonotic implications. Mol Cell Probes 2008; 22:122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
37
|
Cook N, Nichols RAB, Wilkinson N, Paton CA, Barker K, Smith HV. Development of a method for detection of Giardia duodenalis cysts on lettuce and for simultaneous analysis of salad products for the presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:7388-91. [PMID: 17890337 PMCID: PMC2168210 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00552-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a method for detecting Giardia duodenalis cysts on lettuce, which we subsequently use to examine salad products for the presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. The method is based on four basic steps: extraction of cysts from the foodstuffs, concentration of the extract and separation of the cysts from food materials, staining of the cysts to allow their visualization, and identification of cysts by microscopy. The concentration and separation steps are performed by centrifugation, followed by immunomagnetic separation using proprietary kits. Cyst staining is also performed using proprietary reagents. The method recovered 46.0% +/- 19.0% (n = 30) of artificially contaminating cysts in 30 g of lettuce. We tested the method on a variety of commercially available natural foods, which we also seeded with a commercially available internal control, immediately prior to concentration of the extract. Recoveries of the Texas Red-stained Giardia cyst and Cryptosporidium oocyst internal controls were 36.5% +/- 14.3% and 36.2% +/- 19.7% (n = 20), respectively. One natural food sample of organic watercress, spinach, and rocket salad contained one Giardia cyst 50 g(-1) of sample as an indigenous surface contaminant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Cook
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Lombard B, Smith H, Rzezutka A, D'Agostino M, Helmuth R, Schroeter A, Malorny B, Miko A, Guerra B, Davison J, Kobilinsky A, Hernández M, Bertheau Y, Cook N. Trends in analytical methodology in food safety and quality: monitoring microorganisms and genetically modified organisms. Trends Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
39
|
Moore JE, Cherie Millar B, Kenny F, Lowery CJ, Xiao L, Rao JR, Nicholson V, Watabe M, Heaney N, Sunnotel O, McCorry K, Rooney PJ, Snelling WJ, Dooley JSG. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in lettuce. Int J Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
40
|
Cook N, Paton CA, Wilkinson N, Nichols RAB, Barker K, Smith HV. Towards standard methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum on lettuce and raspberries. Part 1: development and optimization of methods. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 109:215-21. [PMID: 16529835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2004] [Revised: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
No standard method is available for detecting protozoan parasites on foods such as soft fruit and salad vegetables. We report on optimizing methods for detecting Cryptosporidium parvum on lettuce and raspberries. These methods are based on four basic stages: extraction of oocysts from the foodstuffs, concentration of the extract and separation of the oocysts from food materials, staining of the oocysts to allow their visualization, and identification of oocysts by microscopy. The concentration and separation steps are performed by centrifugation, followed by immunomagnetic separation using proprietary kits. Oocyst staining is also performed using proprietary reagents. The performance parameters of the extraction steps were extensively optimized, using artificially contaminated samples. The fully developed methods were tested several times to determine their reliability. The method to detect C. parvum on lettuce recovered 59.0+/-12.0% (n=30) of artificially contaminated oocysts. The method to detect C. parvum on raspberries recovered 41.0+/-13.0% (n=30) of artificially contaminated oocysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Cook
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dawson D. Foodborne protozoan parasites. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 103:207-27. [PMID: 16083823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 11/21/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This report addresses Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Cyclospora, and more briefly, Toxoplasma as the main parasitic protozoa of concern to food production worldwide. Other parasitic protozoa may be spread in food or water but are not considered as great a risk to food manufacture. The protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora have proven potential to cause waterborne and foodborne disease. Toxoplasma gondii has been considered a risk in specific cases, but humans are not its primary host. Cryptosporidium and Giardia are widespread in the environment, particularly the aquatic environment, and major outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis have occurred as a result of contaminated drinking water. Large outbreaks of waterborne cyclosporiasis have not been identified. Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora have potential significance in the preparation and consumption of fresh produce and in catering practice, in which ready-to-eat foods may be served that have not received heat treatment. None of the three organisms Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora has been shown to be a problem for heat processed food or tap water that has undergone appropriate treatment at a water treatment works. All three are sensitive to standard pasteurisation techniques. Although humans are not a primary host for T. gondii, the potential exists for both waterborne and foodborne toxoplasmosis. Parasitic protozoa do not multiply in foods, but they may survive in or on moist foods for months in cool, damp environments. Their ecology makes control of these parasites difficult. For general control of parasitic protozoa in the food chain, the following steps are necessary: - Follow good hygienic practice in food service and catering industries.- Minimise dissemination of cysts and oocysts in the farming environment and via human waste management.- Include these microorganisms in Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) plans of water suppliers, industries or sectors that use fresh produce, and operations in which contaminated process or ingredient water could end up in the product (e.g., where water supplies may become contaminated).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Dawson
- Campden and Chorleywood Food Research Association, Microbiology Department, Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire GL55 6LD, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kozan E, Gonenc B, Sarimehmetoglu O, Aycicek H. Prevalence of helminth eggs on raw vegetables used for salads. Food Control 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
43
|
Abstract
There has been recent emphasis on developing better methods for detecting diseases of zoonotic and veterinary importance. This has been prompted by an increase in human disease agents detectable in environmental samples, the potential for bioterrorism, and the lowering of international trade barriers and expansion of personal travel, which are bringing previously considered exotic diseases to new geographical localities. To appreciate the complexities of developing detection methods and working with environmental samples, it is appropriate to review technologies currently in use, as well as those in development and presently limited to research laboratories. Discussion of parasite detection would not be possible without including methods for parasite sampling, concentration, and purification because it is often necessary to process large sample volumes prior to analysis, and no reliable methods are available for significantly amplifying parasites in vitro. Reviewing proven methods currently in use will provide a baseline for generating, accepting and implementing the more sensitive and specific methods under development today.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dante S Zarlenga
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, ARS, Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Building 1180, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Iacovski RB, Barardi CRM, Simões CMO. Detection and enumeration of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts in sewage sludge samples from the city of Florianópolis (Brazil) by using immunomagnetic separation combined with indirect immunofluorescence assay. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2004; 22:171-176. [PMID: 15253500 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x04044883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, agricultural reclamation of sewage sludge has increased in many countries. However, this practice must be adopted under recommended conditions to limit the risks associated with the presence of potential pathogens, including protozoan parasites such as Cryptosporidium. In the present work, we evaluated immunomagnetic separation (IMS) combined with an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) in order to detect Cryptosporidium oocysts in sewage sludge samples obtained from the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWTP) operating in the city of Florianópolis, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Integrated application of spontaneous sludge sedimentation and centrifugation of the supernatant, purification and concentration of oocysts through immunomagnetic separation as well as detection and quantification by means of indirect immunofluorescence using highly specific monoclonal antibodies, proved to be an effective multiple-analysis tool for monitoring the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in urban sewage sludge samples. Among 27 samples collected from MWTP, 20 (74.07%) were positive for Cryptosporidium sp. The efficiency of recovery by using the internal control ColorSeed (Biotechnology Frontiers Inc., Sydney, NSW, Australia) was medially 39.96 +/- 11.20%. Actually, oocysts were recovered from 100% of the positive samples tested and the number of Cryptosporidium oocysts found in the samples ranged from one to four. These results demonstrated a high recovery rate of Cryptosporidium oocysts in sewage sludge samples by using IMS-IFA analysis. In conclusion, such an approach can be applied to monitor the presence of the parasite and to determine the potential contamination of sludge destined for soil application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roniele Balvedi Iacovski
- Laboratory of Applied Virology (UFSC) and Faculty of Pharmacy, CCBS, UNISUL, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ripabelli G, Leone A, Sammarco ML, Fanelli I, Grasso GM, McLauchlin J. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in experimentally contaminated lettuce using filtration, immunomagnetic separation, light microscopy, and PCR. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2004; 1:216-22. [PMID: 15992283 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2004.1.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in a fecal suspension that experimentally contaminated onto lettuce leaves was investigated. Material recovered from the lettuce samples by washing in detergent solutions were concentrated by filtration using the Envirochek Sampling Capsule. Oocysts were concentrated by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and detected by microscopy following modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN) staining. Cryptosporidal DNA was detected using a nested-PCR assay for amplification of a fragment of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene, which was applied to DNA extracted from both filtrates, and material recovered from MZN stained smears on glass slides after microscopy. No Cryptosporidium were detected by microscopy or by PCR of un-inoculated lettuce leaves. After IMS, means of 0-6.5% of the total numbers of oocysts inoculated were recovered and detected by microscopy. Detection by PCR was less sensitive than microscopy. There was a strong association between successful PCR amplification, the numbers of oocysts detected by microscopy and the numbers of oocysts in the inoculum. This study confirms that C. parvum oocysts can be recovered from contaminated lettuce using filtration and IMS, and detected by microscopy and PCR. However, further developments are required to improve recovery of this parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Ripabelli
- Department of Animal, Plant and Environmental Science, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Robertson LJ, Johannessen GS, Gjerde BK, Loncarevic S. Microbiological analysis of seed sprouts in Norway. Int J Food Microbiol 2002; 75:119-26. [PMID: 11999108 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(01)00738-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As part of larger survey of microbial contamination of fruits and vegetables in Norway, four different sprouted seed products were analysed for bacterial and parasitic contaminants (n = 300 for bacterial analyses and n = from 17 to 171 for parasite analyses, depending on parasite). Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Cyclospora oocysts, Ascaris eggs and other helminth parasites were not detected in any of the sprout samples. Thermotolerant coliform bacteria (TCB) were isolated from approximately 25% of the sprout samples, with the highest percentage of TCB positive samples in alfalfa sprouts. Most TCB were Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella. E. coli was isolated from 8 of 62 TCB positive mung bean sprout samples. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 8% of the sprout samples and Giardia cysts were detected in 2% of the samples. All the Cryptosporidium positive samples, and most of the Giardia positive samples, were mung bean sprouts. Parasite concentrations in positive samples were low (between 1 and 3 oocysts/cysts per 50 g sprouts). Sprout irrigation water was also analysed for microbial contaminants. E. coli O157 and L. monocytogenes were not detected. TCB were isolated from approximately 40% of the water samples. Salmonella reading was isolated from three samples of spent irrigation water on 3 consecutive days. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were also isolated from spent irrigation water. Additionally, eight samples of unsprouted mung bean seed were analysed for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. One or both of these parasites were detected in six of the unsprouted seed samples at concentrations of between 1 and 5 oocysts/cysts per 100 g unsprouted seed. Whilst our results support spent irrigation water as the most suitable matrix for testing for bacteria, unsprouted seed is considered the more useful matrix for analysing for parasite contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cryptosporidium in foodstuffs—an emerging aetiological route of human foodborne illness. Trends Food Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-2244(02)00135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
Between August 1999 and January 2001, samples of various fruits and vegetables obtained within Norway were analyzed by published methods for parasite contamination. Neither Cyclospora oocysts nor Ascaris (or other helminth) eggs were detected on any of the samples examined for these parasites. However, of the 475 samples examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, 29 (6%) were found to be positive. No samples were positive for both parasites. Of the 19 Cryptosporidium-positive samples. 5 (26%) were in lettuce, and 14 (74%) in mung bean sprouts. Of the 10 Giardia-positive samples, 2 (20%) were in dill, 2 (20%) in lettuce, 3 (30%) in mung bean sprouts, 1 (10%) in radish sprouts, and 2 (20%) in strawberries. Mung bean sprouts were significantly more likely to be contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts or Giardia cysts than the other fruits and vegetables. Concentrations of Cryptosporidium and Giardia detected were generally low (mean of approximately 3 [oo]cysts per 100 g produce). Although some of the contaminated produce was imported (the majority, if sprouted seeds are excluded), there was no association between imported produce and detection of parasites. Crvptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were also detected in water samples concerned with field irrigation and production of bean sprouts within Norway. This is the first time that parasites have been detected on vegetables and fruit obtained in a highly developed. wealthy country, without there being an outbreak situation. These findings may have important implications for global food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Robertson LJ, Gjerde B. Factors affecting recovery efficiency in isolation of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from vegetables for standard method development. J Food Prot 2001; 64:1799-805. [PMID: 11726162 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.11.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
While recently published techniques for recovering parasites from fruits and vegetables demonstrate a marked increase in efficiency and utility, there is still scope for further improvement in developing a standard method, particularly with difficult, but important, sample matrices such as bean sprouts. Herein, a number of parameters used in published techniques are investigated more closely. While sample size reduction may improve recovery efficiency because of a range of factors, it is important to keep the sample large enough for detection of low-level contamination. Age of sample is also important, and samples should be as fresh as possible. Elution procedures may contribute to losses of Giardia and should be more thoroughly investigated. Improved immunomagnetic separation techniques currently coming onto the market also have the potential to increase recovery efficiency substantially, even with difficult samples such as aged bean sprouts. However, merely increasing magnetic strength of the capturing magnet does not affect recovery efficiency, which must be reliant on a superior bead system, buffering system, or both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo.
| | | |
Collapse
|