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KALCHAYANAND NORASAK, KOOHMARAIE MOHAMMAD, TOMMY L. WHEELER AND. Fate of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella during Kosher Processing of Fresh Beef. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100088. [PMID: 37019183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Traditional kosher meat processing involves the following steps after slaughtering: soaking with water to remove blood, salting to help draw out more blood, and rinsing to remove salt. However, the impact of the salt used on foodborne pathogens and beef quality is not well understood. The objectives of the current study were to determine effectiveness of salt in reducing pathogens in a pure culture model, on surfaces of inoculated fresh beef during kosher processing, and the effect of salt on beef quality. The pure culture studies indicated that the reduction of E. coli O157:H7, non-O157 STEC, and Salmonella increased with increasing salt concentrations. With salt concentrations from 3 to 13%, salt reduced E. coli O157:H7, non-O157 STEC, and Salmonella ranging from 0.49 to 1.61 log CFU/ml. For kosher processing, the water soaking step did not reduce pathogenic and other bacteria on the surface of fresh beef. Salting and rinsing steps reduced non-O157 STEC, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella ranging from 0.83 to 1.42 log CFU/cm2, and reduced Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and aerobic bacteria by 1.04, 0.95, and 0.70 log CFU/cm2, respectively. The salting process for kosher beef resulted in reducing pathogens on the surface of fresh beef, color changes, increased salt residues, and increased lipid oxidation on the final products.
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Xie Y, Thompson T, O'Leary C, Crosby S, Nguyen QX, Liu M, Gill JJ. Differential Bacteriophage Efficacy in Controlling Salmonella in Cattle Hide and Soil Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:657524. [PMID: 34262535 PMCID: PMC8273493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.657524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic Salmonella carriage in beef cattle is a food safety concern and the beef feedlot environment and cattle hides are reservoirs of this pathogen. Bacteriophages present an attractive non-antibiotic strategy for control of Salmonella in beef. In this study, four diverse and genetically unrelated Salmonella phages, Sergei, Season12, Sw2, and Munch, were characterized and tested alone and in combination for their ability to control Salmonella in cattle hide and soil systems, which are relevant models for Salmonella control in beef production. Phage Sergei is a member of the genus Sashavirus, phage Season12 was identified as a member of the Chivirus genus, Sw2 was identified as a member of the T5-like Epseptimavirus genus, and Munch was found to be a novel “jumbo” myovirus. Observed pathogen reductions in the model systems ranged from 0.50 to 1.75 log10 CFU/cm2 in hides and from 0.53 to 1.38 log10 CFU/g in soil, with phages Sergei and Sw2 producing greater reductions (∼1 log10 CFU/cm2 or CFU/g) than Season12 and Munch. These findings are in accordance with previous observations of phage virulence, suggesting the simple ability of a phage to form plaques on a bacterial strain is not a strong indicator of antimicrobial activity, but performance in liquid culture assays provides a better predictor. The antimicrobial efficacies of phage treatments were found to be phage-specific across model systems, implying that a phage capable of achieving bacterial reduction in one model is more likely to perform well in another. Phage combinations did not produce significantly greater efficacy than single phages even after 24 h in the soil model, and phage-insensitive colonies were not isolated from treated samples, suggesting that the emergence of phage resistance was not a major factor limiting efficacy in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Xie
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Tyler Thompson
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Chandler O'Leary
- Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Stephen Crosby
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Quang X Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Mei Liu
- Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jason J Gill
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Center for Phage Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Daniels KA, Modrow K, Osburn WN, Taylor TM. Reducing Pathogenic Escherichia coli Surrogates on Fresh Beef Cuts by Water-Reducing Antimicrobial Interventions. J Food Prot 2021; 84:281-285. [PMID: 33003191 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Water use for antimicrobial intervention application for beef harvest has come under increased scrutiny in recent years in an effort to enhance water conservation during beef harvest and fabrication. We determined the efficacy of beef safety interventions for reducing surrogates of the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) on beef cuts while lowering intervention-purposed water use for a small or very small beef establishment. Beef briskets, shoulder/clods, and rounds were inoculated with a gelatin-based slurry containing 6.8 ± 0.3 log CFU/g of nonpathogenic E. coli. After 30 min of attachment, inoculated cuts were treated by conventional lactic acid spray (2.5%, 55°C), lactic acid delivered by an electrostatic spray (2.5%, 55°C) handheld wand, hot water spray (82°C), or recycled hot water spray (82°C), wherein previously applied hot water was collected, thermally pasteurized to 82°C, or left untreated. One hundred milliliters of each treatment was sprayed onto marked surfaces of inoculated cuts, after which time surviving surrogate E. coli were enumerated. Lactic acid spray and electrostatic spray treatments produced greater reductions (1.0 to 1.1 log CFU/300 cm2) than hot water interventions (0.3 to 0.5 log CFU/300 cm2) (P ≤ 0.0001). Recycling of water reduced water losses by no less than 45% on recycled hot water spray-treated beef cuts. Low water beef safety interventions offer small and very small inspected beef establishments opportunities to incrementally reduce water use during intervention application, but not necessarily without loss of pathogen reduction efficacy. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourtney A Daniels
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Texas A&M AgriLife, College Station, Texas 77843-2253
| | - Katherine Modrow
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
| | - Wesley N Osburn
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
| | - T Matthew Taylor
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4191-5285 [T.M.T.])
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Durmuşoğlu H, İncili GK, Demir P, İlhak Oİ. Effects of workers’ hand washing and knife disinfection practices on microbiological quality of small animal carcasses in slaughterhouse environment. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Halil Durmuşoğlu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Food Hygiene and Technology Firat University Elazığ Turkey
| | - Gökhan Kürşad İncili
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Food Hygiene and Technology Firat University Elazığ Turkey
| | - Pelin Demir
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Food Hygiene and Technology Firat University Elazığ Turkey
| | - Osman İrfan İlhak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Food Hygiene and Technology Firat University Elazığ Turkey
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Farthing TS, Dawson DE, Sanderson MW, Lanzas C. Accounting for space and uncertainty in real-time location system-derived contact networks. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4702-4715. [PMID: 32551054 PMCID: PMC7297745 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Point data obtained from real-time location systems (RTLSs) can be processed into animal contact networks, describing instances of interaction between tracked individuals. Proximity-based definitions of interanimal "contact," however, may be inadequate for describing epidemiologically and sociologically relevant interactions involving body parts or other physical spaces relatively far from tracking devices. This weakness can be overcome by using polygons, rather than points, to represent tracked individuals and defining "contact" as polygon intersections.We present novel procedures for deriving polygons from RTLS point data while maintaining distances and orientations associated with individuals' relocation events. We demonstrate the versatility of this methodology for network modeling using two contact network creation examples, wherein we use this procedure to create (a) interanimal physical contact networks and (b) a visual contact network. Additionally, in creating our networks, we establish another procedure to adjust definitions of "contact" to account for RTLS positional accuracy, ensuring all true contacts are likely captured and represented in our networks.Using the methods described herein and the associated R package we have developed, called contact, researchers can derive polygons from RTLS points. Furthermore, we show that these polygons are highly versatile for contact network creation and can be used to answer a wide variety of epidemiological, ethological, and sociological research questions.By introducing these methodologies and providing the means to easily apply them through the contact R package, we hope to vastly improve network-model realism and researchers' ability to draw inferences from RTLS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor S. Farthing
- Department of Population Health and PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Daniel E. Dawson
- Department of Population Health and PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Michael W. Sanderson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineCenter for Outcomes Research and EpidemiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
| | - Cristina Lanzas
- Department of Population Health and PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
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