Prevalence of impacted and supernumerary teeth in the North Indian population

Prevalence and characteristics of impacted teeth in Korean orthodontic patients at ten university dental hospitals

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of impacted teeth (ITs) in orthodontic patients at university dental hospitals in Korea.

Methods

This study included 14,774 patients who visited the Department of Orthodontics at 10 university dental hospitals in Korea between 2020 and 2022 and underwent orthodontic diagnosis. The prevalence and characteristics of ITs were investigated using orthodontic diagnostic records, radiographs, and diagnostic casts.

Results

The prevalence of ITs, excluding third molar impaction, in Korean orthodontic patients was 13.6% (n = 2,014). The prevalence of ITs in pediatric orthodontic patients was 24.5% (n = 1,614). Of these patients, 68.2% had one IT, 27.5% had two ITs, 24.3% had bilateral IT, and 75.7% had unilateral IT. The most frequent IT was the maxillary canine (50.1%), followed by the mandibular second molar (11.7%), and maxillary second premolar (9.6%). An abnormal eruption path (46.5%) was the most frequent etiology. Orthodontic traction after surgical exposure (70.6%) was the most frequent treatment option. Among the patients with ITs, 29.8% had other dental anomalies, such as tooth agenesis (8.7%), microdontia (8.0%), and supernumerary teeth (5.1%). Furthermore, 50.8% had complications such as cystic lesions (18.3%), transposition (17.7%), and root resorption (14.8%). Among the patients with maxillary canine impaction, 62.2% had labial maxillary canine impaction and 21.1% had palatal maxillary canine impaction.

Conclusions

The prevalence of ITs in Korean orthodontic patients at university dental hospitals was high, particularly in pediatric orthodontic patients.

Is there a relationship between mandibular third molar impaction and mandibular morphology?

BACKGROUND

Panoramic radiography is widely used for initial assessment during clinical examinations. It is very useful for clinicians to predict impaction of third molar teeth via certain parameters without relying solely on personal experience. This study aims to examine the relationship between the impaction of mandibular third molar teeth and mandibular morphology. Thus, mandibular third molar tooth impaction estimation can be provided with measurements made on panoramic radiography.

METHODS

The study material consisted of panoramic radiographs of 330 patients. The experimental group with impacted mandibular third molar teeth included 165 patients (mean age 20.62 ± 2.89 years), and the control group with erupted mandibular third molar teeth included 165 patients (mean age 22.23 ± 4.22 years). Nine dimensional, four angular, andone1 proportional parameter were examined on panoramic radiographs via the ImageJ program. The Mann‒Whitney U test, Kruskal‒Wallis H test, chi‒square test and correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. Intraobserver reliability was examined via the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

RESULTS

Dimensional parameters such as condyle length, coronoid length, mandibular corpus width, sigmoid notch depth, retromolar space distance, and antegonial notch depth were significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group. The Co/Cr angle was also significantly greater in the experimental group, whereas the alpha angle was significantly greater in the other groups. The ratio of the retromolar space distance to the third molar tooth width was also significantly greater in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Mandibular third molar tooth impaction is related to various parameters of mandibular morphology. Certain measurements taken from panoramic radiographs may provide predictions regarding the likelihood of mandibular third molar impaction.

Exploring the potential of artificial intelligence in paediatric dentistry: A systematic review on deep learning algorithms for dental anomaly detection

BACKGROUND

Artificial intelligence (AI) based on deep learning (DL) algorithms has shown promise in enhancing the speed and accuracy of dental anomaly detection in paediatric dentistry.

AIM

This systematic review aimed to investigate the performance of AI systems in identifying dental anomalies in paediatric dentistry and compare it with human performance.

DESIGN

A systematic search of Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted from 2012 to 2022. Inclusion criteria were based on problem/patient/population, intervention/indicator, comparison and outcome scheme and specific keywords related to AI, DL, paediatric dentistry, dental anomalies, supernumerary and mesiodens. Six of 3918 initial pool articles were included, assessing nine DL sub-systems that used panoramic radiographs or cone-beam computed tomography. Article quality was assessed using QUADAS-2.

RESULTS

Artificial intelligence systems based on DL algorithms showed promising potential in enhancing the speed and accuracy of dental anomaly detection, with an average of 85.38% accuracy and 86.61% sensitivity. Human performance, however, outperformed AI systems, achieving 95% accuracy and 99% sensitivity. Limitations included a limited number of articles and data heterogeneity.

CONCLUSION

The potential of AI systems employing DL algorithms is highlighted in detecting dental anomalies in paediatric dentistry. Further research is needed to address limitations, explore additional anomalies and establish the broader applicability of AI in paediatric dentistry.

Orthodontic diagnosis rates based on panoramic radiographs in children aged 6-8 years: A retrospective study

Objective

This study aimed to retrospectively analyze the prevalence of orthodontic problems and the proportion of patients who underwent orthodontic diagnosis among children aged 6 (n = 300), 7 (n = 400), and 8 (n = 400) years who had undergone panoramic radiography.

Methods

Children were divided into five groups according to their chief complaint and consultation: conservative dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, periodontics, and prosthodontics). Chief complaints investigated included first molar eruption, lack of space for incisor eruption, frequency of eruption problems, lack of space, impaction, supernumerary teeth (SNT), missing teeth, and ectropion eruption. The number of patients whose chief complaint was not related to orthodontics but had dental problems requiring orthodontic treatment was counted. The proportion of patients with orthodontic problems who received an orthodontic diagnosis was also examined.

Results

Dental trauma and SNT were the most frequent chief complaints among the children. The proportion of patients with orthodontic problems increased with age. However, the orthodontic diagnosis rates based on panoramic radiographs among children aged 6, 7, 8 years were only 1.5% (6 years) and 23% (7 and 8 years).

Conclusions

Accurate information should be provided to patient caregivers to correct misconceptions regarding the appropriateness of delaying orthodontic examination until permanent dentition is established.

Prevalence of canine impaction in different cities of Saudi Arabia: A systematic review

Background

To our knowledge, no systematic review assessed and gathered information about the prevalence of impacted canines among the Saudi population. The purpose of this study was to critically assess the previously published studies about the prevalence of canine impaction according to impaction type (buccal/ palatal), gender (male/female), and location (maxillary/mandibular, right/left), are among the Saudi population.

Methods

PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, the Web of Science, Dimensions, and Semantic Scholar databases were searched systemically for articles related to the topic of the study published between 1987 and 2022. The PRISMA statements were used to conduct a systematic review with the help of the Best Practice for Survey and the Public Opinion Research scales by the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) to assess and evaluate the selected studies' quality.

Results

The initial search of the databases yielded 221 articles. After discarding duplicates, 161 were selected for further evaluation. Eventually, 16 articles were selected for inclusion in this study. Regarding the quality of the selected articles, all articles, except one, were of high quality. Only one was of medium quality.

Conclusion

It was found that the incidence of palatal canine impactions was higher than buccal impactions. Females had a higher prevalence of canine impactions as compared to males. There were more canine impactions in the maxilla than the mandible and more on the left side than the right one.

Comparing the prevalence of impacted teeth through radiographic evidence among orthodontic and general populations: A secondary data analysis

Introduction

There is noticeable variability in reporting the prevalence of impacted teeth, which can be attributed to the variability in the age, gender, and type of populations investigated.

Materials and Methods

Panoramic radiographs were examined retrospectively for patients who attended dental clinics at King Abdulaziz Medical City and the College of Dentistry at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS) Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The sampling frame for the orthodontic population included digital records of 2998 patients randomly selected from an original 8000 patients treated from 2016 to 2022 in the orthodontic clinic. For the general population, 3002 patients were randomly selected from an original 15000 patients treated at the dental college from 2016 to 2022. A tooth was considered impacted if it failed to erupt after two years of the expected complete root formation.

Results

The prevalence of at least a single impacted tooth was higher in the orthodontic population (13.2 %) than in the general population (11.2 %). However, this difference was not statistically significant, p = 0.103. The orthodontic population had a significantly higher prevalence of impacted #13, #11,#23,#25. In contrast, the general population had a significantly higher prevalence of all third molars impaction (p < 0.005).

Conclusion

Although the prevalence of at least a single tooth impaction between the orthodontic and general populations was not significantly different, the type of teeth differs. Hence, understanding the type of population investigated while reporting the prevalence of impacted teeth is critical in understanding the variability between different reports.

Prevalence of Dental Anomalies Among Orthodontic Patients: A Retrospective Study in Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND

Odontogenic anomalies encompass deviations in dental morphology, orientation, or spatial positioning within the mandibular structures. This study probed the frequency of such dental malformations among orthodontic patients receiving treatment in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the study sought to discern variations in the manifestation of these dental anomalies related to gender and nationality.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 384 panoramic radiographs belonging to orthodontic patients (comprising 222 males and 162 females) who sought treatment at orthodontic clinics of a privately owned university hospital in Riyadh City between 2017 and 2019. The patient records were scrutinized for various dental abnormalities, including but not limited to dilacerated teeth, supernumerary teeth, congenital absence of teeth, impactions, hyperdontia, hypodontia, taurodontism, tooth rotation, and amelogenesis imperfecta. The Chi-square test was employed to assess the correlation between the prevalence of dental anomalies and variables such as gender and nationality. A p-value of less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant for all tests.

RESULTS

Among the assessed sample size of orthodontic patients, dental impactions emerged as the most prevalent dental anomaly, affecting 246 patients (64.1%). This was followed by the occurrence of supernumerary teeth in 31 patients (8.1%), hyperdontia in 29 patients (7.6%), and congenital absence of teeth in 28 patients (7.3%). Other less frequently observed dental irregularities included dilacerated teeth in 23 patients (6%), amelogenesis imperfecta in 12 patients (3.1%), taurodontism in 12 patients (3.1%), and tooth rotations in five patients (1.3%). A statistically significant gender-based disparity was observed, with dental impactions being more prevalent among males (n=154; 69.4%) than females (n=92; 56.8%). Conversely, supernumerary teeth were more prevalent among females (n=24; 14.8%) than males (n=7; 3.2%). No significant variation in the prevalence of dental anomalies was discernible across different nationalities.

CONCLUSION

Impactions and the presence of supernumerary teeth were the predominant dental anomalies detected among the studied orthodontic patient population. The prevalence of dental anomalies exhibited discernible variations based on gender but not nationality. These disparities could potentially influence orthodontic outcomes, underscoring the necessity for meticulous examination and tailored orthodontic treatment planning.

Prevalence of canine impaction in the western province of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional survey

BACKGROUND/AIM

Canine tooth impaction could have a negative influence on the stomatognathic system and could make it difficult for clinicians to manage malocclusions. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the prevalence of canine impaction, which could be a cause of malocclusion, in the population in the western province of Saudi Arabia.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of digital orthopantomograms (OPGs) of 400 patients aged 12-40 years, who are citizens of Saudi Arabia residing in the western province and who presented for treatment at the dental clinics of Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia were included. The OPGs and dental records of these patients were reviewed for canine impaction and were categorized based on age, gender, and type of impaction.

RESULTS

The prevalence of patients that exhibited canine impaction was found to be 4%. Males had a significantly higher percentage of prevalence than females (P < 0.016), and impaction was significantly higher among patients aged below 18 years (P < 0.001). Moreover, the most commonly observed impaction was mandibular canine impaction (87.5%).

CONCLUSIONS

Prevention of malocclusion and maintenance of a normal dentition (better aesthetics and chewing) necessitates early detection of impacted canines.

The Relationship between Unilateral Palatal Maxillary Canine Impaction and the Morphology of the Maxilla: A CBCT Study in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

OBJECTIVE

 This study aimed to examine the correlation between the morphology of the maxilla and unilateral palatally impacted maxillary canine (PIMC) among the Saudi population in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this retrospective study, 36 patients' records [(17 PIMC, 8 male, 9 female, mean age 16.75 ± 2.12 years) (19 control; 9 male,10 female, mean age: 17.16 ± 2.12 years)] were included from a teaching dental hospital. On cone-beam computed tomographic images, measurements of maxillary arch length (MAL), palatal vault depth (PVD), intermolar width, sum of widths of 4 maxillary incisors, available arch space (AAS), palatal maxillary width (PMW) in the molar and premolar regions, nasal cavity width (NCW), maxillary arch shape (MAS) (arch length/intermolar width x 100), and palatal vault shape (PVS) (the PVD/intermolar width x100) were performed. Data were analyzed by SPSS-20.0. p-value less than or equal to 0.05 reflected statistical significance.

RESULTS

 This study's findings depicted that AAS (p = 0.012), PVD (p = 0.028), and PMW in the molar and premolar regions at the level of the alveolar crest (p = 0.002 and p = 0.034) and mid-root (p = 0.004 and p = 0.022) were significantly higher in the control compared to the PIMC group. PVS showed a significant difference between the PIMC and control groups (p = 0.037). However, regarding MAS, no significant difference was observed (p = 0.707).

CONCLUSION

 MAS was narrower in PIMC compared to the control group. The control group had a deeper palatal vault and greater AAS compared to the PIMC group. However, no significant difference was observed between groups regarding tooth size or NCW.

Prevalence of Impacted Teeth and Pattern of Third Molar Impaction among Kerala Population a Cross Sectional Study

Background

When a tooth does not erupt to the normal functional position, the tooth is said to be impacted. Impaction can be partial or complete which has many problems associated with it and adjacent tooth.

Aim

To assess the prevalence of impaction and pattern of mandibular impaction among adults in Ernakulum district, Kerala.

Methodology

Retrospective data were analyzed using panoramic radiographs of 1,500 subjects were correlated with demographic details age and gender. Two independent investigators carried out the research independently. Data were analyzed using SPSS.

Results

The prevalence of teeth impaction was 22.0%. A total of 330 subjects presented with at least one impacted tooth. Mandibular third molars were the most commonly impacted tooth (17.46%). The mesioangular orientation was the most common pattern. There was no gender difference in prevalence of impaction (P >.05).

Conclusion

Twenty two percent among Kerala population. The mandibular wisdom teeth were the most commonly impacted teeth. Mesioangular orientation was the most common pattern. No association was found between impacted teeth as per gender.

Detection and characteristics of the gubernacular tract in supernumerary teeth on cone beam computed tomography

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and visualization of supernumerary teeth (ST) and imaging characteristics of their gubernacular tract (GT) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

METHODS

Presence and visualization of ST were retrospectively evaluated using 960 CBCT images. The imaging characteristics of GT were analyzed to determine various presentations of GT according to type, shape, and orientation of ST.

RESULTS

ST were radiographically detected in 93 patients, for a prevalence of 9.7%. Premolar shaped ST were more common (p = 0.003). GT was detected in 104 (77.2%) of impacted ST and mostly found straight in shape (49.0%). It was most frequently observed in peridens (n = 51, 49.0%) followed by mesiodens (n = 41, 39.4%) and more frequently seen in premolar-like ST (n = 44, 42.3%). The mean length of the GT in mandible was 2.8 mm, the mean length of the GT in maxilla was 1.0 mm (p < 0.001). The mean angle of the GT in mandible was 17.0, and the mean angle of the GT in maxilla was 43.0 (p = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS

CBCT can be used for evaluations in dental practice to provide comprehensive information about ST and their GT characteristics. Clinicians should be able to identify the characteristics of GTs on CBCT for dental treatments, especially traction and extraction of ST.

Non-syndromic hypodontia of maxillary lateral incisors and its association with other dental anomalies

BACKGROUND

Tooth agenesis (TA) is the developmental absence of one or more teeth and is the most common craniofacial disorder in humans. Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis (MLIA) is a specific subtype of TA and can have esthetic, functional, and psychosocial implications for patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of MLIA amongst patients with non-syndromic tooth agenesis, as well as its association with other dental anomalies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The dental records of 240 patients with non-syndromic congenitally missing teeth treated at the University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Orthodontics were reviewed. Dolphin Imaging software was used to identify missing teeth, microdonts, peg laterals, impactions, and transpositions. Data were analyzed using chi-square or Fisher's exact test. All the tests were two-sided at the significance level of 0.05 (SAS 9.4).

RESULTS

In the patient cohort, MLIA prevalence was 37.5% (second most common) and no gender or ethnic differences were identified. We also observed the bilaterally missing lateral incisors more frequently than the unilateral presentation (p = 0.0006). Additionally, 62.5% of patients with unilateral MLIA displayed a contralateral tooth that was a peg (p = 0.0001); however, no association was found with other microdonts. Furthermore, of the 90 patients missing at least one maxillary lateral incisor, 42.2% were missing another tooth type and 10% of MLIA patients also had an impacted tooth (mainly maxillary canines). However, these were not statistically significant. Finally, no transposed teeth were found in our patients.

CONCLUSIONS

This study found that maxillary lateral incisors were the second most frequently missing teeth. When clinicians diagnose congenital absence of a maxillary lateral incisor, the patient should be evaluated for other missing teeth, peg lateral incisors, or potential impactions, especially maxillary canines.

Presence of impacted supernumerary teeth in the Indian population

A tooth that does not erupt into the dental arch during the anticipated developmental window is said to be impacted. A supernumerary tooth (ST) would be any dentition or odontogenic entity that grows from a tooth germ more often than is typical for a particular area of the dental arch (ST). The study's goal is to determine how commonly impacted supernumerary teeth are present within the Indian community. This research project at the institution which was retrospective was done on dental patients who went to the private dental hospital between March 2020 and March 2021. We looked over the medical records of 86,000 patients at the private dental institution and analyzed the data. In the study's 74,421 impaction cases, 139 instances of impacted extra teeth were found. For statistical analysis, collected data were analyzed, entered into an Excel document, and imported into SPSS version 21. In the study population, males between the ages of 21 and 35 years were more frequently observed to have supernumerary impacted teeth. Impacted teeth were more frequently observed in the posterior region rather than the anterior region. Within the constraints of the study, it was shown that males between the ages of 21 and 35 years and the posterior part of the mouth experienced impacted supernumerary teeth the most frequently.

Common dental anomalies in Korean orthodontic patients: An update

Objective

The aim of this study was 1) to investigate the prevalence and pattern of dental anomalies (DAs), 2) to compare DAs according to the type of malocclusion, and 3) to investigate the correlation between tooth impaction and other DAs in the Korean orthodontic population.

Methods

A total of 3,240 orthodontic patients were classified as Class I, Class II, or Class III malocclusion groups. The presence and location of common DAs, including impaction, microdontia, agenesis, supernumerary tooth, transposition, and fusion, were identified by examining diagnostic records. Furthermore, samples were classified as Group 1 without impaction or Group 2 with impaction. The prevalence of other DAs concurrent with impaction was investigated and compared to Group 1.

Results

Impaction was the most prevalent DA, followed by microdontia, agenesis, and supernumerary. Class I and Class III groups showed the same order of prevalence, but agenesis was more frequent than microdontia in the Class II group. The prevalence of the four DAs was lowest in the Class III group. Overall, 8.6% of patients were classified into Group 2. The incidence of DAs other than impaction and the prevalence of multiple concurrent DAs were significantly higher in Group 2. Impaction showed a significant relationship with supernumerary tooth, transposition, and fusion.

Conclusions

The prevalence and pattern of DAs varied depending on the type of malocclusion. As there was a higher risk of other DAs in patients with impacted teeth, early detection of the impacted tooth and a detailed diagnosis of other possible DAs may be essential.

Randomized split-mouth study for evaluating the efficacy of nimesulide and nimesulide + Thiocolchicoside combination following impacted mandibular third molar surgery

Background and Aim

This study aimed to evaluate acute postoperative pain management and trismus in 35 patients undergoing extractions of the two mandibular third molars, in mesioangular positions, at two different visits who consumed nimesulide + thiocolchicoside or only nimesulide.

Material and Methods

According to the medication given, the patients were divided into two groups. Following the first surgery of the impacted third molar patients were given nimesulide (100 mg) + thiocolchicoside (8 mg) together. The healing period was waited for 15 days and in the poursuite of the second surgery, only nimesulide (100 mg) was administered every 12 hours for 7 days. Visual analog scales (VAS) were used to assess the pain in the 6^th, 8^th, 12^th, 24^th, and 48^th hours and on the 3^rd, 5^th, and 7^th days postoperatively. Digital calipers were used to measure (in mm) the mouth opening capacity pre and postoperatively on the 2^nd and 7^th days, respectively.

Results

Regarding pain alleviation, the nimesulide + thiocolchicoside group was more effective than the nimesulide group. The VAS levels of nimesulide + thiocolchicoside at the 6^th, 8^th, 12^th, 24^th, and 48^th hours and on the 3^rd and 5^th days were significantly lower than the nimesulide group. The mouth opening was observed higher in the nimesulide + thiocolchicoside group than in the nimesulide group (P > 0.05). In the nimesulide group, at the end of the 7^th day, the trismus measurements were less than the preoperative measurements. There was no statistically significant difference in the Nimesulide + Thiocolchicoside group in the preop-7^th days.

Conclusion

Nimesulide (100 mg) + thiocolchicoside (8 mg) combination has higher analgesic efficacy and better trismus outcomes compared to only nimesulide (100 mg) when orally administered following mandibular third molar surgeries.

Morphological Comparison of the Maxillary Arch in Buccal and Palatal Canine Impaction among Asian Population of Gujarati Origin: A Hospital-Based Study

Aim: To estimate the differences in the maxillary arch morphology in buccal and palatal canine impaction in an Asian population of Gujarati origin. Methodology: An institutional ethics committee’s approval was acquired before the commencement of this study. Sixty subjects were enrolled in the study. Thirty subjects (20 females and 10 males) had a maxillary impacted canine either buccal or palatal and thirty control group participants were selected aged 13 to 18 years who sought orthodontic treatment at the tertiary health care center in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, in western India. Routine pre-treatment radiographs and dental plaster models with good anatomic details were recorded. Measurements of the inter-molar width, palatal depth, arch length, sum of the mesio-distal width of the upper incisors, and available arch space were recorded from prepared orthodontic study models using digital vernier calipers with an accuracy of 0.01 mm and brass wire. The ratio of palatal depth to inter-molar width (Ratio 1), arch length to inter-molar width (Ratio 2), and width of the maxillary incisors to available arch space (Ratio 3) were also secondarily calculated. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21, IBM Inc. The normality of the data was assessed by the Shapiro−Wilk test. As the data was found to be normally distributed, bivariate analyses were also performed (one-way ANOVA test, Bonferroni post hoc correction). The level of statistical significance was set at a p-value less than 0.05. Results: The comparison of the inter-molar width, palatal depth, arch length, sum of the mesio-distal width of the upper incisors, available arch space, Ratio 1, Ratio 2, and Ratio 3 among controls and subjects with buccal and palatal canine impaction showed overall significant differences in the inter-molar width, palatal depth, arch length, sum of the mesio-distal width of the upper incisors, and available arch space when compared using one-way ANOVA as p < 0.05. Ratios 1, 2, and 3 also showed significant differences between the buccal and palatal canine impaction. Conclusion: An inadequate arch length (p < 0.0001) and a higher degree of crowding with reduced available arch space (p < 0.0001) may be considered as early risk factors for buccal maxillary canine impaction. An inadequate inter-molar width (p < 0.0001), and an increased palatal depth (p < 0.0001) with a clinically reduced mesiodistal width of the sum of maxillary incisors may be considered as risk factors for palatal maxillary canine impaction in an Asian population of Gujarati origin.

Prevalence of impacted teeth and supernumerary teeth by radiographic evaluation in three Latin American countries: A cross-sectional study

Background

Supernumerary teeth are those that exceed the usual dental formula. There are different classifications depending on their anatomical location, shape and number. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of impacted and supernumerary teeth in a sample of panoramic radiographs from three Latin American countries.

Material and Methods

A retrospective and cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, in which the radiographic observation and analysis of 2000 panoramic radiographs, provided by different radiological centers in Peru, Colombia and Bolivia were performed. An examiner, specialized in Stomatology and Oral Surgery, carried out the radiographic analysis to detect the presence of impacted teeth and supernumeraries teeth. All the images were evaluated in a dark room in digital format. The SPSS version 23 package was used for statistical analysis. The Chi-square test was used to determine the association of age, sex, and nationality with the presence of impacted or supernumerary teeth. The level of significance was p< 0.05.

Results

The prevalence of impacted teeth was 1.7%, with the upper left canine being the most frequent (58.85%). The prevalence of supernumeraries was 3.15% (76 cases), the most frequent being the mesiodens with 1.7% (34), and Peru showing the highest prevalence of mesiodens. No association was found regarding sex.

Conclusions

The prevalence of impacted teeth evaluated in three recognized radiologic centers from three Latin American countries was low, with the upper left canine being the most frequently impacted tooth. Likewise, the prevalence for supernumerary teeth was also low, with mesiodens having the highest prevalence. Key words:Supernumerary tooth, impacted tooth, panoramic radiograph.

Prevalence of Impacted Teeth in Saudi Patients Attending Dental Clinics in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: A Radiographic Retrospective Study

Aim

To evaluate the prevalence of impacted teeth in Saudi patients and compare between male and female subjects.

Method

This cross-sectional study comprised of Saudi patients who attended dental clinics in major hospitals in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Patients' dental records and panoramic radiographs were reviewed retrospectively. Impacted teeth excluding third molars and spaces occupied by primary, permanent, and transmigrated teeth were recorded from panoramic radiographs. The Pearson chi-squared test was performed to determine gender differences regarding impacted teeth and spaces occupied by other teeth.

Results

The study included radiographs of 539 patients with a mean age of 23.3 ± 10.8 years. Seventy-one patients (13.2%) had at least one impacted tooth. The total number of impacted teeth was 115 in the sample, out of which 91 (79.1%) were in the upper arch and 24 (20.8%) in the lower arch. Fifty-eight maxillary canines (50.4%) were impacted making them the most commonly impacted teeth, followed by 21 upper second premolars (18.2%) and 14 lower second premolars (12.2%). More females (70.7%) than males (29.3%) had impacted teeth (P=0.82). Of 61 spaces occupied, 35 (57.4%) were occupied by permanent teeth, 24 (39.3%) by primary teeth, and 2 (3.3%) by transmigrated teeth. Greater proportions of spaces were occupied in female than male participants (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

There was a high prevalence of impacted teeth in Saudi patients. The canines were the most commonly impacted teeth followed by the second premolars. Females demonstrated a higher occurrence of impacted teeth than males. Early detection of impacted teeth can help prevent malocclusion and maintain a healthy dentition.

Publication trends in journal of clinical and experimental dentistry

Background

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry (J Clin Exp Dent; JCED) is an English language journal published by the Spanish Society of Oral Surgery, and has been online since 2009. It is indexed in PubMed Central and Scopus since 2012, with monthly publications since 2016. The purpose of this article was to review and analyse the publications in this journal since its inception, over a period of 11 years (2009-2019).

Material and Methods

This paper assessed the number, type and subjects of the articles published in the journal over 11 years. The institutions of the first authors, number of PubMed citations and the Hirsch (h5) index was assessed and analysed.

Results

The manuscripts published in JCED have gradually increased over the years, with Original research articles accounting for the bulk of contributions. The journal publishes articles mainly from the subjects of Oral Pathology and Operative Dentistry and Endodontics. Articles published in JCED are indexed in PubMed Central (since 2012), Scopus, DOI system, and Google Scholar. A country-wise mapping of the (first) author’s institutions revealed significant contributions from researchers from all over the world. With an h5 index of 26, the journal was ranked among the top six multispeciality journals. The most cited articles were the literature reviews on common oral lesions (recurrent apthous stomatitis and candidiasis).

Conclusions

The journal has contributed to the growth of scientific literature pertaining to subjects from all the fields of dentistry. Over the past 11 years, JCED has served as a platform for large number of manuscripts in all the disciples of dentistry, from researches all over the world.

Key words:Publication trends, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, Bibliometrics.

Prevalence and pattern of impacted canines in Najran, South Western Saudi Arabian population

Background

The canine plays an important role in dentofacial aesthetics and function. It supports the base of the alar and upper lip, which are necessary for smile aesthetics. When impacted, these functions are lost, leading to low self-esteem and overall poor health-related quality of life. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and pattern of impacted canines in the southwestern region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Materials and methods

This was a retrospective study carried out in a dental center in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. A total of 2000 panoramic radiographs were screened, and all patients with impacted canines were further screened both clinically and radiologically (cone beam CT). Demographics, position, laterality, and relationships to the midline were retrieved and recorded. Cone beam CT was used to diagnose palatal or labial impactions. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for IOS Version 25 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp).

Results

A total of 2000 panoramic radiographs were screened, out of which 107 cases were found to have impacted canines, giving a prevalence of 5.35%. There were 38 males and 69 females with a M:F ratio of 1:1.8. Their age ranged from 15 to 75 years with a mean ± SD age of 20.4 ± 11.1. There were more affected maxillary canines (99 (92.5%)) compared with mandibular canines (8 (7.5%)). Palatal impaction positions were more frequent than labial impactions.

Conclusion

The prevalence of canine impaction in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia was 5.35%, with a female preponderance and more palatal positions. The impactions occurred more unilaterally on the left side than on both sides.

First and second permanent molars with failed or delayed eruption: Clinical and statistical analyses

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this work was to analyze data of patients with failed or delayed eruption of first and second permanent molars, to assess the effectiveness of the treatment methods used.

METHODS

Epidemiologic and clinical data of 125 patients (mean age 14.08 ± 4.04 years) with 197 affected molars (30 first and 167 second molars) were retrospectively analyzed. The treatment outcome was known in 161 molars after patient drop-out (20 patients with 36 molars). The cases were categorized into 8 groups according to the choice of treatment: orthodontic uprighting, surgical-orthodontic uprighting, surgical uprighting, surgical repositioning, surgical exposure, first or second molar extraction, third molar extraction, or removal of pathologic conditions.

RESULTS

The overall treatment outcome was positive in 141 molars (87.6%). It was positive in all cases treated with orthodontic uprighting (7 molars), surgical exposure (10 molars), surgical uprighting (38 molars), and surgical repositioning (8 molars), but it was significantly lower for surgical-orthodontic uprighting (34/48 molars, 70.8%). The positive outcome was significantly lower for inclusion (52/68 molars, 76.5%) than for early-diagnosed condition (11/11 molars, 100%) and retention (78/82 molars, 95.1%), and for total bone crown coverage (21/28 molars, 75.0%) than for osteomucosal or mucosal crown coverage (120/133 molars, 90.2%).

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that an early diagnosis results in a better outcome regardless of the treatment used, with the number of cases with a positive outcome being higher in younger patients.

Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on pain after impacted third molar surgery

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on pain after the impacted third molar surgery.

Material and Methods

The study was carried out on 30 patients attending the outpatient department of the oral and maxillofacial surgery. Both sides’ impacted mandibular third molars were taken into consideration, and a total of 60 impacted third molars were undergone surgical extraction. After the first surgery, patients were given analgesic, antibiotics, and mouthwash as a routine treatment procedure. Following the second surgery, TENS was applied over the painful area of the cheek for patients in addition to routine treatment procedure. Pain was evaluated with Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at the postoperative 6, 8, 24 hours and 2,3,4 and 5 days. The Student t test was applied to compare pain levels between groups. P<0.05 and p<0.001 were considered significant in all statistical analyses.

Results

The study was carried out in 30 patients 15 (50%) female and 15 (50%) male, aged between 20 and 31 years. The mean age of the patients was 24.60 ± 4.76. There was a statistically significant difference in the evaluation of VAS levels in postoperative 6, 8, 24 hours and 2, 3, 4, and 5 days between the routine treatment group and the TENS application group.

Conclusions

TENS activates a complex neuronal network to result in a reduction in pain. In conclusion, TENS application was highly effective in pain modulation following the third molar surgery. Therefore, TENS, which is one of the non-pharmacological pain control methods after such surgeries, can be used safely in reducing postoperative pain.

Key words:Impacted teeth, third molar, pain, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.

Early identification of permanent maxillary canine impaction: A radiographic comparative study in a Mexican population

Background

Opportune diagnosis, prediction, and interceptive treatment of permanent maxillary canine (PMC) impaction is fundamental for pediatric dentists and orthodontists. In children and young adolescents, diagnostic information obtained from a panoramic radiograph is valuable for the overview and prediction of a potential PMC ectopic eruption into the oral cavity. The aim of the present study was to calculate and compare the prevalence of impaction of PMC in a Mexican pediatric sample (7 to 13 years old), through the use of the Ericson & Kurol (EK/L) and the Power & Short (PS) measurement analyses performed on panoramic radiographs.

Material and Methods

This investigation was a cross-sectional study performed on 515 panoramic radiographs, which were evaluated to assess the intraosseous position of right and left PMC, from patients who had attended our clinic between 2010 and 2017. Both analytical methods were applied on the same radiography. Outcomes from both analysis methods were expressed dichotomously (impacted or non-impacted). Thus, prevalence was calculated from each method, and the difference between them was verified through the Pearson’s Chi-square test.

Results

No statistical difference could be detected between both prevalence rates (p = 0.475). It was found a significant predilection of the condition to the female sex (p = 0.034). Further, the two radiographic methods employed here were highly concordant each other (kappa = 0.92).

Conclusions

Through the EK/L method a PMC prevalence of 5.64% (95% CI = 3.66, 7.62) was obtained, while the PS Method the prevalence was 8.83% (95% CI = 6.38, 11.28). In addition, a significant predilection of canine impaction to the female gender was found.

Key words:Maxillary canine impaction, prevalence, radiographic analyses.

Dental anomalies and their treatment modalities/planning in orthodontic patients

OBJECTIVE

This study was carried to study the prevalence of dental anomalies and treatment modalities/planning among the orthodontic patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 370 orthodontic records including their pre-treatment orthopantomographs (OPG) and study models of orthodontic patients in permanent dentition who attended dental clinic were assessed for impaction, hypodontia, supernumerary, supraocclusion, infraocclusion, and any other anomalies excluding the third molars. The association of anomalies with gender status and racial status was analyzed using Pearson's Chi-square test. A P value of <0.05 is considered as significant. The confidence interval at 95% (CI) was set.

RESULTS

Among the 370 subjects, 105 (28.4%) presented with at least one anomaly. Eighty-five (23%) demonstrated a single anomaly and 20 (5.4%) with more than one anomaly. The most prevalent anomaly was impaction (14.32%), followed by hypodontia (7.03%). The less common anomalies were microdontia (1.08%), dilacerations (0.27%), and generalised enamel hypoplasia (0.27%). Maxillary right lateral incisors and canines were the most common affected teeth and these are located on the maxillary right quadrant. It was evident that dental anomalies were statistically dependant on race (P = 0.025), but independent of gender. The most common treatment planned for these patients was fixed appliance.

CONCLUSIONS

Impaction was predominant among 28.4% subjects observed with anomaly and most patients with anomaly are treated with fixed appliances (49%).

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

These anomalies play a great role in occlusion and alignment in treatment planning and relapse for orthodontic treatment.

Supernumerary Molars and Wisdom Tooth Shape Alterations in Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Objectives

The purpose of the present study was the systematic investigation of numerical and morphological aberrations of teeth in the wisdom teeth region in neurofibromatosis type 1 patients.

Material and Methods

The panoramic radiographs of 179 patients were analysed for supernumerary molars and dysplastic wisdom teeth with special reference to facial tumour type. The results were compared to radiographic findings obtained in panoramic radiographs of age- and sex-matched controls.

Results

The total number of dysplastic or supernumerary molars was 21 (17 individuals, 4.75%) and predominantly a finding of the maxilla (maxilla: 15, mandible: 1, maxilla and mandible: 1). Differences of dental findings between neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) patients (n = 15) and the control group (n = 2) were statistically significant (P < 0.01). All individuals with supernumerary molars were diagnosed as being affected with NF1. This difference achieved statistical significance when it was considered that the event may occur at least once per quadrant, and thus the individual potentially needs to be considered four times (P = 0.0038).

Conclusions

This investigation revealed that supernumerary molars and aberrations in wisdom tooth form are more common in patients than in age- and sex-matched controls. There is no association between these findings and a specific feature of the disease, id est facial manifestation of a trigeminal nerve sheath tumour (plexiform neurofibroma). The cause of this phenomenon is unknown. A review of these dental findings on other neurofibromatosis type 1 study groups should be attempted.

Non-syndromic multiple supernumerary premolars: Clinicoradiographic report of five cases

Hyperdontia or supernumerary teeth in both arches without any syndromic manifestation are extremely rare. Supernumerary teeth are commonly associated with Gardner's syndrome, cleft lip and palate, cleidocranial dysplasia and trichorhinopha-langeal syndrome. Five cases of non-syndromic multiple premolars of maxillary and mandibular arches in Indian patients are presented here. This case series reports three cases with multiple (9 in maximum), bilaterally impacted and erupted supernumerary teeth and two cases with supernumerary premolars in non-syndromic cases from Indian patients. Supernumerary teeth can be present in any region of the oral cavity. Although the occurrence of maxillary para-premolars is rare, radio-logical investigations play a major and decisive role in determining the management of such cases.

Cone Beam Computed Tomography Heralding New Vistas in Appropriate Diagnosis and Efficient Management of Incidentally Found Impacted Mesiodens

As dentistry continues to go "digital," the field has seen a phenomenal increase in the use of digital imaging in dental practice. Complex impacted mesiodens present potential treatment complications and sometimes possible patient morbidity. Objectives of diagnostic imaging are to aid in diagnosis, decision making, and enhance treatment outcomes. As cases become more complex, sophisticated multiplane imaging methods allowing for a three-dimensional view are more likely to meet these objectives as opposed to traditional two-dimensional radiography. The clinical report elucidates with the help of an illustrative patient how cone beam computed tomography imaging can assist the surgeon during surgical treatment planning, risk assessment, and treatment outcomes of impacted mesiodens.

Prevalence of supernumerary teeth in a nonsyndromic Syrian sample

BACKGROUND

Supernumerary teeth (ST), also known as hyperdontia, is a condition in which more than the normal number of teeth are present in the series. The prevalence of ST varies between and within different populations. These teeth may cause various complications. The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of ST in Damascus inhabitants, Syria.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study was carried out using retrospectively collected digital panoramic radiographs of 2753 patients (1047 males and 1706 females) ranging in age from 12.2 to 20.5 years between January 2012 and December 2014. These radiographs were obtained from private dental offices spread across Damascus, Syria. For each patient with ST, the demographic variables, number, location, type, position, morphology of ST, and complications were recorded.

RESULTS

ST were detected in 39 patients (1.4%), of whom 25 (64.1%) were males and 14 (35.9%) were females, with a male to female ratio of 1.8 : 1 (P<0.001). Mesiodens was the most prevalent ST (39.1%), followed by supernumerary premolars (28.3%), supernumerary laterals (26.1%), distomolars (4.3%), and paramolars (2.2%). This series includes cases with one and two ST. Of the 46 ST detected, 56.5% had a conical morphology, 89.1% were in a vertical position, and 19.6% were erupted. ST caused displacement of the adjacent teeth in 17 cases (37.0%) and the impaction of the permanent teeth in five cases (10.9%).

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The prevalence of ST in Damascus inhabitants was found to be 1.4%; the most frequent type was mesiodens. A conical morphology was found to be the most common form of ST. Displacement of permanent teeth is the most frequent complication. Further studies should be carried out on more representative samples of both the public and the private sector patients.

Impacted maxillary second premolars: a report of four cases

Impacted teeth are commonly encountered in clinical practice. Apart from their symptomatic nature and the probable functional disruption they can cause, impacted teeth have the potential to cause more severe and serious problems such as development of dentigerous cysts and other complications due to their proximity to the nasal and oral cavity. In this report, we highlight a series of four cases involving maxillary second premolars, teeth that are not often impacted.

Impacted maxillary second premolars: a report of four cases

Impacted teeth are commonly encountered in clinical practice. Apart from their symptomatic nature and the probable functional disruption they can cause, impacted teeth have the potential to cause more severe and serious problems such as development of dentigerous cysts and other complications due to their proximity to the nasal and oral cavity. In this report, we highlight a series of four cases involving maxillary second premolars, teeth that are not often impacted.