Ribose-Taurine Suppresses Inflammation Through NF-κB Regulation in Activated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Ribose-taurine (Rib-T) suppressed the generation of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) through the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β induced by LPS was effectively blocked by Rib-T. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory actions of Rib-T were involved in its inhibitory effects against the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, and NF-κB DNA-binding activity. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory action of Rib-T is associated with NF-κB regulation.

Anti-inflammatory Action of Glucose-Taurine Reduced by Inhibiting NF-κB Activation in LPS-Activated RAW264.7 Macrophages

In the present study, we investigated the regulation of inflammatory effects by glucose-taurine reduced (G-T-R), a taurine-carbohydrate derivative, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. The anti-inflammatory action of G-T-R revealed that this derivative markedly inhibited the nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in RAW264.7 macrophages induced by LPS. Suppression of NO and PGE2 production was involved in the inhibitory action by G-T-R on the inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 proteins expression. G-T-R decreased the production of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6. Moreover, G-T-R effectively suppressed the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages according to evaluation of the molecular inflammatory mechanisms. Thus, we suggest that G-T-R modulates several inflammatory pathways mediated by NF-κB activation, demonstrating its potential or preventing and treating inflammatory conditions.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Xylose-Taurine Reduced Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress in Cultured Hepatocytes

In this study, Xylose-Taurine reduced (X-T-R) was synthesized to enhance biological activities. Hence, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of X-T-R against H2O2-induced hepatocyte damage and apoptosis. The results showed that X-T-R led to the cytoprotective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in cultured hepatocytes such as the improvement of cell viability and the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Additionally, pre-treatment with X-T-R increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase:quinone 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in cultured hepatocytes. Furthermore, X-T-R protected the cells against apoptosis via regulating the expression level of Bcl-2/Bax as well as the activation of caspase-3. According to the results obtained, X-T-R may be a bio-material for the therapy of hepatic diseases.

Protective Effects of Xylose-Taurine Reduced against Damages Caused by Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos In Vivo Model

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is useful and convenient vertebrate models in various studies in human disease and drug discovery. In this present study, we first evaluated whether Xylose-Taurine reduced (X-T-R), a taurine derivate protects zebrafish embryos against oxidative stress caused by AAPH (2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride). First of all, we selected the concentration of X-T-R showing no toxicity in zebrafish embryos. We identified that X-T-R significantly increased the survival of zebrafish embryo reduced by treatment of AAPH. Also, X-T-R effectively inhibited the productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) as well as the formation of cell death in zebrafish embryos. Moreover, X-T-R down-regulated the expression levels of Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9 and p53 known as pro-apoptotic molecules, whereas up-regulated those of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic molecule in AAPH-treated zebrafish embryos. From these results, this study reveals that X-T-R, a taurine derivate might be a potential protector against various damages caused by oxidative stress.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Galactose-Taurine Sodium Salt in LPS-Activated RAW 264.7 Cells

In this study, we synthesized Galactose-Taurine sodium salt (G-T) as a functional food ingredient to enhance biological activities of taurine. Also, anti-inflammatory effects of G-T were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. G-T found to reduce the generations of the LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) via down-regulating the expression levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Also, G-T reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Finally, we identified that G-T inhibits the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the phosphorylation of inhibitor κB (IκB)-α. From these results, this study first suggests that G-T could be considered as an effective anti-inflammatory agent.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Galactose-Taurine Sodium Salt: A Taurine Derivate in Zebrafish In Vivo Model

Taurine, the plentiful amino acids in mammalian cells exerts various biological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Inflammation can cause several diseases such as cancer, heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis and immune system reactions. Here, we investigated anti-inflammatory effects of Galactose-Taurine sodium salt (Gal-Tau), a newly synthesized taurine derivate in LPS-stimulated zebrafish embryos in vivo model. The result showed that Gal-Tau improved the survival rate and the edema in LPS-treated zebrafish embryos. Also, Gal-Tau effectively reduced the productions of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death induced by LPS in zebrafish embryos. In addition, Gal-Tau regulated the expression levels of inflammatory mediators such as inducible NOS (iNOS) and cycloxygenase 2 (COX-2) as well as IL-6 and TNF-α, inflammatory cytokines known as important key mediators of inflammation. Taken together, this study first indicates that Gal-Tau could be considered as an effective anti-inflammatory material with its anti-inflammatory activity.

Effect of N-(D-Ribopyranosyl) Taurine Sodium Salt on the Differentiation of Human Preadipocytes and Expression of Adipokines Through Inhibition of STAT-3 Signaling in Differentiated Human Adipocytes

We investigated whether a taurine-ribose derivative, N-(D-ribopyranosyl)taurine sodium salt, inhibits the differentiation process of preadipocytes or modulates the expression of cytokines from adipocytes as does taurine chloramine (TauCl) in vitro. To know the inhibitory effects of taurine-ribose (Tau-Ribose) on differentiation process and adipokine expression, preadipocytes were incubated with Tau-Ribose in differentiation medium for 14 days. Differentiated adipocytes were also stimulated at the concentration of IL-1β 1 ng/ml with addition of Tau-Ribose. After 7 days of incubation, the levels of adiponectin, leptin, IL-6, and IL-8 were measured from the culture supernatants. At concentrations of 10-40 mM, Tau-Ribose dose-dependently inhibited the process of adipogenesis. The treatment of Tau-Ribose decreased the expression of transcription factors, which are necessary for adipogenesis and are known as adipocyte marker. Treatment with Tau-Ribose significantly modulated the production of IL-8 and IL-6. However, it did not modulate the production of adiponectin and leptin in IL-1β-activated adipocytes. As with taurine chloramine, Tau-Ribose also inhibited STAT-3 signaling, independent of MAPK signaling. In conclusion, Tau-Ribose inhibits the signaling pathway of STAT-3 and can change adipokines production; thus, it may have a potential as an agent for treating obesity-related diseases.