Gender and its Relevance to Macroeconomic Policy: A Survey

The impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic performance in Turkey: evidence from a cointegration approach

Purpose

This study aims to empirically examine the impact of gender-based inequalities in both education and employment on economic performance using the dataset of Turkey for the period 1975–2018.

Design/methodology/approach

This study employs Johansen cointegration tests to analyze the existence of a long-term relation among variables. Furthermore, dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) estimation methods are performed to determine the long-run coefficients.

Findings

The findings from the Johansen cointegration analysis confirm that there is a long-term cointegration relation between variables. Moreover, DOLS and FMOLS results reveal that improvements in gender equality in both education and employment have a strong and significant impact on real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in the long term.

Originality/value

The authors expect that this study will make remarkable contributions to the future academic studies and policy implementation, as it examines the relation among the variables by including the school life expectancy from primary to tertiary based on the gender parity index (GPI), the gross enrollment ratio from primary to tertiary based on GPI and the ratio of female to male labor force participation (FMLFP) rate.

Health Issues and Challenges among Indian Urban Poor

In the last 60 years since independence, India had achieved considerable improvements in the health of its population as reflected in their life expectancies which have doubled within this period. This article aims at explaining pertinent health-care issues and challenges based on some health indicators in India by using the literature review method that involved collection of material from the online sources, which included government documents, articles and publications related to healthcare, healthcare indicators, poverty, financial burden and coping strategies. To avoid premature deaths among adults, children and maternal mortalities, greater attention should be given to prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases, and women and other social determinants of health. More attention should also be given to the reduction of births among teenage girls in order to avoid premature morbidity and mortality. To protect the vulnerable and poor, the government should provide more resources since financial burden of curative care is higher among lower income groups. However, in poorer states, the government tends to have relatively low ability to raise their own resources and the people in these states have a lower ability to pay for private insurance. Therefore, it is worthwhile and pertinent that the government initiates social insurance.

TAXAS DE NATALIDADE E MORTALDADE, DIVISIÓN DO TRABALLO E DISTRIBUCIÓN DO TEMPO POR XÉNERO NO MODELO DE CRECEMENTO DE SOLOW

O obxectivo deste traballo é o de incorporar o modelo de crecemento endóxeno da poboación no modelo de crecemento dun sector de Solow. O estudo propón unha interdependencia dinámica entre a taxa de natalidade, a taxa de mortaldade, a poboación, a acumulación da riqueza, e a distribución do tempo entre traballo, lecer e coidado dos fillos. O aspecto da produción e acumulación de riqueza constrúese co modelo de crecemento de Solow. Baseamos o noso modelo de dinámica poboacional no modelo poboacional de Haavelmo e o modelo de elección de fecundidade de Barro-Becker. Resumimos estas forzas dinámicas nun marco compacto, mediante a función de utilidade proposta por Zhang. O modelo describe unha interdependencia dinámica entre cambios da poboación, acumulación de riqueza, división de traballo e a distribución do tempo por xénero entre o traballo, o lecer e o coidado dos fillos. Simulamos o modelo para probar a existencia de puntos de equilibrio e movemento do sistema dinámico. Tamén examinamos os efectos dos cambios nos efectos de cambio na tendencia a ter descendencia, a tendencia ao aforro, a tendencia das mulleres a perseguir actividades de lecer, o capital humano das mulleres e a implicación emocional dos homes no coidado dos fillos.

The impact of globalization on subjectivities in Cuba: a gender perspective

Globalization has created great transformations, not only in economics, but also in social and cultural relations, and has influenced political practices and governments. If not critically analysed, globalization may at first appear positive, but, in parallel with its development, high levels of poverty and exclusion have occurred and these may affect men and women differently. The objective of this article is to reveal the subjective or individual consequences that derive from globalization and the contexts it creates. This analysis centres on a gender perspective within a Cuban context and tries to challenge the prevailing view of the most poor and excluded groups. Psychiatry and psychology have a long way to go in the search for an understanding of the impact of globalization on human well-being, but critical thinking and the social sciences can offer an alternative to the transformation of this constructed order by giving prominence to people's own subjectivities and experiences.

The Adverse Effects of International Monetary Fund Programs on the Health and Education Workforce

Decades of underinvestment in public sectors and in teachers and health workers have adversely affected the health and educational outcomes of women. This is partly explained by a general lack of resources. However, the amount a country can spend on social sectors, including teachers and health workers, is also determined by its macroeconomic framework, which is set in agreement with the International Monetary Fund. There is now ample evidence of how IMF-imposed wage ceilings have constrained the ability of governments to hire adequate numbers of trained professionals and increase investment in social sectors. Though the IMF has recently removed wage ceilings from its basket of conditions, little change has taken place to ensure that women are better supported by macroeconomic policies or, at the least, are less adversely affected. Thus far, the IMF's neoliberal policies have either ignored gender concerns or instrumentalized equity, health, and education to support economic development. Unless macroeconomic policies are more flexible and deliberately take into account the different needs of women and men, social outcomes will continue to be poor and inequitable. Governments must pursue alternative, feminist policies that put the goals of social equity at the center of macroeconomic policy. These policies can facilitate increased investment in education and health care, which are vital measures for achieving gender equality and providing both women and men with the skills and training needed to soften the impact of the current economic crisis.