High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in escherichia coli strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases isolated from faeces and urine of pregnant women with acute cystitis

BACKGROUND

Escherichia coli is the most common etiological agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Meanwhile, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) is reported in E. coli isolates producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). Furthermore, the reservoirs and mechanisms of acquisition of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains are poorly understood. On the other hand, UTIs are common in pregnant women and the treatment challenge is alarming.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In the present study, 54 pregnant women with acute cystitis were included. A total of 108 E. coli isolates, 54 isolates from UTI and 54 isolates from faeces of pregnant women (same host) were collected. In the antimicrobial susceptibility test, the highest rate of antibiotic resistance was to nalidixic acid (77%, 83/108) and the lowest rate was to imipenem (9%, 10/108). Among the isolates, 44% (48/108) were ESBLs producers. A high frequency of PMQR genes was observed in the isolates. The frequency of PMQR genes qnrS, qnrB, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qnrA was 58% (63/108), 21% (23/108), 9% (10/108), and 4% (4/108), respectively. Meanwhile, PMQR genes were not detected in 24% (20/85) of isolates resistant to nalidixic acid and/or fluoroquinolone, indicating that other mechanisms, i.e. chromosomal mutations, are involved in resistance to quinolones, which were not detected in the present study. In ESBL-producing isolates, the frequency of PMQR genes was higher than that of non-ESBL-producing isolates (81% vs. 53%). Meanwhile, UTI and faeces isolates mainly belonged to phylogenetic group B2 (36/54, 67% and 25/54, 46%, respectively) compared to other phylogenetic groups. In addition, virulence factors and multidrug-resistant (MDR) were mainly associated with phylogenetic group B2. However, predominant clones in faeces were not found in UTIs. Rep-PCR revealed the presence of 85 clones in patients. Among the clones, 40 clones were detected only in faeces (faeces-only), 35 clones only in UTI (UTI-only) and 10 clones in both faeces and UTI (faeces-UTI). We found that out of 10 faeces-UTI clones, 5 clones were present in the host's faeces flora.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed a high rate of resistance to the quinolone nalidixic acid and a widespread distribution of PMQR genes in MDR E. coli strains producing ESBLs. The strains represented virulence factors and phylogenetic group B2 are closely associated with abundance in UTI and faeces. However, the predominant clones in faeces were not found in UTIs and it is possible that rep-PCR is not sufficiently discriminating clones.

A challenging case of carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae-related pyogenic liver abscess with capsular polysaccharide hyperproduction: a case report

BACKGROUND

Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections are a major public health problem, necessitating the administration of polymyxin E (colistin) as a last-line antibiotic. Meanwhile, the mortality rate associated with colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae infections is seriously increasing. On the other hand, importance of administration of carbapenems in promoting colistin resistance in K. pneumoniae is unknown.

CASE PRESENTATION

We report a case of K. pneumoniae-related pyogenic liver abscess in which susceptible K. pneumoniae transformed into carbapenem- and colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae during treatment with imipenem. The case of pyogenic liver abscess was a 50-year-old man with diabetes and liver transplant who was admitted to Abu Ali Sina Hospital in Shiraz. The K. pneumoniae isolate responsible for community-acquired pyogenic liver abscess was isolated and identified. The K. pneumoniae isolate was sensitive to all tested antibiotics except ampicillin in the antimicrobial susceptibility test and was identified as a non-K1/K2 classical K. pneumoniae (cKp) strain. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) identified the isolate as sequence type 54 (ST54). Based on the patient's request, he was discharged to continue treatment at another center. After two months, he was readmitted due to fever and progressive constitutional symptoms. During treatment with imipenem, the strain acquired blaOXA-48 and showed resistance to carbapenems and was identified as a multidrug resistant (MDR) strain. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test for colistin was performed by broth microdilution method and the strain was sensitive to colistin (MIC < 2 µg/mL). Meanwhile, on blood agar, the colonies had a sticky consistency and adhered to the culture medium (sticky mucoviscous colonies). Quantitative real-time PCR and biofilm formation assay revealed that the CRKP strain increased capsule wzi gene expression and produced slime in response to imipenem. Finally, K. pneumoniae-related pyogenic liver abscess with resistance to a wide range of antibiotics, including the last-line antibiotics colistin and tigecycline, led to sepsis and death.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on this information, can we have a theoretical hypothesis that imipenem is a promoter of resistance to carbapenems and colistin in K. pneumoniae? This needs more attention.

Comparing Knee Kinetics and Kinematics in Healthy Individuals and Those With Knee Osteoarthritis, With and Without Flat Feet

Individuals with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and flat feet are more likely to experience increased pain and cartilage damage. This study aimed to investigate the knee kinetics, kinematics, pain, and physical function in individuals with moderate symptomatic KOA, in comparison to asymptomatic control participants. Thirty volunteers with moderate KOA (with flat feet n = 15, with normal feet n = 15) and 30 asymptomatic people (with flat feet n = 15, with normal feet n = 15) were evaluated. The knee adduction angular impulse, knee flexion moment, knee flexion angular impulse, and knee flexion angle were measured during level walking. The pain was assessed in patients with KOA. The study found that individuals with KOA had a significant increase in the knee adduction angular impulse compared with the asymptomatic people (P < .05). The KOA with flat feet group had significantly lower knee flexion moment, knee flexion angular impulse, and knee flexion angle values than the KOA with normal feet group (P < .05). Furthermore, the KOA with flat feet group had a higher pain score than the KOA with normal feet group. Individuals with osteoarthritis and flat feet had lower knee flexion moments which may indicate reduced knee force exerted through compensatory mechanisms. Despite this reduction, they reported significantly higher levels of pain compared with those without flat feet, a finding that warrants further investigation in future studies.

Investigating the safety and efficacy of nerve stimulation for management of groin pain after surgical herniorrhaphy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Chronic post-operative inguinal pain (CPIP) following inguinal hernia repair has been a major sequela affecting 4000-48000 patients annually. Optimal management of CPIP has been a challenge, and pharmacological management particularly with opioids has shown unsatisfactory results. The main objective of this systematic review is to investigate the safety and efficacy of neuromodulation as an alternative intervention for the management of post-operative inguinal pain.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted by three reviewers to identify all relevant studies on the use of neuromodulatory interventions for treating post-operative inguinal pain. Data on study characteristics, neuromodulatory modalities, and patient's clinical data such as pre/post-interventional pain scores and analgesic requirements were extracted and reported.

RESULTS

A total of 389 patients with 357 (95.9%) males and 15 (4.1%) females were evaluated. The mean age of study participants was 47.9 ± 10.4 years. There were 187 (48.1%) and 202 (51.9%) patients allocated to the control and trial groups, respectively. The most common neuromodulation modality was TENS (4, 36.4%), followed by SCS (3, 27.3%), PNS (3, 27.3%), and acupuncture-assisted (2, 18.2%). The overall mean follow-up duration of the entire cohort was 3.8 months. The mean difference between pre-operative and post-operative VAS scores in the trial groups was 4.65 (95% Confidence Interval [CI], 2.97, 6.33), which was statistically significant (P value < 0.05). Patient-reported outcome measures showed significant responsiveness toward their treatments.

CONCLUSION

Nerve stimulation, in its many forms, is a safe and feasible option for the management of post-operative inguinal pain.

Breakthrough on radon individual monitoring and protecting miners by novel dual-function monitor on respirator

Breakthrough is made on inventing, producing and applying novel dual-function passive individual radon monitor in canister on respirators for radon inhalation monitoring and protecting individuals in particular miners. The rationale in this invention is having individual monitors for determining actual naturally inhaled radon by individuals and protection against particulates in one device. The monitor comprises two passive polycarbonate track detectors (PCTD); one near canister orifice (PCTD/bare), and one under activated carbon fabric (PCTD/ACF) to detect alphas of radon adsorbed on ACF carbon active sites. The PCTD/ACF detects radon with 12.7 times more sensitivity than PCTD/bare; called "Forced Amplification Factor (FAF)". Monitors were successfully operated and calibrated in laboratory radon chamber using low suction rate pump resembling human natural inhalation. The performance of monitor showed high promises for radon individual monitoring and protection. This novel development also opens new horizons for fundamental and practical scientific research to further upgrade the monitor.

Modern universal standardised trends in worker and public exposure monitoring and control in 21st century by Sohrabi URPS-based hypothesis

The Universal Radiation Protection System (URPS) was recently hypothesised by Sohrabi in order to address the many deficiencies of current radiation protection system. The ICRP system is currently practiced worldwide based on the linear no-threshold (LNT) model with no supporting health risk data at low effective doses. The ICRP only considers worker occupational doses and sets dose limits only on one portion of doses a worker or public receives. The URPS hypothesis equals human heath-effect risks per unit dose either from natural or man-made sources; formulates dose limits on all integrated doses an individual receives; considers worker also a member of public; conserves 'cause-effect principle' for epidemiology risk estimation; introduces dose fractionation concept in radiation protection; introduces the 'URPS Model' for bridging LNT, hormesis and threshold models; recommends establishing 'National Patient Dose Registering System'; and defines modified/new exposure terms and definitions commensurate with URPS hypothesis, as advanced since 2014.

Status, social norms, or safety? understanding intended and reported bottled water use in Urban Mashhad, Iran

Personal plastic-bottled water use is highly commodified, raising an array of cost and environmental concerns, and continues to grow globally. Studies in lower-income nations suggest safety as a primary motivation for such water purchases, but studies in high-income nations with greater relative affordability suggest it is more tied to socially situated consumer decisions like status and aesthetics. Here, we consider what motivates bottled water use in an urban city (Mashhad) in a middle-income predominantly Muslim country (Iran), where there is a likely intersection of safety (due to contamination), social norms, and status concerns. Surveys were collected with a random population-representative sample of resident adults from discrete households (n = 970). Structured equation modeling testing the relative effects on reported bottled water intentions and use shows that all these factors are shaping people's decisions. Both higher- and lower-income residents' responses suggest that status and social norms considerably influence intentions to use. Overall, even despite real safety issues with tap water, social norms and status concerns seem to weigh more heavily on residents' decisions to drink bottled water.

Emergence of K1 ST23 and K2 ST65 hypervirulent klebsiella pneumoniae as true pathogens with specific virulence genes in cryptogenic pyogenic liver abscesses Shiraz Iran

Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) pathotype is emerging worldwide in pyogenic liver abscesses (PLAs). However, the role of virulence factors in pathogenicity remains unclear. On the other hand, the epidemiology of PLAs in Iran is unknown. From July 2020 to April 2022, bacterial species were isolated and identified from the drainage samples of 54 patients with PLAs. K. pneumoniae as the most common pathogen of pyogenic liver abscesses was identified in 20 (37%) of the 54 patients. We analyzed the clinical and microbiological characteristics of K. pneumoniae-related pyogenic liver abscesses. Antibiotic susceptibility testes and string test were performed. 16S rRNA, antibiotic resistance, and virulence genes were determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Clonal relatedness of isolates was identified by multilocus sequence typing. Virulence levels were assessed in the Galleria mellonella larval infection model. Four hvKp isolates (K1/K2) were found to be responsible for cryptogenic PLAs, and 16 classical K. pneumoniae isolates (non-K1/K2) were associated with non-cryptogenic PLAs. Three capsular serotype K1 strains belonged to sequence type 23 (ST23) and one K2 strain to ST65. Meanwhile, the non-K1/K2 strains belonged to other STs. ST231 was the most common strain among the classical K. pneumoniae strains. Compared with the non-K1/K2 strains, capsular serotypes K1/K2 strains were less resistant to antibiotics, had positive string test results, and had more virulence genes. In Galleria mellonella, a concentration of 10⁶ colony-forming units of the K1 hvKp strain resulted in 100% death at 24 hours, confirming the higher virulence of the hvKp strain compared with cKp. K. pneumoniae isolates represented that the acquisition of any plasmid or chromosomal virulence genes contributes to pathogenicity and high prevalence in PLAs. Meanwhile, hvKp isolates with a specific genetic background were detected in cryptogenic PLAs.

Comparative in silico characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae hypervirulent plasmids and their antimicrobial resistance genes

Background

The hypervirulent pathotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) is mainly mediated by large virulent plasmids. It seems that these hypervirulent plasmids (HVPs) are accumulating antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and are turning quickly into drug-resistant hypervirulent hybrids. Therefore, molecular mechanisms involved in this convergence needs to be investigated to control their global spread.

Methods

In this study, the complete sequence of 79 non-redundant hypervirulent plasmids were retrieved from GenBank and their genetic features, hypervirulence and antimicrobial resistance patterns (AMR) as well as their putative transmission capability were compared using bioinformatics tools.

Results

The majority of HVPs belonged to clonal complex (CC)23, and sequence type (ST)11. IncFIB and IncHI1B were the most prevalent plasmid replicon types. Out of 79 plasmids, 78 were positive for iutA and iucA. The iucC, iucB and iucD genes were found in 77 plasmids. Almost 26% of the HVPs were potentially conjugative of which 71% carried AGRs. ARGs against beta-lactams, carbapenems, quinolones, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicols, tetracyclines and macrolides were detected in 30% of HVPs. Class 1 integron and prophage structures harboring multiple ARGs were found in eight plasmids. Insertion sequences (IS)6, IS110 and IS1380 appeared to be important genetic elements in transmission of ARGs.

Conclusions

The high prevalence of iucA and iutA suggests their strong capability for rapid and accurate genetic markers for discrimination of hvKp in the laboratory. This study indicated the important role of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the emergence of drug-resistance in hypervirulent strains. The high prevalence of putative conjugative hybrids implies higher incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR)-hvKp strains in near future.

A kinetic analysis of the aflatoxin detoxification potential of lactic acid bacteria in Terxine (a cereal-based food)

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a hazardous component that can seriously threaten the public health. Terxine is a component used in traditional soup and found in the western mountainous regions of Iran. Several microorganisms have been reported to bind or degrade aflatoxins (AFs) in foods and feeds. This research aimed to investigate the effect of Terxine fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum strains AF1 and LU5 on AFB1. Fermentation was carried out, and pH, lactic acid and AFB1 amount and microbial count were further determined. In addition, the kinetic experimental data of AFB1 by L. plantarum AF1 and LU5 (obtained at 37°C) were fitted to the zero-order, first-order and parabolic diffusion models. According to the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square of errors (RMSE), the zero-order model best described AF degradation. The growth of Lactobacillus strains was increased by the rise in the fermentation time; in this regard, the number of L. plantarum AF1 increased from 4.2 to 5.1 log cfu/g and that of L. plantarum LU5 increased from 4.1 to 5.2 log cfu/g in the first 8 h, reaching 7.2 and 7.4 log cfu/g in the next 8 h, respectively. The results also showed that the amount of lactic acid increased whereas the pH value decreased during the 24 h fermentation. Both microorganisms reduced the amount of AFB1 while L. plantarum AF1 was more effective. Therefore, L. plantarum strains AF1 and LU5 can be effectively used to reduce AFB1 in fermented foods.

The effect of a training program on maternal role adaptation and self-esteem of mothers with preterm infants: a quasi-experimental study

BACKGROUND

Admission of preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit limits the mother's interaction with their infants, delaying accepting and playing the motherhood role. Besides, mothers of preterm infants have low self-esteem due to their infants' condition. Accordingly, the present study explored the effect of implementing the training program on maternal role adaptation and self-esteem of mothers of preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit.

METHODS

This study employed a quasi-experimental design with two groups. The participants were 80 mothers of preterm infants. The participants were selected using convenience sampling and simply randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. The instruments included a demographic information questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Maternal Role Adaptation Scale. The participants in the intervention group attended the training program, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The questionnaires were completed by the two groups before and 2 weeks after the intervention. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21, a significance level of 0.05.

RESULTS

The maternal role adaptation scores before the intervention in the control and intervention groups were 134.222 ± 11.84 and 138.800 ± 12.42, respectively, showing no statistically significant difference (P = 0.096). The corresponding scores after the intervention for the control and intervention groups were 139.17 ± 12.46 and 154.05 ± 8.57, showing a significant intergroup difference (P < 0.001). Similarly, the pre-intervention self-esteem scores in the control and intervention groups were 30.30 ± 3.79 and 30.95 ± 8.61, showing no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.664). Besides, the post-intervention self-esteem scores in the control and intervention groups were 31.52 ± 3.42 and 36.001 ± 7.74, respectively, indicating a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Given the insight from this study, implementing training programs is a suitable solution for improving maternal role adaptation and increasing mothers' self-esteem. Furthermore, nurses' training packages can help the mother accept the maternal role more quickly and improve the mother's self-esteem for better care of the baby. Trial registration The registration number for this study was obtained from Kerman University of Medical Sciences, and the number of the grant was 98000150.

Odontogenic myxoma of the anterior mandible: Case report of a rare entity and review of the literature

This report intends to compare classic presentations of odontogenic myxoma in contrast to our case. We also suggest a comprehensive evaluation of lesions and strongly advocate against premature treatments before reaching a definitive diagnosis.

The potential renal toxicity of silver nanoparticles after repeated oral exposure and its underlying mechanisms

BACKGROUND

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can accumulate in various organs after oral exposure. The main objective of the current study is to evaluate the renal toxicity induced by AgNPs after repeated oral exposure and to determine the relevant molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

In this study, 40 male Wistar rats were treated with solutions containing 30, 125, 300, and 700 mg/kg of AgNPs. After 28 days of exposure, histopathological changes were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Masson's trichrome, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Apoptosis was quantified by TUNEL and immunohistochemistry of caspase-3, and the level of expression of the mRNAs of growth factors was determined using RT-PCR.

RESULTS

Histopathologic examination revealed degenerative changes in the glomeruli, loss of tubular architecture, loss of brush border, and interrupted tubular basal laminae. These changes were more noticeable in groups treated with 30 and 125 mg/kg. The collagen intensity increased in the group treated with 30 mg/kg in both the cortex and the medulla. Apoptosis was much more evident in middle-dose groups (i.e., 125 and 300 mg/kg). The results of RT-PCR indicated that Bcl-2 and Bax mRNAs upregulated in the treated groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the data related to EGF, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 revealed that AgNPs induced significant changes in gene expression in the groups treated with 30 and 700 mg/kg compared to the control group.

CONCLUSION

Our observations showed that AgNPs played a critical role in in vivo renal toxicity.

The Effect of Leptin Receptor Gene Polymorphisms (R223Q and P1019P) in Susceptibility to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Kurdish Women

Background

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the known endocrinopathy disorder in the reproductive phase of women's life. More than half of the women with PCOS suffer from obesity which impacts the ovarian functions by leptin levels. Here the R223Q and P1019P polymorphisms of leptin receptor (LEPR) gene were examined in PCOS patients of Kurdish women from west of Iran.

Materials and Methods

In this case-control study, one hundred women with PCOS and 100 healthy women bearing similar age range were selected based on Rotterdam diagnostic criteria. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to genotype polymorphisms LEPR (R223Q and P1019P), by respectively the BsaWI and NcoI restriction enzymes. Pearson's chi-square (χ2) test was used to analyze the variation in genetic distributions and unconditional logistic regression model was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR; 95% CI).

Results

Genotype frequencies of the R223Q and P1019P polymorphisms showed significant difference between the patients with PCOS compared to the controls. G allele (R223Q) reduced the risk of PCOS about 0.49-fold (P<0.001). While, T allele (P1019P) increased the risk of PCOS 2.69-fold (P<0.001).

Conclusion

It can be concluded that the R223Q and P1019P polymorphisms showed a significant association with PCOS susceptibility risk. It seems that G allele (R223Q) with reducing OR had a protective effect on this syndrome, while T allele (P1019P) with increasing OR was a risk factor for PCOS.

The effect of direct observation of procedural skills/mini-clinical evaluation exercise on the satisfaction and clinical skills of nursing students in dialysis

BACKGROUND

Since the purpose of medicine science is health promotion, education of this group is very important. The use of new evaluation methods is one of the first educational needs. Given that many conventional clinical evaluation methods are not able to fully evaluation students in the clinical settings and only evaluate limited information, This study is designed to evaluate the impact of direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) and mini-clinical evaluation exercise (mini-CEX) on nursing students and their clinical satisfaction skills.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2018 to evaluate the dialysis unit of the 6^th semester nursing students of Babol University of Medical Sciences in Iran. Samples were selected by the census method and then random allocation. Data collection was performed using two questionnaires and two checklists to evaluate the clinical skills and satisfaction of the two groups of testing and control. Moreover, the data were analysed with using the SPSS software (version 18, IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) through the descriptive and analytical statistics (Chi-square test and t-test).

RESULTS

The results showed that the intervention group compared with the control evaluation score of 13/73 ± 2/44, 11/74 ± 2/43, P < 0.002, respectively. Furthermore, the mean score of satisfaction of the intervention group with the DOPS method compared to the traditional method of the control group was 72/50 ± 7/31, 63/48 ± 9/31, P < 0.001, respectively. As well as, the mean score of satisfaction with the mini-CEX method of the intervention group compared to the traditional method of the control group was 73/28 ± 7/78, 63/48 ± 9/31, P < 0.002, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study showed that students who were evaluated by DOPS and mini-CEX methods had a higher score of clinical performance evaluation and higher level of satisfaction. Nursing professors can improve the learning process and the satisfaction of nursing students by using direct feedback on such evaluation methods.

Assessment of GSTO1 (A140D) and GSTO2 (N142D) Gene Polymorphisms in Iranian Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Background

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) protect cells from oxidative stress (OS). In humans, the GST omega class contains two expressed genes, GSTO1 and GSTO2. Because OS is involved in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between GSTO1 A140D (rs4925) and GSTO2 N142D (rs156697) polymorphisms in PCOS patients.

Methods

175 PCOS patients and 161 healthy controls were selected among women in Kermanshah province, Iran. GSTO1 and GSTO2 were genotyped using allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) and PCR-RFLP, respectively.

Results

For GSTO1, the DD genotype and the D allele led to 2.17- (P= 0.02) and 1.5-fold (P= 0.01) increases, respectively, in the odds ratios for PCOS. No significant difference was found between control and patient groups for the GSTO2 N142D genotype or allele frequency. GSTO1 and GSTO2 genotype interaction analysis showed that individuals with the GSTO1 AD or DD genotypes and the GSTO2 NN or DN genotypes had a 1.53-fold (P= 0.007) increase in PCOS risk over GSTO1 AA and GSTO2 DD individuals.

Conclusion

The GSTO1 A140D polymorphism is a risk factor for PCOS.

EFFECTS OF ACTIVATED-CARBON-FABRIC PARAMETERS ON RESPONSE OF A NEW POLYCARBONATE-BASED INDIVIDUAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RADON MONITOR

A new multi-purpose polycarbonate track detector (PCTD)/activated-carbon-fabric (ACF) radon monitor has been recently developed in our laboratory, a basic design of which was used for parametric studies. One 500 μm thick PCTD (3 cm x 3 cm) is used bare for detecting alphas from radon and progeny directly from air and another PCTD (3 cm x 3 cm) covered by an ACF layer (PCTD/ACF) to enhance the PCTD response by radon adsorption on its carbon active sites. The PCTDs were processed by 50 Hz-2 kV electrochemical etching method. The ACF/PCTD sensitivity was enhanced in respect to the PCTD/bare with an amplification factor (AF) defined as ratio of track density on PCTD under ACF to that of PCTD bare. Many ACF-related parameters studied affect the PCTD/ACF response among them thermal annealing of ACF, ACF thickness and distance of ACF layer to the PCTD are reported and discussed in this paper.

UNIVERSAL RADIATION PROTECTION SYSTEM (URPS); A NATURAL GLOBAL STANDARDISED TREND FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE CONTROL IN 21st CENTURY

In order to address the many deficiencies with current radiological protection system worldwide, this paper proposes a new Universal Radiation Protection System (URPS) Hypothesis with novel philosophy, concepts and methodologies of applying principles of equal human health-effect risks of an individual per unit radiation dose either from environmental natural background (NBG) or man-made sources; a 'standardised integrated dose system' for integrating all individual doses with emphasis on national NBG doses; considering worker as a member of public; and a 'cause-effect conservation principle' for epidemiology risk estimation. The URPS also a radiation hypothesises fractionation weighting factors (WF); a 'URPS Model' for bridging 'linear no-threshold and hormesis models'; example dose limit for workers; as well as new terms and definitions. State-of-the-art developments on URPS hypothesis are presented and discussed with simple global natural trends for standardised human exposure control in order to protect workers, patients, public and environment by standardised methods independent of source and country of origin in the 21st century.

Association of Fc gamma-receptor genes polymorphisms with chronic periodontitis and Peri-Implantitis

This study was conducted on 87 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), 50 patients with peri-implantitis and 90 periodontally healthy individuals referring to the Department of Periodontics for evaluating the association between Fc gamma-receptor genes polymorphisms with CP and peri-implantitis. After obtaining consent, venous blood samples (5cc) were obtained from patients and DNA was extracted using Miller's salting-out method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism and tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-PCR methods were used to assess the polymorphisms of FcγRs IIa, IIIa, and IIIb genes. Analyzing showed a significant association between specific genotypes with increasing CP and peri-implantitis risks in codominant and dominant models. For FcγR IIIa, analyzing revealed a significant association between specific genotypes with increasing CP and peri-implantitis risks in codominant, dominant, and recessive models. For FcγR IIIb, we also detected a significant association between specific genotypes with increasing CP and peri-implantitis risks in codominant, dominant, and recessive models ( P < 0.05). According to the results of this study, the FCGRIIa (rs1801274), FCGRIIIa (rs396991), and FCGRIIIb (rs1050501) polymorphisms were significantly associated with CP and peri-implantitis and may have a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases.

No evidence for a major effect of three common polymorphisms of the GPx1, MnSOD, and CAT genes on PCOS susceptibility

AIM

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the prevalent endocrine-metabolic disorders. It is proposed that oxidative stress contributes to PCOS susceptibility and its metabolic associations. The current study aimed to investigate the influence of GPx1 (rs1050450), MnSOD (rs4880), and Catalase (rs1001179) variants with PCOS susceptibility, for the first time.

METHODS

In a case-control study, 350 Kurdish female volunteers (175 PCOS patients and 175 healthy controls) from Western Iran were studied. Genotyping for GPx1 and MnSOD were done using PCR-RFLP and for CAT the allele-specific PCR method was used.

RESULTS

The percentage of patients suffering from hirsutism, acne, and acanthosis among patients with PCOS were 44.6%, 30.3%, and 14.9%, respectively. Distribution of alleles among patients suffering from PCOS versus healthy women was 'Pro' (69.1% vs 68.8%) and 'Leu' (31.4% vs 31.2%) for Gpx1, 'Ala' (61.43% vs 56.57%) and 'Val' (38.57% vs 43.43%) for MnSOD, and 'C' (83.43% vs 84.57%) and 'T' (16.57% vs 15.43%) for CAT.

CONCLUSION

GPx1 (rs1050450), MnSOD (rs4880), and CAT (rs1001179) variants might not be a risk factor for PCOS.

Perception of biological motions is preserved in people with autism spectrum disorder: electrophysiological and behavioural evidences

BACKGROUND

There have been some controversies over the ability of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to perceive biological motion. In this study, we used electroencephalography and behavioural measures (recognition test) to examine whether or not children with ASD can correctly identify biological motion.

METHOD

Twenty participants with ASD (mean = 11.3, SD = 2.1 years) and 20 typically developed (TD) participants (mean = 11.4, SD = 2.8 years) participated in the study. They watched videos and point light displays of actions, and their EEG was recorded. Then they answered action recognition test, and their accuracy and response times were recorded.

RESULTS

Our findings showed that children with ASD had the same mu suppression as a TD age-matched control group in both point light display and video presentations. Furthermore, the results showed that while TD and ASD groups did not differ in accuracy, ASD participants had a slower reaction time.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our results indicate that the perception of non-emotional BMs is preserved in children with ASD.

Assessment of thymoquinone effects on apoptotic and oxidative damage induced by morphine in mice heart

Opioids bind to specific receptors that are located in the central nervous system (CNS) and many other organs such as cardiovascular tissue. Morphine binds to opioid receptors and can induce oxidative stress under some certain conditions. Thymoquinone (TQ) has shown many therapeutic effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory ones. Considering the oxidative effects of morphine, antioxidant effects of TQ and effects of oxidative damage in various types of biomolecules, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of morphine plus TQ on the expression of apoptotic genes in the heart of male mice. Hence we used real-time PCR to identify alterations in mRNA expression of genes involved in apoptotic pathway, including p53, Bax and Bcl-2 between the morphine-treated and TQ plus morphine-treated mice. Serum nitric oxide (NO) (Griess assay) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were analyzed and compared. In the morphine group, compared to control group, a significant increase in P53 and Bax mRNA expression and a significant decrease in Bcl-2 mRNA expression were observed (p &lt; 0.01). In TQ plus morphine groups, NO was decreased (P &lt;0 .001) and TAC levels were increased significantly (P &lt; .001). Interestingly, TQ (9 and 18 mg/kg) plus morphine caused a significant decrease in p53 and Bax and a significant increase in Bcl2 mRNA expression, compared to morphine-treated group (p &lt; 0.01). Collectively, the results of this study indicated that TQ, as an antioxidant, can improve the apoptotic effects induced by morphine in the heart tissue of mice.

Effect of Cinnamon and Turmeric Aqueous Extracts on Serum Interleukin-17F Level of High Fructose-Fed Rats

BACKGROUND

Studies have indicated that extraweight and obesity induce chronic inflammation, which can lead to other diseases such as cancers.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effects of two weight-lowering and anti-inflammatory agents including cinnamon, and turmeric, on serum levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17) as a pro-inflammatory cytokine.

METHODS

In this study, 64 rats were designated in eight groups. The control group received normal diet. The other groups were fed with normal diet plus high cinnamon (3 mg/ml), high turmeric (3 mg/ml), high-fructose solution (30%), fructose solution with low (0.15 mg/ml) and high doses (3 mg/ml) of cinnamon and turmeric three times per week. The serum level of IL-17F was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

High fructose consumption led to an increase in the weight and serum level of IL-17. While, feeding with cinnamon and turmeric caused to decline weight but, surprisingly increased IL-17F levels.

CONCLUSION

Although, some studies have showed that cinnamon and turmeric supplementation decreased IL-17F under the standard diet, in the presence of high fructose diet and extraweight their effects were reversed and caused an increase in serum level of IL-17F.

Effect of Antioxidants on Testicular iNOS and eNOS after High-Fat Diet in Rat

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Spermatogenesis is a process by which germ cells produce spermatozoa and can be disturbed at every level. Nitric Oxide Synthases (NOS), implicate in interactions with Oxidative Stress (OS) which is one of the main factors in the etiology of male infertility. The High Fat Diet (HFD) is a major factor of obesity which in turn is important for enhancing OS. Antioxidants and garlic could attenuate or reverse effects of HFD. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary antioxidants and garlic on testicular inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) in Wistar albino rats fed on HFD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Groups (each n = 8) were: SD (100% access to standard diet), F-HFD, (100% access to HFD) and R-HFD (70% access to HFD), F-HFD +antioxidants, F-HFD+garlic and R-HFD+antioxidants. The HFD consisted of a 60% fatty diet in 3 forms: Without antioxidants, with antioxidants and with garlic. The testicular iNOS and eNOS were studied by immunohistochemical (IHC) method. Also used ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, t-tests and Tukey's test (where necessary) to analyze the data (p<0.05).

RESULTS

The iNOS increased in the F-HFD and R-HFD+antioxidants groups. The eNOS increased in R-HFD,F-HFD and F-HFD+garlic groups. The H-E evaluation in R-HFD group showed a decrease in spermatogenesis score count and seminiferous tubules diameters (μm) in comparison with the SD and F-HFD groups. R-HFD+antioxidants group had lower score than F-HFD+antioxidants and F-HFD+garlic groups.

CONCLUSION

Restricted fat diet consumption causes increase in weight and impairs spermatogenesis. Results of this study reveal that adding the antioxidants can't improve histological changes of testis. The iNOS expression in seminiferous tubules in restricted fat diet along with antioxidants, suggest a potential role of iNOS in spermatogenesis and male infertility.

Low Rate of babA2 Genotype among Iranian Helicobacter pylori Clinical Isolates

INTRODUCTION

The Blood Group Antigen-Binding Adhesion (babA), Outer Inflammatory Protein (oipA) and Sialic Acid-Binding Adhesin (sabA) as outer membrane proteins involved in Helicobacter pylori adherence to gastric mucosa have been suggested to have a role in the pathogenesis.

AIM

To investigate the frequency of H. pylori isolates babA2, oipA and sabA genes in Iranian dyspeptic patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

DNAs were extracted from H. pylori -positive cultures taken from 100 different dyspeptic patients. Genotyping was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), using the specific primers for babA2, oipA and sabA genes. Chi square test was used to investigate association between variables, p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

All (100%) isolates possessed oipA and sabA genotypes, whereas babA2 was detected in 22% of isolates. There was no significant relationship between presence of genes with clinical outcome. The combined genotype oipA +/sabA +/ babA2- was correlated with gastritis. The rate of babA2 genotype in our isolates was lower than other Iranian reports.

CONCLUSION

Frequency of babA2 genotype among H. pylori isolates from Southwest of Iran is considerably less than other regions of Iran. Due to heterogeneity of H. pylori strains in different geographic regions, further work will be needed to understand the role of these virulence genes in H. pylori pathogenesis and their possible association with disease outcome.

Protective Effect of Thymoquinone Against Morphine Injuries to Kidneys of Mice

INTRODUCTION

Thymoquinone is a phytochemical compound found in the plant Nigella sativa. It has various pharmacological effects such as antioxidant and anti-apoptotic. Morphine can increase the generation of free radicals. It is mainly excreted through the kidneys and causes disturbing effects. This study was designed to evaluate protective effects of thymoquinone against morphine-induced damages to the kidneys of mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Various doses of thymoquinone (4.5 mg/kg, 9 mg/kg, and 18 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally administered along with morphine to 48 male mice for 20 consequent days. These mice were compared with a control group with saline injection, morphine group, and groups with same doses of thymoquinone only (n = 6 in each group). Blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and serum nitric oxide levels, as well kidney weight and histology were assessed after the interventions.

RESULTS

Morphine administration significantly decreased kidney weight and the number and mean diameter of the glomeruli. Increased levels of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and serum nitric oxide were also noted with morphine compared to the control group (P < .05). However, administration of thymoquinone and thymoquinone plus morphine significantly enhanced kidney weight, number and mean diameter of the glomeruli. All of the groups with thymoquinone were also associated with reduced blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and serum nitric oxide levels compared to the morphine group (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

It seems that antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of thymoquinone could protect of the kidneys against damage due to morphine toxicity.

Comparison of two DNA extraction protocols from leave samples of Cotinus coggygria, Citrus sinensis and Genus juglans

High quality DNA is essential for molecular research. Secondary metabolites can affect the quantity and quality DNA. In current research two DNA isolation methods including CTAB and Delaporta (protocols 1 &amp; 2 respectively) were applied in three leave samples from Cotinus coggygria, Citrus sinensis and Genus juglans that their leaves are rich of secondary metabolites. We successfully isolated DNA from C. coggygria, C. sinensis and Genus Juglans using the two protocols described above. Good quality DNA was isolated from C. coggygria, C. sinensis and Genus Juglans using protocol 1, while protocol 2 failed to produce usable DNA from these sources. The highest amount of DNA (1.3-1.6) was obtained from them using protocol 1. As we discovered, procedure 1 may work better for plants with secondary metabolites.

Effect of rhythmic auditory stimulation on gait kinematic parameters of patients with multiple sclerosis

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effect of rhythmic auditory stimulation on gait kinematic parameters of patients with multiple sclerosis. Subjects and Methods: In this study, 18 subjects, comprising 4 males and 14 females with Multiple Sclerosis with expanded disability status scale of 3 to 6 were chosen. Subjects were selected by available and targeted sampling and were randomly divided into two experimental (n = 9) and control (n = 9) groups. Exercises were gait with rhythmic auditory stimulation by a metronome device, in addition to gait without stimulation for the experimental and control groups, respectively. Training was carried out for 3 weeks, with 30 min duration for each session 3 times a week. Stride length, stride time, double support time, cadence and gait speed were measured by motion analysis device. Results: There was a significant difference between stride length, stride time, double support time, cadence and gait speed in the experimental group, before and after the training. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the enhancement of stride length, stride time, cadence and gait speed in favor of the experimental group. While this difference was not significant for double support time. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that rhythmic auditory stimulation is an effective rehabilitation method to improve gait kinematic parameters in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Expression Changes of Apoptotic Genes in Tissues from Mice Exposed to Nicotine

Objective:

Smoking is the leading preventable cause of various diseases such as lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease. Nicotine, one of the major toxic components of tobacco, contributes to the pathogenesis of different diseases.

Methods:

Given the controversy about nicotine toxicity, the present study was conducted to determine apoptotic effects of nicotine on the heart, kidney, lung and liver of male mice. Real-time PCR was performed to identify mRNA expression changes in apoptotic-related genes between nicotine treated and control mice.

Result:

In the heart and lung, nicotine caused significant decrease in P53, Bax and Caspase-3 mRNA expression levels compared to the control group. However, in the kidney and liver, the result was significant increase in Bax, Caspase-2, Caspase-3 and a significant decrease in P53 mRNA expression (p<0.01). DNA fragmentation assays indicated no fragmentation in the heart and lung, but in the kidney and liver of nicotine treated mice, isolated DNA was fragmented.

Conclusion:

Our study provided insight into the molecular mechanisms of nicotine anti-apoptotic effects on the heart and lung as well as pro-apoptotic effects on kidney and liver via a P53-independent pathway.

Effect of a high fat diet on ovary morphology, in vitro development, in vitro fertilisation rate and oocyte quality in mice

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) on oocyte maturation and quality in a mouse model.

METHODS

Female BALB/c mice were allocated to one of the following groups: (a) control group (n = 40), which received a controlled diet; or (b) HFD group (n = 40), which received an HFD for 12 weeks. Sections of the ovary were examined histologically. The number of follicles and corpora lutea were counted. In vitro maturation and in vitro fertilisation (IVF) were assessed in germinal vesicle (GV) and metaphase II (MII) oocytes, respectively. The expression of bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and leptin receptor genes in GV and MII oocytes was evaluated using reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reactions.

RESULTS

In the HFD group, there was a decreased number of primordial and Graafian follicles, as well as corpora lutea (p < 0.05). The rate of oocyte development to the MII stage was also reduced (p < 0.001). Cumulus expansion was observed more frequently in the control group than the HFD group (p < 0.05). The IVF rate in the HFD group was lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). In the HFD group, BMP15 and leptin receptor genes were upregulated in the GV stage (p > 0.05) and MII stage (p < 0.05), compared to the control group.

CONCLUSION

An HFD reduces folliculogenesis in the primordial and Graafian stages, in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilisation rates, as well as oocyte quality in mice.

BACKGROUND TRACK DENSITY REDUCTION OF 50-HZ-HV ECE-PROCESSED THICK POLYCARBONATE DETECTORS TO IMPROVE LOWER DETECTION LIMIT

A recent novel development of 50-Hz-HV ECE of 1-mm-thick and 250-µm-thick polycarbonate track detectors (PCTDs) has proved some promising results for some health physics, dosimetry and ion-beam-related applications. The method while proved having some good characteristics for some applications provided a relatively higher background track density (BGTD) in particular when very high voltages are applied to the PCTDs. In order to decrease the minimum detection limit (MDL) of the PCTDs and to further promote its applications for low dose, the BGTD was reduced by applying a layer removal methodology applying ethylendiamine (EDA). The effects of EDA concentrations (50, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 and 90 %) in water at room temperature (26°C) and soaking durations up to 100 min at different EDA concentration on BGTD reduction were studied. The thickness of the layer removed from the surface of a PCTD highly depends on the soaking time and EDA concentration; it increases as the EDA concentration increases up to for example 700 µm after 2 h of soaking in the EDA solution. After ∼10 min of soaking duration at any of the above-stated concentrations, the BGTD reaches its minimum value, a value which differs from concentration to concentration. An EDA concentration of 85 % in water provided the lowest BGTD of 64.06 ± 3.12 tracks cm^{- 2}; ∼6 times lower than that of its original value. It is shown that the layer removal process does not change the registration characteristics of the PCTD and its appearance significantly. The MDL of the PCTDs depends strongly on the BGTD. The MDL values for a desired confidence level were also studied by three calculation methods. The results of the BGTD and the MDL studies under different conditions applied are presented and discussed.

Far-infrared tangential interferometer/polarimeter design and installation for NSTX-U

The Far-infrared Tangential Interferometer/Polarimeter (FIReTIP) system has been refurbished and is being reinstalled on the National Spherical Torus Experiment-Upgrade (NSTX-U) to supply real-time line-integrated core electron density measurements for use in the NSTX-U plasma control system (PCS) to facilitate real-time density feedback control of the NSTX-U plasma. Inclusion of a visible light heterodyne interferometer in the FIReTIP system allows for real-time vibration compensation due to movement of an internally mounted retroreflector and the FIReTIP front-end optics. Real-time signal correction is achieved through use of a National Instruments CompactRIO field-programmable gate array.

Effects of a selected exercise programon executive function of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Introduction. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a Selected exercise program on the executive function of children with ADHD. Method. The participants were 40 male students, aged 7-11 years. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group participated in an exercise program for 24 sessions, 90 minutes per session. The control group did not receive any intervention. Before and after the exercise period, all the participants were assessed with Stroop and Go-No-Go tests, and the resulting data were analyzed by using MANCOVA. Result. The results showed that the cognitive inhibition of the children in the experimental group was significantly different compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the behavioral inhibition (p < 0.05). Conclusion. An organized physical activity helps to improve the executive function in children with ADHD.

Health Issues and Challenges among Indian Urban Poor

In the last 60 years since independence, India had achieved considerable improvements in the health of its population as reflected in their life expectancies which have doubled within this period. This article aims at explaining pertinent health-care issues and challenges based on some health indicators in India by using the literature review method that involved collection of material from the online sources, which included government documents, articles and publications related to healthcare, healthcare indicators, poverty, financial burden and coping strategies. To avoid premature deaths among adults, children and maternal mortalities, greater attention should be given to prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases, and women and other social determinants of health. More attention should also be given to the reduction of births among teenage girls in order to avoid premature morbidity and mortality. To protect the vulnerable and poor, the government should provide more resources since financial burden of curative care is higher among lower income groups. However, in poorer states, the government tends to have relatively low ability to raise their own resources and the people in these states have a lower ability to pay for private insurance. Therefore, it is worthwhile and pertinent that the government initiates social insurance.

High rate of A2142G point mutation associated with clarithromycin resistance among Iranian Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates

This study aimed to investigate the clarithromycin resistance and its associated molecular mechanisms among Helicobacter pylori isolates from dyspeptic patients in Shiraz, Iran. From January to May 2014, 100 H. pylori strains were isolated from patients with gastroduodenal disorders. The resistance to clarithromycin was quantitatively evaluated, using Epsilometer (E-test) method. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed on all the isolates to detect A2143G and A2142G mutations in 23S rRNA gene. The H. pylori isolation rate was found to be 31.4%. E-test showed that 20% of isolates were resistant to clarithromycin (MIC ≥ 1 mg/L). MIC of clarithromycin ranged between 0.016 and 24 mg/L. Findings of PCR-RFLP showed that the A2142G was the most (90%) frequently point mutation, followed by the A2143G (10%). No statistically significant difference was found between H. pylori clarithromycin resistance point mutations and patients' gender or age. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of high frequency of A2142G point mutation in Iran and probably in other regions of the world. Considering the increasing trend of H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin due to these mutations, it is crucial to investigate the new therapeutic approaches against H. pylori infection.

Comparison of Oxidative Stress Markers and Serum Cortisol between Normal Labor and Selective Cesarean Section Born Neonates

INTRODUCTION

An imbalance between antioxidant and oxidant-generating systems in newborns can cause oxidative damage. The effect of modes of delivery on oxidative stress in neonates is not fully investigated.

AIM

This study was aimed to examine the effects of modes of delivery on oxidative stress markers and cortisol in newborns.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study 60 term neonates {30 born via Normal Delivery (ND) and 30 born via elective Caesarean Delivery (CS)} at birth were enrolled. Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activities were determined in umbilical cord blood in all neonates. Moreover serum cortisol, uric acid and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) were measured.

RESULTS

GPx and SOD activities in cesarean born neonates were significantly higher than those of control subjects (p<0.05). TAC and CAT were not significantly different between the two groups. Serum cortisol was lower in caesarean born subjects as compared to normal born neonates. On the other hand uric acid concentration was higher in caesarean born neonates.

CONCLUSION

The obtained data indicated that babies born via caesarean section might be predisposed to pathological conditions due to altered antioxidant levels.

Gastric Cancer and Helicobacter pylori: Impact of hopQII Gene

The Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium found usually in the stomach and use a number of mechanisms to survive in the stomach lumen. The presence of these bacteria in the stomach can lead to gastritis and reduction in stomach acid production. Acute inflammation can directly damage to the peripheral cells that are responsible for the secretion of acid. The risk of developing gastric carcinoma is associated to heterogeneity of Helicobacter pylori virulence factors. The HopQII is one of the outer membrane proteins involved in bacterial adherence to gastric mucosa and has been suggested to also play a role in the virulence of H. pylori. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between different H. pylori virulence hopQII allele and patients with gastroduodenal disorders. For this purpose 58 stomach biopsies of patients with gastric cancer and 100 saliva samples from healthy individuals were collected. Then genomic DNA was purified and PCR for was done for desired genes via specific primers. The H. pylori infections were diagnosed by PCR for GlmM gene. Then frequencies of hopQII+ and hopQII- genotypes was determined in H. pylori infected cases. Statistical analysis showed that there were not significant differences between healthy and diseased ones for genotype hopQII+.

Synergistic effects of nitric oxide and exercise on revascularisation in the infarcted ventricle in a murine model of myocardial infarction

It has been shown that density of microvessels decreases in the left ventricular after myocardial infarction (MI). The change of angiogenic and angiostatic factors as the main factors in revascularisation after exercise training in area at risk is not determined yet in MI. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the effect of exercise training and L-arginine supplementation on area at risk angiogenesis in myocardial infarction rat. Four weeks after surgery (Left Anterior Descending Coronary artery Ligation), myocardial infarction rats were divided into 4 groups: Sedentary rats (Sed-MI); L-arginine supplementation (La-MI); Exercise training (Ex-MI) and Exercise + L-arginine (Ex+La). Exercise training (ET) lasted for 10 weeks at 17 m/min for 10-50 min day(-1). Rats in the L-arginine-treated groups drank water containing 4 % L-arginine. After ET and L-arginine supplementation, ventricular function was evaluated and angiogenic and angiostatic indices were measured at ~1 mm from the edge of scar tissue (area at risk). Statistical analysis revealed that gene expression of VEGF as an angiogenic factor, angiostatin as an angiostatic factor and caspase-3 at area at risk decrease significantly in response to exercise training compared to the sedentary group. The capillary and arteriolar density in the Ex groups were significantly higher than those of the Sed groups. Compared to the Ex-MI group, the Ex+La group showed a markedly increase in capillary to fiber ratio. No significant differences were found in infarct size among the four groups, but cardiac function increased in response to exercise. Exercise training increases revascularization at area at risk by reduction of angiostatin. L-arginine supplementation causes additional effects on exercise-induced angiogenesis by preventing more reduction of VEGF gene expression in response to exercise. These improvements, in turn, increase left ventricular systolic function and decrease mortality in myocardial infarction rats.