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Lan Q, Wang K, Meng Z, Lin H, Zhou T, Lin Y, Jiang Z, Chen J, Liu X, Lin Y, Lin D. Roxadustat promotes hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor signalling to enhance random skin flap survival in rats. Int Wound J 2023; 20:3586-3598. [PMID: 37225176 PMCID: PMC10588316 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Random skin flaps have limited clinical application as a broad surgical reconstruction treatment because of distal necrosis. The prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein inhibitor roxadustat (RXD) enhances angiogenesis and reduces oxidative stress and inflammation. This study explored the function of RXD in the survival of random skin flaps. Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into low-dose RXD group (L-RXD group, 10 mg/kg/2 day), high-dose RXD group (H-RXD group, 25 mg/kg/2 day), and control group (1 mL of solvent, 1:9 DMSO:corn oil). The proportion of surviving flaps was determined on day 7 after surgery. Angiogenesis was assessed by lead oxide/gelatin angiography, and microcirculation blood perfusion was evaluated by laser Doppler flow imaging. Specimens in zone II were obtained, and the contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured as indicators of oxidative stress. Histopathological status was evaluated with haematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by immunohistochemistry. RXD promoted flap survival and microcirculatory blood perfusion. Angiogenesis was detected distinctly in the experimental group. SOD activity increased and the MDA level decreased in the experimental group. Immunohistochemistry indicated that the expression levels of HIF-1α and VEGF were increased while the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were decreased after RXD injection. RXD promoted random flap survival by reinforcing vascular hyperplasia and decreasing inflammation and ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Lan
- Department of Hand and Plastic SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First School of Clinical Medical, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Kaitao Wang
- Department of Hand and Plastic SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Zhefeng Meng
- Department of Hand and Plastic SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Hang Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First School of Clinical Medical, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Taotao Zhou
- Department of Hand and Plastic SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Hand and Plastic SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Zhikai Jiang
- Department of Hand and Plastic SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Jianpeng Chen
- Department of Hand and Plastic SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Xuao Liu
- Department of Hand and Plastic SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Yuting Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First School of Clinical Medical, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Dingsheng Lin
- Department of Hand and Plastic SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
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Aleksandrovych V, Bereza T, Ulatowska-Białas M, Pasternak A, Walocha JA, Pityński K, Gil K. Identification of PDGFRα+ cells in uterine fibroids - link between angiogenesis and uterine telocytes. Arch Med Sci 2022; 18:1329-1337. [PMID: 36160340 PMCID: PMC9479735 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.86795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Telocytes (TCs), also called interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLC), CD34+ cells or PDGFRα+ cells (platelet-derived growth factor receptor α positive cells), a new type of cell of mesenchymal origin, were described over one decade ago. The unique nature of these cells still deserves attention from the scientific community. Telocytes make homo- and heterocellular contact with myocytes, immunocytes and nerves, have their own immunohistochemical and secretome profiles and thus might regulate local regenerative processes including angiogenesis and fibrosis. The aim of our study was to observe the missing link between angiogenesis and telocytes in leiomyoma, the most common benign tumors affecting women of reproductive age. MATERIAL AND METHODS We observed uterine tissue samples from leiomyoma, adjacent myometrium and unchanged tissue from patients with leiomyoma and control subjects using routine histology, histochemistry, immunofluorescence (CD117, CD31, CD34, PDGFRα, tryptase, sFlt-1) and image analysis methods. RESULTS The decline of the telocyte density in the foci of fibroids correlated with poor vascularization inside the leiomyoma. Moreover, the expression of sFlt-1 (anti-angiogenic-related factor) significantly increased inside a fibroid. In leiomyoma the decrease of telocyte and blood micro-vessel density was accompanied by prevalence of collagen deposits, unlike the unchanged myometrium. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate TCs in human uterine fibroids and highlight their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of myometrial pathology in the context of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomasz Bereza
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Artur Pasternak
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy A. Walocha
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Pityński
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Caliskan T, Akalan H, Yilmaz I, Karaarslan N, Sirin DY, Ozbek H. The effects of rivaroxaban, an oral anticoagulant, on human IVD primary cultures. Arch Med Sci 2022; 18:1062-1070. [PMID: 35832710 PMCID: PMC9266726 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/136323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study aimed to investigate the potential effects of rivaroxaban, an oral anticoagulant that inhibits the effects of factor Xa, on intact intervertebral disc tissue cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). MATERIAL AND METHODS Rivaroxaban was applied to primary human cell cultures prepared from tissues of the intervertebral disc. Comparative molecular analyses were performed on non-drug-treated control group samples. Descriptive statistics were presented as the mean ± standard deviation. An analysis of variance test was performed to determine whether there were significant differences in the mean across the groups. When differences across groups were observed, Tukey's honestly significant difference post-hoc test was used for multiple pairwise comparisons. The significance of the obtained data was determined statistically. The α significance value was < 0.05. RESULTS The cells in the control group and in the rivaroxaban-treated group were viable, healthy, and proliferated (p < 0.05). However, the expression levels of the chondroadherin gene (CHAD), cartilage oligo matrix protein (COMP), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, and MMP-19 genes were changed (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although rivaroxaban does not suppress cell proliferation due to morphological, biological, and biochemical changes in the intervertebral disc tissue, it may change the expression of genes that are related to ECM maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tezcan Caliskan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Hande Akalan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Numan Karaarslan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Halic University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Yasar Sirin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Hanefi Ozbek
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Bakircay University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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Yang C, Zhong ZF, Wang SP, Vong CT, Yu B, Wang YT. HIF-1: structure, biology and natural modulators. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:521-527. [PMID: 34247775 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), as a main transcriptional regulator of metabolic adaptation to changes in the oxygen environment, participates in many physiological and pathological processes in the body, and is closely related to the pathogenesis of many diseases. This review outlines the mechanisms of HIF-1 activation, its signaling pathways, natural inhibitors, and its roles in diseases. This article can provide new insights in the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases, and recent progress on the development of HIF-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Innovation and Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhang-Feng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Sheng-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Chi-Teng Vong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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Kaplan N, Yilmaz I, Karaarslan N, Kaya YE, Sirin DY, Ozbek H. Does Nimodipine, a Selective Calcium Channel Blocker, Impair Chondrocyte Proliferation or Damage Extracellular Matrix Structures? Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:517-524. [PMID: 31057106 PMCID: PMC6751346 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190506124548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: The study aimed to investigate the effects of the active ingredient, nimodipine, on chondrocyte proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) structures in cartilage tissue cells. Methods: Chondrocyte cultures were prepared from tissues resected via surgical operations. Nimodipine was then applied to these cultures and molecular analysis was performed. The data obtained were statisti-cally calculated. Results: Both, the results of the (3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay and the fluorescence microscope analysis [a membrane permeability test carried out with acridine or-ange/propidium iodide staining (AO/PI)] confirmed that the active ingredient, nimodipine, negatively af-fects the cell cultures. Conclusion: Nimodipine was reported to suppress cellular proliferation; chondroadherin (CHAD) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) expression thus decreased by 2.4 and 1.7 times, respectively, at 24 hrs when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, type II collagen (COL2A1) ex-pression was not detected (p < 0.05). The risk that a drug prescribed by a clinician in an innocuous man-ner to treat a patient by relieving the symptoms of a disease may affect the proliferation, differentiation, and viability of other cells and/or tissues at the molecular level, beyond its known side effects or adverse events, should not be forgotten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Necati Kaplan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Corlu Reyap Hospital, Istanbul Rumeli University, 59680, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Numan Karaarslan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Namik Kemal University School of Medicine, 59100, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Yasin E Kaya
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Abant Izzet Basal University School of Medicine, 14000, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Duygu Y Sirin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Namik Kemal University, 59100, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Hanefi Ozbek
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey
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Akgun FS, Sirin DY, Yilmaz I, Karaarslan N, Ozbek H, Simsek AT, Kaya YE, Kaplan N, Akyuva Y, Caliskan T, Ates O. Investigation of the effect of dipyrone on cells isolated from intervertebral disc tissue. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:216-224. [PMID: 31258656 PMCID: PMC6566084 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dipyrone, an indispensable analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-spasmodic used in emergency departments, on nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus cells in vitro. After surgical biopsy, primary cell cultures were prepared from intact intervertebral disc tissues. Dipyrone was administered to the cultures in the experimental groups except for the control group. The data obtained were statistically evaluated. The proliferation was identified to be suppressed via MTT analysis. The gene expression profile of the intervertebral disc cells in the dipyrone-treated groups was significantly changed. The expression of chondroadherin, cartilage oligo matrix protein, interleukin-1β and metalloproteinase (MMP)-19 genes were decreased, but MMP-13 and MMP-7 genes expressions were increased, as determined via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. AO/PI staining revealed that no apoptotic or other type of cell death was detectable after administration of dipyrone does not mean that the drug is innocuous. The occurrence of cellular senescence and/or the halt of cell proliferation may also be important mechanisms underlying the adverse inhibitory effects of dipyrone. Therefore, prior to administering dipyrone in clinical practice, all possible adverse effects of this drug should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feride Sinem Akgun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Istanbul Maltepe University, Istanbul 34843, Turkey
| | - Duygu Yasar Sirin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | - Numan Karaarslan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Hanefi Ozbek
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Talha Simsek
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Yasin Emre Kaya
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14000, Turkey
| | - Necati Kaplan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Corlu Reyap Hospital, Istanbul Rumeli University, Tekirdag 59680, Turkey
| | - Yener Akyuva
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34433, Turkey
| | - Tezcan Caliskan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Ozkan Ates
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Koc University Hospital, Istanbul Koc University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
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Caliskan T, Sirin DY, Karaarslan N, Yilmaz I, Ozbek H, Akyuva Y, Kaplan N, Kaya YE, Simsek AT, Guzelant AY, Ates O. Effects of etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor receptor fusion protein, on primary cell cultures prepared from intact human intervertebral disc tissue. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:69-76. [PMID: 31258639 PMCID: PMC6566078 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of etanercept (ETA), a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor, on human cell cultures prepared from intact intervertebral disc tissue. ETA is used as a treatment for cases of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis accompanied by moderate or severe joint pain. ETA was applied to primary cell cultures [annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus (NP) from intact intervertebral disc tissue]. Cell cultures without ETA treatment served as the control group. Morphological and quantitative molecular analyses of the two groups were performed. The number of viable cells and cell proliferation decreased in the ETA-treated cultures as compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, in the treatment group, the chondroadherin gene, an NP-specific marker, was not expressed after 24 h. By contrast, the cartilage oligo matrix protein was expressed 24, 48 and 72 h post-ETA treatment, while its expression was significantly lower than that in the control group. In addition, the expression of interleukin-1β, as well as matrix metallopeptidase-7 and −19, was markedly decreased. Overall, the cell proliferation and gene expression in the ETA-treated cells were significantly different from those in the control group (P<0.05). These results suggest that the treatment duration and dosage of TNF inhibitors, which are used to suppress active inflammation, should be considered in the clinical setting. These biological agents may delay the healing of intervertebral disc tissue damage by slowing cell proliferation and altering gene expression via anabolic and catabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tezcan Caliskan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Namik Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Duygu Yasar Sirin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Numan Karaarslan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Namik Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | - Hanefi Ozbek
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | - Yener Akyuva
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34433, Turkey
| | - Necati Kaplan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Corlu Reyap Hospital, Istanbul Rumeli University, Tekirdag 59680, Turkey
| | - Yasin Emre Kaya
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Abant Izzet Basal University School of Medicine, Bolu 14000, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Talha Simsek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Namik Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Aliye Yildirim Guzelant
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Corlu Reyap Hospital, Istanbul Rumeli University, Tekirdag 59680, Turkey
| | - Ozkan Ates
- Department of Neurosurgery, Esencan Hospital, Istanbul Esenyurt University, Istanbul 34570, Turkey
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Karaarslan N, Batmaz AG, Yilmaz I, Ozbek H, Caliskan T, Yasar Sirin D, Kaplan N, Oznam K, Ates O. Effect of naproxen on proliferation and differentiation of primary cell cultures isolated from human cartilage tissue. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:1647-1654. [PMID: 30186383 PMCID: PMC6122143 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that are applied through oral, injectable or topical routes have been widely used in painful and inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases. The current study aimed to determine whether naproxen, an aryl acetic acid derivative with analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, has a toxic effect on human chondrocytes. Samples containing monolayer primary chondrocyte cultures were prepared following resection from osteochondral tissues obtained from patients with gonarthrosis. Cell viability, toxicity and proliferation and levels of stage-specific embryonic antigen-1, a precursor to human prechondrocytes, were evaluated spectrophotometrically. The results from the untreated control group were compared with those of the study groups, where naproxen was administered in varying doses (1-1,000 µM). Surface morphologies of the cells were compared using inverted light and environmental scanning electron microscopy. Treatment groups were compared by analysis of variance with Tukey's honest difference post hoc test. P<0.01 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. The research revealed significant changes to proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in all treatment groups (P<0.01). Naproxen was demonstrated to suppress chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, which may be an important factor to consider when prescribing this medication to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numan Karaarslan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Guray Batmaz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Atasehir Hospital, Istanbul 34384, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | - Hanefi Ozbek
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | - Tezcan Caliskan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Duygu Yasar Sirin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Necati Kaplan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Rumeli University, Corlu Reyap Hospital, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Kadir Oznam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34214, Turkey
| | - Ozkan Ates
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Esenyurt University, Esencan Hospital, Istanbul 34510, Turkey
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