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Frazão JB, Colombo M, Simillion C, Bilican A, Keller I, Wüthrich D, Zhu Z, Okoniewski MJ, Bruggmann R, Condino-Neto A, Newburger PE. Gene expression in chronic granulomatous disease and interferon-γ receptor-deficient cells treated in vitro with interferon-γ. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:4321-4332. [PMID: 30260027 PMCID: PMC6336507 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunity against intracellular infections and is used clinically for the prevention and control of infections in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and inborn defects in the IFN-γ/interleukin (IL)-12 axis. Using transcriptome profiling (RNA-seq), we sought to identify differentially expressed genes, transcripts and exons in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B lymphocytes (B-EBV) cells from CGD patients, IFN-γ receptor deficiency patients, and normal controls, treated in vitro with IFN-γ for 48 hours. Our results show that IFN-γ increased the expression of a diverse array of genes related to different cellular programs. In cells from normal controls and CGD patients, IFN-γ-induced expression of genes relevant to oxidative killing, nitric oxide synthase pathway, proteasome-mediated degradation, antigen presentation, chemoattraction, and cell adhesion. IFN-γ also upregulated genes involved in diverse stages of messenger RNA (mRNA) processing including pre-mRNA splicing, as well as others implicated in the folding, transport, and assembly of proteins. In particular, differential exon expression of WARS (encoding tryptophanyl-transfer RNA synthetase, which has an essential function in protein synthesis) induced by IFN-γ in normal and CGD cells suggests that this gene may have an important contribution to the benefits of IFN-γ treatment for CGD. Upregulation of mRNA and protein processing related genes in CGD and IFNRD cells could mediate some of the effects of IFN-γ treatment. These data support the concept that IFN-γ treatment may contribute to increased immune responses against pathogens through regulation of genes important for mRNA and protein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josias B. Frazão
- Department of Immunology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Martino Colombo
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Simillion
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3008, Switzerland
| | - Adem Bilican
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Irene Keller
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3008, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Wüthrich
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Zhiqing Zhu
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Michal J. Okoniewski
- Scientific IT Services, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, and Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Peter E. Newburger
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Abstract
The genomic revolution in the past decade fuelled by breathtaking advances in sequencing technologies has defined several new genetic diseases of the immune system. Many of these newly characterized diseases are a result of defects in genes involved in immune regulation. The discovery of these diseases has opened a vista of new therapeutic possibilities. Immunomodulatory agents, a hitherto unexplored therapeutic option in primary immunodeficiency diseases have been tried in a host of these newly described maladies. These agents have been shown conclusively to favorably modulate immune responses, resulting in abatement of clinical manifestations both in experimental models and patients. While some of the treatment options have been approved for therapeutic use or have been shown to be of merit in open-label trials, others have been shown to be efficacious in a handful of clinical cases, animal models, and cell lines. Interferon γ is approved for use in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) to reduce the burden of infection and and has a good long-term efficacy. Recombinant human IL7 therapy has been shown increase the peripheral CD4 and CD8 T cell counts in patients with idiopathic CD4. Anti-IL1 agents are approved for the management of cryopyrin-related autoinflammatory syndrome, and their therapeutic efficacy is being increasingly recognized in other autoinflammatory syndromes and CGD. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have been proven useful in autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) and in IPEX syndrome. Therapies reported to be potential use in case reports include abatacept in CTLA4 haploinsufficiency and LRBA deficiency, ruxolitinib in gain-of-function STAT1, tocilizumab in gain-of-function STAT3 defect, mTOR inhibitors in PIK3CD activation, magnesium in XMEN syndrome, and pioglitazone in CGD. Treatment options of merit in human cell lines include interferon α and interferon β in TLR3 and UNC-93B deficiencies, anti-interferon therapy in SAVI, and Rho-kinase inhibitors in TTC7A deficiency. Anti-IL17 agents have show efficacy in animal models of leukocyte adhesion defect (LAD) and ALPS. This topical review explores the use of various immunomodulators and other biological agents in the context of primary immunodeficiency and autoinflammatory diseases.
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