1
|
Tan H, He X, Han L, Ren H, Chai J, Li M, Zhao W, Lee J, Liu S, Li X, Zhao Y. Melanin resistance of heat-processed ginsenosides from Panax ginseng berry treated with citric acid through autophagy pathway. Bioorg Chem 2024; 152:107758. [PMID: 39216197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
GFRS is the conversion product of Panax ginseng Meyer berry after citric acid heat treatment, which is rich in rare ginsenosides. However, the anti-melanin role of GFRS in the regulation of skin pigmentation and its material basis remains unclear. To compare the anti-melanin activity before and after citric acid heat treatment, we determined the effects of GFS and GFRS on tyrosinase activity and melanin lever under α-MSH stimulation and found the potential anti-melanin effect of GFRS. Further, Western blot and immunofluorescence methods were used to reveal the mechanism by which GFRS detects anti-melanin activity by promoting autophagy flux levels. In zebrafish models, GFRS inhibited endogenous melanin and tyrosinase better than arbutin and promoted the accumulation of autophagy levels in vivo. To determine the material basis of the anti-melanin effect of GFRS, HPLC was used to isolate and prepare 12 ginsenosides from GFRS, and their activity evaluation and structure-activity relationship analysis were performed. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of GFRS on melanin was Rg3 > Rg5 > Rk1 > Rd. Molecular docking showed that their docking fraction with mushroom tyrosinase was significantly better than that of arbutin, but the presence of C-20 glycosylation decreased the anti-melanin activity of Rd. To maximize the content of Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1, we optimized the process by using citric acid heat treatment of ginsenoside Rd and found that citric acid heat treatment at 100°C almost completely transformed Rd and obtained a high content of active ingredients. In summary, our data demonstrated that GFRS exerted anti-melanin effects by inducing autophagy. It was further revealed that Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1, as effective active components, could be enriched by the improved process of converting ginsenoside Rd by citric acid heat treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Xiaojing He
- Perfect (Guangdong) Co., Ltd., Guangdong 528400, China
| | - Linlin Han
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Honghong Ren
- Perfect (Guangdong) Co., Ltd., Guangdong 528400, China
| | - Jiayi Chai
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Mingkun Li
- Perfect (Guangdong) Co., Ltd., Guangdong 528400, China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Jungjoon Lee
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Perfect (Guangdong) Co., Ltd., Guangdong 528400, China.
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Zeng L, Zhang Y, Qi W, Wang Z, Tian L, Zhao D, Wu Q, Li X, Wang T. Pharmacological properties, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of ginsenoside Rg3 as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:975784. [PMID: 36133804 PMCID: PMC9483152 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.975784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress lead to various acute or chronic diseases, including pneumonia, liver and kidney injury, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer. Ginseng is a well-known and widely used ethnic medicine in Asian countries, and ginsenoside Rg3 is a saponin isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Panax notoginseng, or Panax quinquefolius L. This compound has a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which have been evaluated in disease models of inflammation and oxidative stress. Rg3 can attenuate lung inflammation, prevent liver and kidney function damage, mitigate neuroinflammation, prevent cerebral and myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury, and improve hypertension and diabetes symptoms. The multitarget, multipathway mechanisms of action of Rg3 have been gradually deciphered. This review summarizes the existing knowledge on the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg3, suggesting that ginsenoside Rg3 may be a promising candidate drug for the treatment of diseases with inflammatory and oxidative stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Respiratory, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Li Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- Department of Respiratory, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Respiratory, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qibiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qibiao Wu, ; Xiangyan Li, ; Tan Wang,
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Qibiao Wu, ; Xiangyan Li, ; Tan Wang,
| | - Tan Wang
- Department of Respiratory, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Qibiao Wu, ; Xiangyan Li, ; Tan Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu XY, Yi ES, Kang CH, Liu Y, Lee YG, Choi HS, Jang HB, Huo Y, Baek NI, Yang DC, Kim YJ. Whitening and inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammation properties of the biotransformed green ginseng berry of new cultivar K1, ginsenoside Rg2 enriched, on B16 and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:631-641. [PMID: 34764718 PMCID: PMC8569260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Main bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions of ripened red ginseng berry (Panax ginseng Meyer) have been frequently reported. Yet, the research gap targeting the beneficial activities of transformed green ginseng berries has not reported elsewhere. Methods Ginsenosides of new green berry cultivar K-1 (GK-1) were identified by HPLC-QTOF/MS. Ginsenosides bioconversion in GK-1 by bgp1 enzyme was confirmed with HPLC and TLC. Then, mechanisms of GK-1 and β-glucosidase (bgp1) biotransformed GK-1 (BGK-1) were determined by Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Western blot. Results GK-1 possesses highest ginsenosides especially ginsenoside-Re amongst seven ginseng cultivars including (Chunpoong, Huangsuk, Kumpoong, K-1, Honkaejong, Gopoong, and Yunpoong). Ginseng root’s biomass is not affected with the harvest of GK-1 at 3 weeks after flowering period. Then, Re is bio-converted into a promising pharmaceutical effect of Rg2 via bgp1. According to the results of cell assays, BGK-1 shows decrease of tyrosinase and melanin content in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone challenged-murine melanoma B16 cells. BGK-1 which is comparatively more effective than GK-1 extract shows significant suppression of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and inflammatory target genes, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion These results reported effective whitening and anti-inflammatory of BGK-1 as compared to GK-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yue Xu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seob Yi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying Liu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Geun Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sol Choi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Bin Jang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yue Huo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thermal transformation of polar into less-polar ginsenosides through demalonylation and deglycosylation in extracts from ginseng pulp. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1513. [PMID: 33452317 PMCID: PMC7810680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81079-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to qualitatively and quantitatively elucidate dynamic changes of ginsenosides in ginseng pulp steamed under different temperatures (100 or 120 °C) for different durations (1-6 h) through UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and HPLC with the aid of as numerous as 18 authentic standards of ginsenosides. Results show that levels of eight polar ginsenosides (i.e., Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, F1, and Rd) declined but those of 10 less-polar ginsenosides [i.e., Rf, Rg2, 20(S)-Rh1, 20(R)-Rg2, F4, 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, PPT, Rg5, and 20(R)-Rh2] elevated with increases of both steaming temperature and duration; the optimum steaming conditions for achieving the highest total ginsenosides were 100 °C for 1 h. Particular, 20(R)-Rg3, a representative less-polar ginsenoside with high bioactivity such as potent anti-cancer effect, increased sharply but Re, the most abundant polar ginsenoside in fresh ginseng pulp, decreased dramatically. More importantly, ginsenoside species enhanced from 18 to 42 after steaming, mainly due to transformation of polar into less-polar ginsenosides. Furthermore, four malonyl-ginsenosides were detected in fresh ginseng pulps and ten acetyl-ginsenosides were formed during steaming, demonstrating that demalonylation and acetylation of ginsenosides were the dominant underling mechanisms for transformation of polar into less-polar ginsenosides.
Collapse
|
5
|
Doungtip P, Kim KT, Hong H, Ju SE, Choi JW, Siriwoharn T, Prinyawiwatkul W, Sriwattana S. Effects of immersion in fermented tea liquid and steam treatments on physicochemical properties and ginsenoside profiles of Korean ginseng. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyung Tack Kim
- Division of Strategic Food Technology Korea Food Research Institute Gyeonggi‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Hee‐Do Hong
- Division of Strategic Food Technology Korea Food Research Institute Gyeonggi‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Eun Ju
- Division of Strategic Food Technology Korea Food Research Institute Gyeonggi‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woong Choi
- Division of Strategic Food Technology Korea Food Research Institute Gyeonggi‐do Republic of Korea
| | | | - Witoon Prinyawiwatkul
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Louisiana State University, Agricultural Center Baton Rouge LA USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang F, Tang S, Zhao L, Yang X, Yao Y, Hou Z, Xue P. Stem-leaves of Panax as a rich and sustainable source of less-polar ginsenosides: comparison of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, American ginseng and Panax notoginseng prepared by heating and acid treatment. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:163-175. [PMID: 33437168 PMCID: PMC7790872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides, which have strong biological activities, can be divided into polar or less-polar ginsenosides. Methods This study evaluated the phytochemical diversity of the saponins in Panax ginseng (PG) root, American ginseng (AG) root, and Panax notoginseng (NG) root; the stem-leaves from Panax ginseng (SPG) root, American ginseng (SAG) root, and Panax notoginseng (SNG) root as well as the saponins obtained following heating and acidification [transformed Panax ginseng (TPG), transformed American ginseng (TAG), transformed Panax notoginseng (TNG), transformed stem-leaves from Panax ginseng (TSPG), transformed stem-leaves from American ginseng (TSAG), and transformed stem-leaves from Panax notoginseng (TSNG)]. The diversity was determined through the simultaneous quantification of the 16 major ginsenosides. Results The content of ginsenosides in NG was found to be higher than those in AG and PG, and the content in SPG was greater than those in SNG and SAG. After transformation, the contents of polar ginsenosides in the raw saponins decreased, and contents of less-polar compounds increased. TNG had the highest levels of ginsenosides, which is consistent with the transformation of ginseng root. The contents of saponins in the stem-leaves were higher than those in the roots. The transformation rate of SNG was higher than those of the other samples, and the loss ratios of total ginsenosides from NG (6%) and SNG (4%) were the lowest among the tested materials. In addition to the conversion temperature, time, and pH, the crude protein content also affects the conversion to rare saponins. The proteins in Panax notoginseng allowed the highest conversion rate. Conclusion Thus, the industrial preparation of less-polar ginsenosides from SNG is more efficient and cheaper.
Collapse
Key Words
- AG, American ginseng
- NG, Panax notoginseng
- PG, Panax ginseng
- SAG, the stem-leaves from American ginseng
- SNG, the stem-leaves from Panax notoginseng
- SPG, the stem-leaves from Panax ginseng
- TAG, transformed American ginseng
- TNG, transformed Panax notoginseng
- TPG, transformed Panax ginseng
- TSAG, transformed stem-leaves from American ginseng
- TSNG, transformed stem-leaves from Panax notoginseng
- TSPG, transformed stem-leaves from Panax ginseng
- acid transformation
- less-polar ginsenosides
- root ginsenosides
- stem-leaf ginsenosides
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiang Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shaojian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiushi Yang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohua Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Peng Xue
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xue P, Yao Y, Yang XS, Feng J, Ren GX. Improved antimicrobial effect of ginseng extract by heat transformation. J Ginseng Res 2017; 41:180-187. [PMID: 28413322 PMCID: PMC5386132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of halitosis has a prevalence of 22-50% throughout the world and is generally caused by anaerobic oral microorganisms, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Clostridium perfringens, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Previous investigations on the structure-activity relationships of ginsenosides have led to contrasting results. Particularly, the antibacterial activity of less polar ginsenosides against halitosis-related bacteria has not been reported. METHODS Crude saponins extracted from the Panax quinquefolius leaf-stem (AGS) were treated at 130°C for 3 h to obtain heat-transformed saponins (HTS). Five ginsenoside-enriched fractions (HTS-1, HTS-2, HTS-3, HTS-4, and HTS-5) and less polar ginsenosides were separated by HP-20 resin absorption and HPLC, and the antimicrobial activity and mechanism were investigated. RESULTS HPLC with diode-array detection analysis revealed that heat treatment induced an extensive conversion of polar ginsenosides (-Rg1/Re, -Rc, -Rb2, and -Rd) to less polar compounds (-Rg2, -Rg3, -Rg6, -F4, -Rg5, and -Rk1). The antimicrobial assays showed that HTS, HTS-3, and HTS-4 were effective at inhibiting the growth of F. nucleatum, C. perfringens, and P. gingivalis. Ginsenosides-Rg5 showed the best antimicrobial activity against the three bacteria, with the lowest values of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. One major reason for this result is that less polar ginsenosides can more easily damage membrane integrity. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the less polar ginsenoside-enriched fraction from heat transformation can be used as an antibacterial agent to control halitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xue
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Shi Yang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Jilin Ginseng and Pilose Antler Office, Changchun, China
| | - Gui-Xing Ren
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang L, Zhang L, Wang X, Si H. Anti-adipogenic Effects and Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Rg3 in Pre-adipocytes and Obese Mice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:113. [PMID: 28337143 PMCID: PMC5340763 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Red or black ginseng has been reported more powerful than white/fresh ginseng in dealing with various diseases/conditions including obesity. The major reason is that heating/steaming, the process of making red or black ginseng, produces large amount of bioactive compounds including ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), which are trace in fresh or white ginseng. In the present study, Rg3 was applied both in pre-adipocytes and obese mice to investigate the anti-adipogenic effects and relevant mechanisms. Our results show that Rg3 dose-dependently inhibited cell differentiation both in 3T3-L1 cells (30, 50, and 100 μM) and human primary pre-adipocytes (10, 20, and 30 μM). This inhibitory effect is accompanied by the attenuation of the expressions of adipogenic markers including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP-α), fatty acid synthase (FAS), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and perilipin. Although dietary intake of Rg3 (0.1 mg Rg3/kg diet, 8 weeks) did not significantly affect body weight gain, fat pads and food intake as well as of PPAR-γ expression in fat tissues, we found that hepatic PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α protein expressions and hepatic glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase, two major antioxidants molecules were significantly reduced by Rg3. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rg3 may be a potential agent in reducing/preventing obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hongwei Si
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Tennessee State University,Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yoon SH, Nam YM, Hong JT, Kim SJ, Ko SK. Modification of ginsenoside composition in red ginseng (Panax ginseng) by ultrasonication. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:300-3. [PMID: 27616907 PMCID: PMC5005358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The result of USRG-12 indicated that ultrasonication-processed (100°C, 12 h) red ginseng extracts had the highest amount of ginsenosides Rg3 (0.803%), Rg5 (0.167%), and Rk1 (0.175%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Yoon
- Department of Oriental Medical Food & Nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon, Korea
| | - Yun-Min Nam
- Department of Oriental Medical Food & Nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon, Korea; Ginseng Research Center, Koyeon, Jecheon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Tae Hong
- Department of Oriental Medical Food & Nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon, Korea
| | | | - Sung-Kwon Ko
- Department of Oriental Medical Food & Nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon, Korea; Ginseng Research Center, Koyeon, Jecheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim SJ, Shin JY, Ko SK. Changes in the contents of prosapogenin in Red ginseng (Panax ginseng) depending on the extracting conditions. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:86-9. [PMID: 26843826 PMCID: PMC4703796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the contents of prosapogenin depending on the extracting conditions of Red ginseng to provide basic information for developing Red ginseng-based functional foods. The content of ginsenoside Rg3 reached their maximum value at 24 h of extraction, followed by 36 h and 72 h of extraction at 100°C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Kwon Ko
- Department of Oriental Medical Food & Nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Biswas T, Ajayakumar P, Mathur AK, Mathur A. Solvent-based extraction optimisation for efficient ultrasonication-assisted ginsenoside recovery from Panax quinquefolius and P. sikkimensis cell suspension lines. Nat Prod Res 2015; 29:1256-63. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1024119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Biswas
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, PO CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - P.V. Ajayakumar
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, PO CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Mathur
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, PO CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Archana Mathur
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, PO CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jang HJ, Han IH, Kim YJ, Yamabe N, Lee D, Hwang GS, Oh M, Choi KC, Kim SN, Ham J, Eom DW, Kang KS. Anticarcinogenic effects of products of heat-processed ginsenoside Re, a major constituent of ginseng berry, on human gastric cancer cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2830-2836. [PMID: 24666263 DOI: 10.1021/jf5000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Re is a triol type triterpene glycoside and is abundantly present in ginseng berry. In the present study, we verified that ginsenoside Re can be transformed into less-polar ginsenosides, namely, Rg2, Rg6, and F4, by heat-processing. The products of heat-processed ginsenoside Re inhibited phosphorylation of CDK2 at Thr160 by upregulation of p21 level, resulting in S phase arrest. The products of heat-processed ginsenoside Re also activated caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3, followed by cleavage of PARP, a substrate of caspase-3, in a dose-dependent manner. Concurrently, alteration of mitochondrial factors such as Bcl-2 and Bax was also observed. Moreover, pretreatment with Z-VAD-fmk abrogated caspase-8, -9, and -3 activations by the products of heat-processed ginsenoside Re. We further confirmed that the anticancer effects of the products of heat-processed ginsenoside Re in AGS cells are mainly mediated via generation of less-polar ginsenosides Rg6 and F4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Jai Jang
- Clinical Medicine Institute & Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Gangneung 210-711, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|