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Guan Y, Fan J, Sun C, Yang Y, Quan J, Zhang G, Guo N. Differences in the chemical composition of Panax ginseng roots infected with red rust. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 283:114610. [PMID: 34508801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng rusty root (GRR) is a commonly occurring disease that affects the continuous farming and economic value of mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG). Previous studies have demonstrated a generally smaller level of total ginsenoside in GRR tissue, but differences in individual ginsenosides or changes between rusty and healthy MCG with a higher age have not been investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY This research aimed to identify differences in the chemical components in the roots of rusty compared with healthy MCG harvested at 20-years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS Differences between rusty and healthy MCG roots in individual ginsenosides were evaluated using a non-targeted metabonomic-based ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) technique. Chemical markers and the principal constituents were then quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Furthermore, total ginsenosides, total polysaccharides, and the elemental composition were evaluated separately using spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). RESULTS There was no significant difference in the levels of total ginsenosides or total polysaccharides between the rusty and healthy groups. However, the concentrations of pivotal individual ginsenosides, including ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Ro, and ginsenoside Rd were significantly lower in the rusty group. In addition, concentrations of Fe and Al were higher in the rusty group compared with the healthy group. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that GRR affects the synthesis of ginsenosides of 20-year-old MCG, which further establishes reference data and the basis for exploration of the mechanisms causing metabolic changes in ginseng resulting from GRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Shandong, 276006, China
| | - Jianwei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Shandong, 276006, China
| | - Chenghong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Shandong, 276006, China
| | - Yiqing Yang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jianye Quan
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Shandong, 276006, China.
| | - Na Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Shandong, 276006, China; Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Center for Post-doctoral Research, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Wang JY, Xing Y, Li MY, Zhang ZH, Jin HL, Ma J, Lee JJ, Zhong Y, Zuo HX, Jin X. Panaxadiol inhibits IL-1β secretion by suppressing zinc finger protein 91-regulated activation of non-canonical caspase-8 inflammasome and MAPKs in macrophages. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 283:114715. [PMID: 34648898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The use of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. in traditional Chinese medicine dates back to about 5000 years ago thanks to its several beneficial and healing properties. Panaxadiol is a triterpenoid sapogenin monomer found in the roots of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. and has been proven to have various bio-activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour and neuroprotective effects. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study focuses on investigating the inflammation inhibitory effect and mechanism of panaxadiol by regulating zinc finger protein 91-regulated activation of non-canonical caspase-8 inflammasome and MAPKs in macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro, the underlying mechanisms by which panaxadiol inhibits ZFP91-regulated IL-1β expression were investigated using molecular docking, western blotting, RT-PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation assays. In vivo, colitis was induced by oral administration of DSS in drinking water, and peritonitis was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of alum. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV serotype 9) vector was used to establish ZFP91 knockdown mouse. RESULTS We confirmed that panaxadiol inhibited IL-1β secretion by suppressing ZFP91 in macrophages. Further analysis revealed that panaxadiol inhibited IL-1β secretion by suppressing ZFP91-regulated activation of non-canonical caspase-8 inflammasome. Meanwhile, panaxadiol inhibited IL-1β secretion by suppressing ZFP91-regulated activation of MAPKs. In vivo, prominent anti-inflammatory effects of panaxadiol were demonstrated in a DSS induced acute colitis mouse model and in an alum-induced peritonitis model by suppressing ZFP91-regulated secretion of inflammatory mediators, consistent with the results of the AAV-ZFP91 knockdown in mice. CONCLUSIONS We report for the first time that panaxadiol inhibited IL-1β secretion by suppressing ZFP91-regulated activation of non-canonical caspase-8 inflammasome and MAPKs, providing evidence for anti-inflammation mechanism of panaxadiol treatment for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Yue Xing
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Ming Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Zhi Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Hong Lan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Juan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Jung Joon Lee
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Yi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Hong Xiang Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Xuejun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, China.
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Dong J, Yin Z, Su L, Yu M, Wang M, Li L, Mao C, Lu T. Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of raw and steamed Panax notoginseng roots in rats by UPLC-MS/MS for simultaneously quantifying seven saponins. Pharm Biol 2021; 59:653-661. [PMID: 34062093 PMCID: PMC8172216 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1928239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT After being steamed, the restorative effects of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen (Araliaceae) will be strengthened. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. OBJECTIVE To compare the pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides Rg1, Rb1, Rd, Re, Rg5, Rk1, notoginsenoside R1 (GRg1, GRb1, GRd, GRe, GRg5, GRk1 and NGR1) in the raw and steam-processed P. notoginseng (RPN and SPN). MATERIALS AND METHODS The pharmacokinetics of seven components after oral administration of SPN and RPN extracts (1.0 g/kg) were investigated, respectively, in SD rats (two groups, n = 6) using UPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS The approach elicited good linear regression (r2 > 0.991). The accuracy, precision and stability were all within ± 15%. The extraction recoveries and matrix effects were 75.0-100.8% and 85.1-110.3%, respectively. Compared with the RPN group, AUC0-t of GRg1 (176.63 ± 42.49 ng/h/mL), GRb1 (5094.06 ± 1453.14 ng/h/mL), GRd (1396.89 ± 595.14 ng/h/mL), and NGR1 (135.95 ± 54.32 ng/h/mL), along with Cmax of GRg1 (17.41 ± 5.43 ng/mL), GRb1 (361.48 ± 165.57 ng/mL), GRd (62.47 ± 33.65 ng/mL) and NGR1 (23.97 ± 16.77 ng/mL) decreased remarkably with oral administration of the SPN extracts, while GRe showed no significantly difference. Of note, GRg5 and GRk1 could not be detected in the plasma. CONCLUSIONS Influence of the processing reduced the systemic exposure levels to GRg1, GRb1, GRd and NGR1. It is the first report of comparative pharmacokinetic study of multiple saponins analysis after oral administration of RPN and SPN extract, which might be helpful for further studies on its steam-processing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- CONTACT Jiajia Dong ;;
| | - Zhenzhen Yin
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Lianlin Su
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Mengting Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chunqin Mao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Tulin Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Key Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Tulin Lu College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing210023, PR China
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Wang Q, Fu W, Yu X, Xu H, Sui D, Wang Y. Ginsenoside Rg2 alleviates myocardial fibrosis by regulating TGF-β1/Smad signalling pathway. Pharm Biol 2021; 59:106-113. [PMID: 33535854 PMCID: PMC8871615 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1867197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae) has cardioprotective effects. Ginsenosides are responsible for most of the pharmacological activities of ginseng. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effect of ginsenoside Rg2 on myocardial fibrosis in myocardial ischaemia rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into control, isoproterenol, ginsenoside Rg2 (5, 20 mg/kg) groups (n = 8). The rats were subcutaneously injected with isoproterenol (5 mg/kg) or normal saline (control group) once daily for 7 days. The animals were intragastrically treated with ginsenoside Rg2 or 0.5% CMC-Na (control and isoproterenol groups) daily for 28 days. At day 28, cardiac function, myocardial fibrosis, and TGF-β1/Smad signalling pathway were evaluated. RESULTS Compared with myocardial ischaemic rats, ginsenoside Rg2 at doses of 5, 20 mg/kg abated partially the augment of LVEDP (8.9 ± 1.3 vs. 7.5 ± 0.7, 7.2 ± 1.0 mmHg) and the decreases of the LVSP (96.75 ± 13.2 vs. 118.3 ± 19.4, 124.3 ± 21.3 mmHg), the + dp/dt (2142.8 ± 309.3 vs. 2598.6 ± 404.0, 2661.5 ± 445.2 mmHg/s), and the -dp/dt (1996.3 ± 306.3 vs. 2476.6 ± 289.7, 2509.6 ± 353.1 mmHg/s). Ginsenoside Rg2 (9.2 ± 0.9%, 8.5 ± 0.8%) alleviated myocardial fibrosis when compared with the isoproterenol group (10.1 ± 1.0%), which was accompanied by suppressed TGF-β1/Smad signalling in heart tissues. CONCLUSIONS Ginsenosides from ginseng possess the property of alleviating myocardial fibrosis, improving cardiac function after myocardial ischaemia. Ginsenosides may be promising agents for improving the outcomes of patients with myocardial ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanwei Wang
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Wenwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Huali Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yeling Wang
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
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Wang HQ, Yang SW, Gao Y, Liu YJ, Li X, Ai QD, Lin MY, Yang YT, Zeng Q, Zhang Y, Wang ZZ, Chen NH. Novel antidepressant mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1: Regulating biosynthesis and degradation of connexin43. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 278:114212. [PMID: 34087399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is a valuable medicinal herb and "alternative" remedy for the prevention and treatment of depression. Dysfunction of connexin43 (Cx43)-gap junction in astrocytes is predisposed to the precipitation of depression. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), the main bioactive constituent extracted from ginseng, is efficacious in the management of depression by upregulating the content of Cx43. Our previous results indicated that pretreatment with Rg1 significantly improved Cx43-gap junction in corticosterone (CORT)-treated astrocytes. However, the antidepressant mechanism underlying how Rg1 upregulates Cx43-gap junction in astrocytes hasn't been proposed. AIM OF THE STUDY To dissect the mechanisms of Rg1 controlling Cx43 levels in primary astrocytes. METHODS We examined the changes of the level of Cx43 mRNA, the degradation of Cx43, as well as the ubiquitin-proteasomal and autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathways of Cx43 followed by Rg1 prior to CORT in rat primary astrocytes isolated from prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, the recognized method of scrape loading/dye transfer was performed to detect Cx43-gap junctional function, an essencial indicator of the antidepressant effect. RESULTS Pretreatment with Rg1 could reverse CORT-induced downregulation of Cx43 biosynthesis, acceleration of Cx43 degradation, and upregulation of two Cx43 degradation pathways in primary astrocytes. CONCLUSION The findings in the present study provide the first evidence highlighting that Rg1 increases Cx43 protein levels through the upregulation of Cx43 mRNA and downregulation of Cx43 degradation, which may be attributed to the effect of Rg1 on the ubiquitin-proteasomal and autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathways of Cx43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qin Wang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Song-Wei Yang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ying-Jiao Liu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Xun Li
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Qi-Di Ai
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Mei-Yu Lin
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Yan-Tao Yang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Wang Y, Wu J, Zhu J, Ding C, Xu W, Hao H, Zhang J, Wang G, Cao L. Ginsenosides regulation of lysophosphatidylcholine profiles underlies the mechanism of Shengmai Yin in attenuating atherosclerosis. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 277:114223. [PMID: 34044080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation, Shengmai Yin (SMY), is widely applied in cardiovascular disease treatments. However, the pharmacological mechanism of its therapeutic effects has not been fully clarified. AIM OF THIS STUDY This study aimed to clearly define the efficacy and underlying mechanism of SMY and its active components in protecting against atherosclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The pharmacological effects of SMY and its components were evaluated upon a mouse hypercholesteremia model induced by a high cholesterol diet (HCD) for 12 weeks and Apoe-/- mice, a mouse atherosclerosis model. Pathological indicators including serum cholesterol levels, cytokines and histological changes in aortic root plaques were assessed. Untargeted metabolomic, untargeted lipidomic and targeted lipidomic changing profiles were investigated to clarify pharmacological mechanisms. RESULTS SMY and red ginseng crude extracts (GE) significantly decreased the serum cholesterol levels in hypercholesteremia mice and reduced the aortic root plaque areas and exerted antiatherogenic efficacy in Apoe-/- mice. Moreover, total red ginseng saponin extracts (TGS) showed the most apparent improvement on maintaining lipid homeostasis, representing the effects of red ginseng in SMY on atherosclerosis treatment. Mechanically, TGS inhibited serum secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) activity and lowered the serum levels of lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), which is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that ginsenosides from SMY exerted therapeutic effects on atherosclerosis by maintaining lipid homeostasis including cholesterol and lysoPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jiawei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jiaying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chujie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wanfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lijuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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He M, Wang N, Zheng W, Cai X, Qi D, Zhang Y, Han C. Ameliorative effects of ginsenosides on myelosuppression induced by chemotherapy or radiotherapy. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 268:113581. [PMID: 33189841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and ethnopharmacological relevance: As the major side effect of radiotherapy or chemotherapy, myelosuppression usually leads to anemia, hemorrhage, immunosuppression, and even fatal infections, which may discontinue the process of cancer treatment. As a result, more and more attention is paid to the treatment of myelosuppression. Ginseng, root of Panax ginseng Meyer (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey), is considered as the king of herbs in the Orient, particularly in China, Korea and Japan. Ginsenosides, the most important active ingredients of ginseng, have been shown to have a variety of therapeutic effects, such as neuroprotective, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic properties. Considering that ginsenosides are closely associated with the pathogenesis of myelosuppression, researchers have carried out a few experiments on ginsenosides to attenuate myelosuppression induced by chemotherapy or radiotherapy in recent years. AIM OF THE STUDY To summarize previous studies about the effects of ginsenosides on alleviating myelosuppression and the mechanisms of action. METHODS Literatures in this review were searched in PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. RESULTS Ginsenosides play an important role in relieving myelosuppression predominantly by restoring hematopoiesis and immunity. CONCLUSION Ginsenosides might be potential candidates for the treatment of myelosuppression induced by chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao He
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, PR China.
| | - Na Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, PR China.
| | - Wenxiu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, PR China.
| | - Dongmei Qi
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, PR China.
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, PR China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Control and Construction of the Whole Industrial Chain of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, PR China.
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, PR China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Control and Construction of the Whole Industrial Chain of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, PR China.
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Lou T, Huang Q, Su H, Zhao D, Li X. Targeting Sirtuin 1 signaling pathway by ginsenosides. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 268:113657. [PMID: 33276056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng is a kind of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, known as "king of herbs" and widely used in China, South Korea, and other Asian countries. Ginsenosides are one of active components of Panax ginseng Meyer, which have many pharmacological effects, such as enhancing memory, improving immunity and cardiovascular system, delaying aging, and preventing cancer. AIMS OF THE REVIEW This review aims to summarize the recent findings for ginsenosides targeting Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) signaling pathway for the prevention and treatment of a series of diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS An up-to-August 2020 search was carried out in databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and classic books of traditional Chinese medicine using the keywords: "SIRT1", and/or paired with "ginseng", and "ginsenosides". RESULTS SIRT1 is a class-III histone deacetylase (HDAC), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent enzyme, which is deeply involved in a series of pathological processes. Based on specific intracellular localization, SIRT1 has various cytoplasmic and nuclear targets and plays a potential role in energy metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and aging. Ginsenosides are generally classified into three groups and microbially transformed to final metabolites. Among of them, most ginsenosides have been reported as SIRT1 activators, especially those ginsenosides with two glucopyranosyl groups on the C-3 position. Importantly, many ginsenosides can be used to prevent and treat oxidative stress, inflammation, aging, tumorigenesis, depression, and others by targeting SIRT1 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS This paper reviews recent evidences of ginsenosides targeting SIRT1 for the first time, which could provide new insights on the preclinical and clinical researches for ginsenosides against multiple disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lou
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China; Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China; Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Hang Su
- Practice Innovations Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China; Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China; Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
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Yang W, Lai Q, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yu B, Li F, Kou J. Mechanisms dissection of the combination GRS derived from ShengMai preparations for the treatment of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 264:113381. [PMID: 32946961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Recently, a new drug combination GRS comprising ginsenoside Rb1 (G-Rb1), ruscogenin (R-Rus) and schisandrin (S-SA) was screened based on ShengMai preparations, which exhibited a prominent cardioprotective effects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate their systemic and individual mechanism of each compound in combination GRS. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mice model of MI/R and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cardiomyocytes injury were performed to explore the respective characteristics of each compound in GRS against myocardial injury. RESULTS Each component in the combination GRS attenuated MI/R injury as evidenced by decreased myocardial infarct size, ameliorated histological features, and improved biochemical indicators. Meanwhile, ingredient G, R and S in combination also individually performed a significant decrease of apoptotic index in MI/R mice and H/R-induced cardiomyocytes injury. Mechanistically, component G in GRS could markedly increase the ATP content in cardiomyocytes through activation of AMPKα phosphorylation. Interestingly, the anti-apoptotic actions of G were profoundly attenuated by knockdown of AMPKα, while no alteration was observed on composition R and S. Moreover, component R in GRS significantly reduced the IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression, as well as the content of IL-6 via the modulation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Further, component S exhibited the most powerful anti-oxidative capacity in GRS and remarkably decreased the production of MDA and ROS, and potential mechanisms might at least in part through activating the Akt-14-3-3 signaling pathway and inhibiting the phosphorylation of Bad and ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the respective mechanism of each compound in combination GRS against MI/R injury might closely associated with energy metabolism modulation, suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Qiong Lai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Boyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Fang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Junping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
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Piao XM, Huo Y, Kang JP, Mathiyalagan R, Zhang H, Yang DU, Kim M, Yang DC, Kang SC, Wang YP. Diversity of Ginsenoside Profiles Produced by Various Processing Technologies. Molecules 2020; 25:E4390. [PMID: 32987784 PMCID: PMC7582514 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is a traditional medicinal herb commonly consumed world-wide owing to its unique family of saponins called ginsenosides. The absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides mainly depend on an individual's gastrointestinal bioconversion abilities. There is a need to improve ginseng processing to predictably increase the pharmacologically active of ginsenosides. Various types of ginseng, such as fresh, white, steamed, acid-processed, and fermented ginsengs, are available. The various ginseng processing methods produce a range ginsenoside compositions with diverse pharmacological properties. This review is intended to summarize the properties of the ginsenosides found in different Panax species as well as the different processing methods. The sugar moiety attached to the C-3, C-6, or C-20 deglycosylated to produce minor ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd→Rg3, F2, Rh2; Re, Rf→Rg1, Rg2, F1, Rh1. The malonyl-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd were demalonylated into ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd by dehydration. Dehydration also produces minor ginsenosides such as Rg3→Rk1, Rg5, Rz1; Rh2→Rk2, Rh3; Rh1→Rh4, Rk3; Rg2→Rg6, F4; Rs3→Rs4, Rs5; Rf→Rg9, Rg10. Acetylation of several ginsenosides may generate acetylated ginsenosides Rg5, Rk1, Rh4, Rk3, Rs4, Rs5, Rs6, and Rs7. Acid processing methods produces Rh1→Rk3, Rh4; Rh2→Rk1, Rg5; Rg3→Rk2, Rh3; Re, Rf, Rg2→F1, Rh1, Rf2, Rf3, Rg6, F4, Rg9. Alkaline produces Rh16, Rh3, Rh1, F4, Rk1, ginsenoslaloside-I, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rh1-60-acetate, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh19, zingibroside-R1 through hydrolysis, hydration addition reactions, and dehydration. Moreover, biological processing of ginseng generates the minor ginsenosides of Rg3, F2, Rh2, CK, Rh1, Mc, compound O, compound Y through hydrolysis reactions, and synthetic ginsenosides Rd12 and Ia are produced through glycosylation. This review with respect to the properties of particular ginsenosides could serve to increase the utilization of ginseng in agricultural products, food, dietary supplements, health supplements, and medicines, and may also spur future development of novel highly functional ginseng products through a combination of various processing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Min Piao
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.M.P.); (H.Z.); (D.C.Y.)
| | - Yue Huo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Jong Pyo Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.M.P.); (H.Z.); (D.C.Y.)
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Dong Uk Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Mia Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular and Neurologic Diseases, College of Korea Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 100011, Korea;
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.M.P.); (H.Z.); (D.C.Y.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Ying Ping Wang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.M.P.); (H.Z.); (D.C.Y.)
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Al-Dujaili EAS, Hajleh MNA, Chalmers R. Effects of Ginseng Ingestion on Salivary Testosterone and DHEA Levels in Healthy Females: An Exploratory Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061582. [PMID: 32481563 PMCID: PMC7352699 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is a traditional herbal adaptogen that has been historically used in China and the Far East. Ginsenosides are the active component of ginseng known to exert several actions by targeting "multi-receptor systems", both extracellular and intracellular. In humans, ginseng effects remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether ginseng can influence salivary androgen levels (testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)) in females. The study followed a parallel partially controlled design. Healthy women (n = 24) were recruited and divided into two groups (A = 20-32 and B = 38-50 years). Volunteers were asked to maintain a food diary pre and post ginseng consumption and collected four salivary samples (7 a.m., 9 a.m., 12 p.m., and 5 p.m.) before and after ingesting 75 mg red Korean ginseng extract per day for seven days. Testosterone and DHEA were then assayed by ELISA methods. Group A's mean daily salivary testosterone pre ginseng ingestion increased from 76.3 ± 16.6 to 98.4 ± 21.1 pg/mL post ginseng (p < 0.01) with significant difference at all time points, and mean daily salivary DHEA increased from 1.53 ± 0.63 to 1.98 ± 0.89 ng/mL post ginseng (p = 0.02). Group B's mean daily salivary testosterone pre ginseng ingestion was 61.2 ± 16.9 and post ginseng 68.1 ± 11.5 pg/mL (p = 0.132), and daily salivary DHEA increased from 0.91 ± 0.32 to 1.62 ± 0.49 ng/mL post ginseng (p = 0.014) with significant difference at all time points. In conclusion, it appears that ginseng intake significantly increased salivary testosterone levels in the younger women group, but only slightly in the older group. However, DHEA levels in the older women showed a marked and significant increase. These results suggest a potential role for ginseng in modulating salivary androgen levels and that such effect may be more evident in older women where the levels of androgens (DHEA) start to decline. However, it has to be stressed that our results are preliminary and further properly controlled trials are justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad A. S. Al-Dujaili
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-131-339-1785
| | - Maha N. Abu Hajleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Ruth Chalmers
- Biological Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh EH21 6UU, UK;
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12
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Razgonova M, Zakharenko A, Shin TS, Chung G, Golokhvast K. Supercritical CO 2 Extraction and Identification of Ginsenosides in Russian and North Korean Ginseng by HPLC with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061407. [PMID: 32204525 PMCID: PMC7144364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng roots, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, obtained from cultivated ginseng grown in the Kaesong province (North Korea) and Primorye (Russia) were extracted using the supercritical CO2 extraction method. The extracts were subsequently analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry identification. The results showed the spectral peaks of typical ginsenosides with some other minor groups, and major differences were observed between the spectra of the two ginseng samples. The use of a pressure of 400 bar and higher allowed an increase in the yield of ginsenosides in comparison with similar previous studies
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayya Razgonova
- SEC Nanotechnology, Engineering school, Far Eastern Federal University, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia; (M.R.); (K.G.)
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Zakharenko
- SEC Nanotechnology, Engineering school, Far Eastern Federal University, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia; (M.R.); (K.G.)
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-9146-681-935
| | - Tai-Sun Shin
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea;
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- SEC Nanotechnology, Engineering school, Far Eastern Federal University, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia; (M.R.); (K.G.)
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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Jiang J, Xiao S, Yan S, Zhang J, Xu X. The effects of sulfur fumigation processing on Panacis Quinquefolii Radix in chemical profile, immunoregulation and liver and kidney injury. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 249:112377. [PMID: 31707050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The influence of sulfur fumigation processing on chemical profile, pharmacological activity and safety of Chinese herbs has attracted great attention. Panacis Quinquefolii Radix (PQR) was more widely used as edible and medicinal than Ginseng because of its tonifying effect and characteristic of not getting inflamed. The disadvantage of sulfur fumigated (SF) Ginseng has been reported, but the systematic study of SF-PQR is deficient and urgently needed. AIM OF THE STUDY To systematically describe the influence of sulfur fumigation on chemical profile, characteristic products, immunoregulation and liver and kidney injury of PQR. MATERIALS AND METHODS ICP-MS and HPLC-DAD were used to detect 11 inorganic elements and 3 ginsenosides, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to distinguish SF-PQR from non-sulfur fumigated (NSF)-PQR by combining the content changes of inorganic elements and ginsenosides. UPLC/Orbitrap-MS was applied to screen the characteristic products (m/z) after sulfur fumigation. For the effectiveness and safety, male KM mice were used to compare the immunomodulatory effects of NSF-PQR or SF-PQR under both healty and cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppressive conditions by net growth rate of body weight, thymus and spleen indices, serum IL-6, SOD, BUN, AST levels, and HE staining of liver and kidney. RESULTS Sulfur fumigation processing significantly reduced the contents of ginsenosides Rb1, Re and Rg1 with the elevation of inorganic elements in 20 batches PQR. Based on the scatter distribution of PCA, SF-PQR and NSF-PQR can be distinguished. According to the Rt, Precursor ion (m/z) and Product ion (m/z) produced by UPLC/Orbit trap-MS, R1-SO3 (m/z, 1059.53), Re-SO3 (m/z, 1025.55), Rg1-SO3 (m/z, 878.47), Ro-SO3 (m/z, 1035.32), Rb1-SO3 (m/z, 1179.58), and Rk3-SO3 (m/z, 745.40) could be confirmed as important markers for identifying SF-PQR. The effect of SF-PQR on reversing immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) evidenced by the inhibition of net growth rate of body weight, immune organ index, IL-6 level and SOD activity. For healthy mice, SF-PQR not only failed to maintain the normal indexes, but also reduced the indexes to lower levels. After 2 weeks of continuous gastric administration, the abnormal liver and kidney functions in healthy mice were damaged and manifested by the increasing of BUN and AST levels, which was consistent with hepatic lesion area and renal tubular injury observed by HE staining. CONCLUSION Sulfur fumigation processing not only reduced the immunomodulatory effect of PQR, but also brought the hidden danger in liver and kidney injury. The sulfonated products provided in this paper can be applied for the identification of SF-PQR accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301(#) Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shichang Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301(#) Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shu Yan
- ADR Monitoring Center, Zhenjiang Food and Drug Supervision and Inspection Center, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinxuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301(#) Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301(#) Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Kim K, Nam KH, Yi SA, Park JW, Han JW, Lee J. Ginsenoside Rg3 Induces Browning of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Activating AMPK Signaling. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020427. [PMID: 32046061 PMCID: PMC7071202 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3, one of the major components in Panax ginseng, has been reported to possess several therapeutic effects including anti-obesity properties. However, its effect on the browning of mature white adipocytes as well as the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we suggested a novel role of Rg3 in the browning of mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes by upregulating browning-related gene expression. The browning effects of Rg3 on differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were evaluated by analyzing browning-related markers using quantitative PCR, immunoblotting, and immunostaining. In addition, the size and sum area of lipid droplets in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were measured using Oil-Red-O staining. In mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes, Rg3 dose-dependently induced the expression of browning-related genes such as Ucp1, Prdm16, Pgc1α, Cidea, and Dio2. Moreover, Rg3 induced the expression of beige fat-specific genes (CD137 and TMEM26) and lipid metabolism-associated genes (FASN, SREBP1, and MCAD), which indicated the activation of lipid metabolism by Rg3. We also demonstrated that activation of 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is required for Rg3-mediated up-regulation of browning gene expression. Moreover, Rg3 inhibited the accumulation of lipid droplets and reduced the droplet size in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Taken together, this study identifies a novel role of Rg3 in browning of white adipocytes, as well as suggesting a potential mechanism of an anti-obesity effect of Panax ginseng.
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Park SJ, Nam J, Ahn CW, Kim Y. Anti-diabetic properties of different fractions of Korean red ginseng. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 236:220-230. [PMID: 30849506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Korean red ginseng (KRG) has been traditionally used to treat diabetes. Ginsenosides are considered as the major bioactive components mediating anti-diabetic effects of KRG. However, considering that ginsenosides account for only about 3-4% of ginsengs, other fractions of KRG may also carry potential anti-diabetic effects. There is no study reporting the differentiated effects of ginsenosides (Spn) and non-saponin fractions (NSpn) of KRG on glycemic control. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated the effects of KRG, Spn, and NSpn on the indications of glycemic control and sought to elucidate physiological factors contributing their effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human T2DM mimicking Nagoya-Shibata-Yasuda (NSY/hos) mice were given KRG, Spn, or NSpn admixed in rodent diet at 200 mg/kg/day for 24 weeks. Glycemic and obesity indications, blood lipid profile, systematic and local oxidative stress markers in metabolically important organs, and systematic inflammatory markers were assessed. Molecular assessments associated with glycemic control in liver and skeletal muscle were further performed. RESULTS KRG attenuated deterioration in glucose homeostasis as evidenced by significantly lower fasting blood glucose from 22nd week and AUC during GTT at the end of the experiment compare to control. Spn enhanced insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulation and reduced protein level of glycogen phosphorylase in liver. On the other hand, NSpn ameliorated oxidative stress and inflammation. Some beneficial effects of Spn and NSpn were reflected in KRG treated mice. KRG also attenuated the accumulation of malondialdehyde in skeletal muscle and, accordingly, enhanced insulin responsiveness compare to control. CONCLUSION Anti-diabetic properties of KRG are not solely determined by the contents of ginsenosides but the harmonic functions of its different fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jeong Park
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jisun Nam
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul Woo Ahn
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - YuSik Kim
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Park S, Ko E, Lee JH, Song Y, Cui CH, Hou J, Jeon BM, Kim HS, Kim SC. Gypenoside LXXV Promotes Cutaneous Wound Healing In Vivo by Enhancing Connective Tissue Growth Factor Levels Via the Glucocorticoid Receptor Pathway. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081595. [PMID: 31018484 PMCID: PMC6515290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is a well-orchestrated event in which many types of cells and growth factors are involved in restoring the barrier function of skin. In order to identify whether ginsenosides, the main active components of Panax ginseng, promote wound healing, the proliferation and migration activities of 15 different ginsenosides were tested by MTT assay and scratched wound closure assay. Among ginsenosides, gypenoside LXXV (G75) showed the most potent wound healing effects. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of G75 on wound healing in vivo and characterize associated molecular changes. G75 significantly increased proliferation and migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, and promoted wound closure in an excision wound mouse model compared with madecassoside (MA), which has been used to treat wounds. Additionally, RNA sequencing data revealed G75-mediated significant upregulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), which is known to be produced via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) pathway. Consistently, the increase in production of CTGF was confirmed by western blot and ELISA. In addition, GR-competitive binding assay and GR translocation assay results demonstrated that G75 can be bound to GR and translocated into the nucleus. These results demonstrated that G75 is a newly identified effective component in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjoo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Eunsu Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Jun Hyoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Yoseb Song
- Department of Biological Sciences and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Chang-Hao Cui
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Jingang Hou
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Byeong Min Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Hun Sik Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Sun Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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17
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Liang Q, Zhang J, Su X, Meng Q, Dou J. Extraction and Separation of Eight Ginsenosides from Flower Buds of Panax Ginseng Using Aqueous Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Coupled with an Aqueous Biphasic System. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040778. [PMID: 30795582 PMCID: PMC6413155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are recognized as a possible replacement of traditional organic solvents, and ILs have been widely applied to extract various compounds. The present work aims to extract ginsenosides from Panax ginseng flower buds using aqueous ionic liquid based ultrasonic assisted extraction (IL-UAE). The extraction yields of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with different anions and alkyl chains were evaluated. The extraction parameters of eight ginsenosides were optimized by utilizing response surface methodology (RSM). The model demonstrated that a high yield of total ginsenosides could be obtained using IL-UAE, and the optimum extraction parameters were 0.23 M [C4mim][BF4], ultrasonic time of 23 min, temperature of extraction set to 30 °C, and liquid-solid ratio of 31:1. After that, an aqueous biphasic system (ABS) was used to separate ginsenosides further. The nature and concentration of salt, as well as the value of pH in ionic liquid were evaluated, and the optimal conditions (6.0 mL IL extract, 3 g NaH2PO4, and pH 5.0) were obtained. The preconcentration factor was 2.58, and extraction efficiency reached 64.53%. The results indicate that as a simple and efficient method, an IL-UAE-ABS can be considered as a promising method for extracting and separating the natural active compounds from medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Xingguang Su
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Qingwei Meng
- Plusone Native Co., Ltd., Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Jianpeng Dou
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China.
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18
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Choi P, Kim K, Kim T, Park YT, Song BG, Shin MS, Kim YH, Hwang GS, Kang KS, Ham J. Application of microwave-irradiation technique in deglycosylation of ginsenosides for improving apoptosis induction in human melanoma SK-MEL-2 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:400-405. [PMID: 30594431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To increase the contents of medicinally effective ginsenosides, we used high-temperature and high-pressure thermal processing of ginseng by exposing it to microwave irradiation. To determine the anti-melanoma effect, the malignant melanoma SK-MEL-2 cell line was treated with an extract of microwave-irradiated ginseng. Microwave irradiation caused changes in the ginsenoside contents: the amounts of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd were disappeared, while those of less polar ginsenosides, such as Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1, were increased. In particular, the contents of Rk1 and Rg5 markedly increased. Melanoma cells treated with the microwave-irradiated ginseng extract showed markedly increased cell death. The results indicate that the microwave-irradiated ginseng extract induced melanoma cell death via the apoptotic pathway and that the cytotoxic effect of the microwave-irradiated ginseng extract is attributable to the increased contents of specific ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilju Choi
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwantae Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejung Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Park
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Geun Song
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Sook Shin
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungyeob Ham
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Shen H, Gao XJ, Li T, Jing WH, Han BL, Jia YM, Hu N, Yan ZX, Li SL, Yan R. Ginseng polysaccharides enhanced ginsenoside Rb1 and microbial metabolites exposure through enhancing intestinal absorption and affecting gut microbial metabolism. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 216:47-56. [PMID: 29366768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polysaccharides and small molecules commonly co-exist in decoctions of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Our previous study outlined that ginseng polysaccharides (GP) could interact with co-existing ginsenosides to produce synergistic effect in an over-fatigue and acute cold stress model via gut microbiota involved mechanisms. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to verify the interactions by examining the impact of GP on oral pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), the dominant protopanoxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside in Ginseng, on a dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) induced experimental colitis model which was characterized by gut dysbiosis, and to delineate the underlying mechanisms in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats received drinking water (normal group), 5% DSS (UC group), or 5% DSS plus daily oral administration of GP (GP group) for 7 days and fecal samples were collected on day -3, 0 and 6. On day 7 all animals received an oral dosage of Rb1 and blood samples were withdrawn for pharmacokinetic study. The in vitro metabolism study of Rb1 in gut microbiota from normal and UC rats and the transport study of Rb1 across Caco-2 cell monolayer were carried out in presence/absence of GP. Rb1 and its bacterial metabolites ginsenoside Rd (Rd), ginsenoside F2 (F2), Compound K (CK) and PPD were determined using LC-MS/MS. Total and target bacteria in fecal samples were determined by using 16S rRNA-based RT-PCR. β-Glucosidase activity was determined by measuring 4-nitrophenol formed from 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside hydrolysis. RESULTS DSS induction did not alter AUC0-t and Cmax of Rb1, which, however, were doubled together with elevated AUC0-t of the metabolites, in particular Rd and CK, in GP group. GP influenced the microbial composition and showed a prebiotic-like effect. Accordingly, GP treatment could partially restore the β-glucosidase activity which was reduced by DSS induction. The presence of GP resulted in quicker microbial metabolism of Rb1 and higher Rd formation in first 8 h of incubation, while the impact on F2 and CK formation/conversion became obvious after 8 h. More interestingly, GP slightly stimulated Caco-2 cell growth and facilitated Rb1 transport across the Caco-2 monolayer in both directions, increasing the Papp of Rb1 from 10-7 cm/s to 10-6 cm/s. CONCLUSIONS GP alleviated DSS-induced colitis-like symptoms and enhanced the systemic exposure of Rb1 through enhancing microbial deglycosylation and intestinal epithelial absorption of Rb1. These findings further demonstrated the important role of gut microbiota in the multifaceted action of polysaccharides in the holistic actions of traditional decoction of TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Xue-Jiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Wang-Hui Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Bei-Lei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yu-Meng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Nan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, PR China.
| | - Ru Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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20
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Lee DY, Kim HG, Lee YG, Kim JH, Lee JW, Choi BR, Jang IB, Kim GS, Baek NI. Isolation and Quantification of Ginsenoside Rh23, a New Anti-Melanogenic Compound from the Leaves of Panax ginseng. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020267. [PMID: 29382138 PMCID: PMC6017343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new ginsenoside, named ginsenoside Rh23 (1), and 20-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3β,6α,12β,20β,25-pentahydroxydammar-23-ene (2) were isolated from the leaves of hydroponic Panax ginseng. Compounds were isolated by various column chromatography and their structures were determined based on spectroscopic methods, including high resolution quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry (HR-QTOF/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. To determine anti-melanogenic activity, the change in the melanin content in melan-a cells treated with identified compounds was tested. Additionally, we investigated the melanin inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rh23 on pigmentation in a zebrafish in vivo model. Compound 1 inhibited potent melanogenesis in melan-a cells with 37.0% melanogenesis inhibition at 80 µM and also presented inhibition on the body pigmentation in zebrafish model. Although compound 2 showed slightly lower inhibitory activity than compound 1, it also showed significantly decreased melanogenesis in melan-a cell and in zebrafish model. These results indicated that compounds isolated from hydroponic P. ginseng may be used as new skin whitening compound through the in vitro and in vivo systems. Furthermore, this study demonstrated the utility of MS-based compound 1 for the quantitative analysis. Ginsenoside Rh23 (1) was found at a level of 0.31 mg/g in leaves of hydroponic P. ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Hyoung-Geun Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Yeong-Geun Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- College of Herbal Bio-industry, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea.
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Bo-Ram Choi
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - In-Bae Jang
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Geum-Soog Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
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21
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Zhang JJ, Su H, Zhang L, Liao BS, Xiao SM, Dong LL, Hu ZG, Wang P, Li XW, Huang ZH, Gao ZM, Zhang LJ, Shen L, Cheng RY, Xu J, Chen SL. Comprehensive Characterization for Ginsenosides Biosynthesis in Ginseng Root by Integration Analysis of Chemical and Transcriptome. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060889. [PMID: 28561788 PMCID: PMC6152789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbgenomics provides a global platform to explore the genetics and biology of herbs on the genome level. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is an important medicinal plant with numerous pharmaceutical effects. Previous reports mainly discussed the transcriptome of ginseng at the organ level. However, based on mass spectrometry imaging analyses, the ginsenosides varied among different tissues. In this work, ginseng root was separated into three tissues-periderm, cortex and stele-each for five duplicates. The chemical analysis and transcriptome analysis were conducted simultaneously. Gene-encoding enzymes involved in ginsenosides biosynthesis and modification were studied based on gene and molecule data. Eight widely-used ginsenosides were distributed unevenly in ginseng roots. A total of 182,881 unigenes were assembled with an N50 contig size of 1374 bp. About 21,000 of these unigenes were positively correlated with the content of ginsenosides. Additionally, we identified 192 transcripts encoding enzymes involved in two triterpenoid biosynthesis pathways and 290 transcripts encoding UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Of these UGTs, 195 UGTs (67.2%) were more highly expressed in the periderm, and that seven UGTs and one UGT were specifically expressed in the periderm and stele, respectively. This genetic resource will help to improve the interpretation on complex mechanisms of ginsenosides biosynthesis, accumulation, and transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - He Su
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guangdong Branch, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Data Center, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Bao-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Shui-Ming Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Dong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Xi-Wen Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Zhi-Hai Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guangdong Branch, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhi-Ming Gao
- The Engineering Technology Research Center for Chinese Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Lian-Juan Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Liang Shen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Rui-Yang Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Shi-Lin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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22
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Farh MEA, Kim YJ, Singh P, Yang DC. Cross Interaction Between Ilyonectria mors-panacis Isolates Infecting Korean Ginseng and Ginseng Saponins in Correlation with Their Pathogenicity. Phytopathology 2017; 107:561-569. [PMID: 27918242 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-16-0210-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ilyonectria mors-panacis belongs to I. radicicola species complex and causes root rot and replant failure of ginseng in Asia and North America. The aims of this work were to identify I. mors-panacis that infect Korean ginseng using molecular approaches and to investigate whether their aggressiveness depends on their ability to metabolize ginseng saponins (ginsenosides) by their β-glucosidases, in comparison with other identified Ilyonectria species. Fourteen isolates were collected from culture collections or directly isolated from infected roots and mainly identified based on histone H3 (HIS H3) sequence. Among them, six isolates were identified as I. mors-panacis while others were identified as I. robusta and I. leucospermi. The pathogenicity tests confirmed that the isolates of I. mors-panacis were significantly more aggressive than I. robusta and I. leucospermi. The major ginsenosides in I. mors-panacis-infected roots were significantly reduced while significantly increased in those infected with other species. In vitro, the isolates were tested for their sensitivity and ability to metabolize the total major ginsenosides (Total MaG), protopanaxadiol-type major ginsenosides (PPD-type MaG), and protopanaxatriol-type major ginsenosides (PPT-type MaG). Unexpectedly, the growth rate and metabolic ability of I. mors-panacis isolates were significantly low on the three different ginsenoside fractions while those of I. robusta and I. leucospermi were significantly reduced on PPT-type MaG and Total MaG fractions and not affected on PPD-type MaG fraction. Our results indicate that major ginsenosides, especially PPT-type, have an antifungal effect and may intervene in ginseng defense during Ilyonectria species invasion, in particular the weak species. Also, the pathogenicity of I. mors-panacis may rely on its ability to reduce saponin content; however, whether this reduction is caused by detoxification or another method remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Agamy Farh
- First, second, and fourth authors: Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea; and third and fourth authors: Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- First, second, and fourth authors: Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea; and third and fourth authors: Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Priyanka Singh
- First, second, and fourth authors: Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea; and third and fourth authors: Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- First, second, and fourth authors: Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea; and third and fourth authors: Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
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23
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Qiu S, Yang WZ, Yao CL, Shi XJ, Li JY, Lou Y, Duan YN, Wu WY, Guo DA. Malonylginsenosides with Potential Antidiabetic Activities from the Flower Buds of Panax ginseng. J Nat Prod 2017; 80:899-908. [PMID: 28345906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
LC-MS-guided phytochemical isolation of malonylginsenosides, featuring neutral elimination of CO2 and C3H2O3 by the negative mode collision-induced dissociation, from the flower buds of Panax ginseng led to the isolation of 19 malonyl-substituted triterpenoid saponins. They include 15 new malonylginsenosides, malonylfloralginsenosides-Re1-Re3 (1-3), -Rb1 and -Rb2 (4, 5), -Rd1-Rd6 (6-11), and -Rc1-Rc4 (12-15), and the known m-Rb1, m-Rc, m-Rb2, and m-Rd (16-19). Compound 11 represents the first dimalonyl saponin isolated from the Panax genus, while 2-4, 9, and 10 are five ginsenosides with single malonylation at the C-20 sugar chain. The antidiabetic activities of nine of these malonyl-substituted ginsenosides (1, 3, 4, 8, 13, and 16-19) and five of the corresponding non-malonyl ginsenosides (Re, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd) were evaluated by L6 myotubes' glucose consumption and AMPKα2β1γ1 activation. Ginsenoside Rb2, 1, and 18 promoted glucose consumption of differentiated L6 myotubes, while ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rd and the malonylginsenosides 4, 8, 13, 16, 17, and 19 activated AMPKα2β1γ1 (EC50: 0.0168-2.8 μM, fold: 1.7-4.7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qiu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Liang Yao
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jian Shi
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ya Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zuchongzhi Road 555, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lou
- National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zuchongzhi Road 555, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Duan
- National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zuchongzhi Road 555, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Ying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - De-An Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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24
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Xiong L, Qi Z, Zheng B, Li Z, Wang F, Liu J, Li P. Inhibitory Effect of Triterpenoids from Panax ginseng on Coagulation Factor X. Molecules 2017; 22:E649. [PMID: 28441767 PMCID: PMC6154706 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes involved in the coagulation process have received great attention as potential targets for the development of oral anti-coagulants. Among these enzymes, coagulation factor Xa (FXa) has remained the center of attention in the last decade. In this study, 16 ginsenosides and two sapogenins were isolated, identified and quantified. To determine the inhibitory potential on FXa, the chromogenic substrates method was used. The assay suggested that compounds 5, 13 and 18 were mainly responsible for the anti-coagulant effect. Furthermore, these three compounds also possessed high thrombin selectivity in the thrombin inhibition assay. Furthermore, Glide XP from Schrödinger was employed for molecular docking to clarify the interaction between the bioactive compounds and FXa. Therefore, the chemical and biological results indicate that compounds 5 (ginsenoside Rg2), 13 (ginsenoside Rg3) and 18 (protopanaxtriol, PPT) are potential natural inhibitors against FXa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxin Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zeng Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Bingzhen Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Jinping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Pingya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
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Shvedova MV, Anfinogenova YD, Schepetkin IA, Atochin DN. [JUN N-TERMINAL KINASES AND THEIR PHARMACOLOGICAL MODULATION OF ISCHE-MIC AND REPERFUSION INJURY OF THE BRAIN]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2017; 103:268-283. [PMID: 30199207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The article reviews the literature regarding the role of c-Jun-N-terminal kinases (JNK) and its inhibitors in brain damage in the settings of ischemia and reperfusion injury. The implication of JNK in signaling mechanisms involved in ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury are discussed. Described effects associated with JNK inhibition using synthetic and natural substances in experimental models of ischemic and reperfusion injury of the brain. Results of experimental studies demonstrated that JNK represent promising therapeutic targets for brain protection against ischemic stroke. However, multiple physiologic functions of various JNK family members do not allow for the systemic use of non-specific JNK inhibitors for therapeutic purposes. The authors conclude that the continuous search for selective inhibitors of JNK3 remains an important task.
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Ma B, Kan WLT, Zhu H, Li SL, Lin G. Sulfur fumigation reducing systemic exposure of ginsenosides and weakening immunomodulatory activity of ginseng. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 195:222-230. [PMID: 27856301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) is used worldwide for its miracle tonic effects, especially for its immunomodulatory activities. Sulfur fumigation, a fast and convenient method to prevent pesticidal and bacterial contamination in the food industry, has been recently employed during post-harvest processing of ginseng. Our previous studies demonstrated that sulfur fumigation significantly altered the chemical profile of the bioactive ingredients in ginseng. However, the effects of sulfur fumigation on the pharmacokinetics and bioactivities of ginseng remain unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY To examine the effects of sulfur fumigation on the pharmacokinetics and immunomodulatory activities of ginseng. MATERIALS AND METHODS For pharmacokinetic studies, male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to single/multiple dosages of non-fumigated ginseng (NFG) and sulfur fumigated ginseng (SFG) were investigated using HPLC-MS/MS analysis. For bioactivity studies, male ICR mice were used to compare the immunomodulatory effects of NFG or SFG under both normal and cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunocompromised conditions using white blood cell counts, serum cytokine levels, and spleen and thymus weight indices. RESULTS Sulfur fumigation significantly reduced the contents of the bioactive ginsenosides in ginseng, which resulted in drastically low systemic exposure of ginsenosides in SFG-treatment group compared to NFG-treatment group. This observation was consistent with the bioactivities obtained in NFG- and SFG-treatment groups. The bioactivity studies also demonstrated the immunomodulatory effects of NFG but not SFG in the CY-induced immunosuppressed mice. CONCLUSION Sulfur fumigation significantly reduced contents of bioactive ginsenosides in ginseng, leading to dramatic decrease in the systemic exposure of these ginsenosides in the body and detrimental reduction of immunomodulatory effects of ginseng. Our results provided scientific evidences and laid a solid foundation for the needs of thorough evaluation of the significant impact of sulfur fumigation on ginseng and other medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; Joint Research Laboratory of Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Winnie Lai Ting Kan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; Joint Research Laboratory of Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; Joint Research Laboratory of Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China.
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Yuan J, Chen Y, Liang J, Wang CZ, Liu X, Yan Z, Tang Y, Li J, Yuan CS. Component analysis and target cell-based neuroactivity screening of Panax ginseng by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1038:1-11. [PMID: 27776327 PMCID: PMC5130230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng is one of the most widely used natural medicines in the world. Recent studies have suggested Panax ginseng has a wide range of beneficial effects on aging, central nervous system disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, knowledge about the specific bioactive components of ginseng is still limited. This work aimed to screen for the bioactive components in Panax ginseng that act against neurodegenerative diseases, using the target cell-based bioactivity screening method. Firstly, component analysis of Panax ginseng extracts was performed by UPLC-QTOF-MS, and a total of 54 compounds in white ginseng were characterized and identified according to the retention behaviors, accurate MW, MS characteristics, parent nucleus, aglycones, side chains, and literature data. Then target cell-based bioactivity screening method was developed to predict the candidate compounds in ginseng with SH-SY5Y cells. Four ginsenosides, Rg2, Rh1, Ro, and Rd, were observed to be active. The target cell-based bioactivity screening method coupled with UPLC-QTOF-MS technique has suitable sensitivity and it can be used as a screening tool for low content bioactive constituents in natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China; Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Jian Liang
- Research Center for the Resourcing of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Minority Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 33004, China
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Zhihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Jiankang Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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Xu W, Liu X, Liu XL, Jia AL, Wang XW, Qiu ZD. Two new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins from notoginseng medicinal fungal substance. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2016; 18:1138-1142. [PMID: 27268250 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2016.1189907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins, namely ginsenoside Rk6 (1) and ginsenoside-Rh22 (2), were isolated from notoginseng medicinal fungal substance. The structures of 1 and 2 were established as 3β,6α,12β,26-tetrahydroxydammar-20(21),24(25)(E)-diene-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and 3β,6α, 20(S)-trihydroxy-12(R),23(R)-expoxy-13(S),17(S)-dammar-24-ene-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical analysis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- a College of Pharmacy , Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun 130017 , China
| | - Xin Liu
- a College of Pharmacy , Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun 130017 , China
| | - Xiao-Li Liu
- a College of Pharmacy , Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun 130017 , China
| | - Ai-Ling Jia
- a College of Pharmacy , Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun 130017 , China
| | - Xin-Wen Wang
- a College of Pharmacy , Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun 130017 , China
| | - Zhi-Dong Qiu
- a College of Pharmacy , Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun 130017 , China
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Fan J, Liu D, He C, Li X, He F. Inhibiting adhesion events by Panax notoginseng saponins and Ginsenoside Rb1 protecting arteries via activation of Nrf2 and suppression of p38 - VCAM-1 signal pathway. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 192:423-430. [PMID: 27620662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Asian countries, such as China, Japan, and Korea, have witnessed a history of more than 1000 years of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen's application as a famous traditional medicine for cardiovascular diseases (Zhou et al., 2004). The use of Panax notoginseng (Sanqi) was first recorded in "Bencao Gangmu", which was written by Li Shizhen, a Chinese pharmacologist of the MING dynasty, in 1578. It is included in "The Plant List" as one species of genus Panax (family Araliaceae). Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are the major active ingredients extracted from Panax notoginseng. AIM OF THE STUDY This study investigated whether PNS and the active constituent Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits adhesion events by regulating the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) - p38 - vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS The AS model rats were treated once daily with PNS (100mg/kg, i.p.) or Rb1 (40mg/kg, i.p.), and pathological changes in the aortas were observed by electron microscopy and Sudan IV staining. The serum levels of NO, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and TNF-α were measured. Upon treatment with H2O2 to induce oxidative stress, cell viability and LDH levels were measured after cells were cultured with PNS or Rb1. oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced VCAM-1 and p38 protein expression and THP1 cell adhesion to ECs were assessed after treatment with PNS or Rb1. Nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and expression of its target protein heme oxygenase (HO)-1 were observed in the respective presence of PNS or Rb1. RESULTS Upon treatment with PNS or Rb1, pathological changes observed in the aortas of AS model rats were alleviated, and an increase in serum levels of NO and SOD and a decrease in TNF-α levels were observed. In vitro treatment with PNS or Rb1 protected endothelial cells (ECs) from H2O2-mediated cytotoxicity, suppressed oxLDL-induced p38 and VCAM-1 protein expression and inhibited THP1 cell adhesion to ECs. Finally, PNS and Rb1 treatment functionally activated Nrf2 in ECs. CONCLUSIONS Nrf2, an EC protective system, suppresses monocyte adhesion events via the inhibition of the ROS - TNF-α - p38 - VCAM-1 pathway following treatment with PNS, with Rb1 specifically playing an important role among PNS active components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishan Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Danning Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Cuiyao He
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute of Materia Medica and Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Fengtian He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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30
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Xu W, Zhang JH, Wang XW, Liu XL, Liu X, Qiu ZD. Two new triterpenoid saponins from ginseng medicinal fungal substance. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2016; 18:865-70. [PMID: 27053377 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2016.1169274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins, namely ginsenosides Rb4 (1) and Rb5 (2), were isolated from ginseng medicinal fungal substance. The structures of 1 and 2 were established as 3β,12β,20(S)-trihydroxydammar-24(25)-ene-3-O-[α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and 3β,12β,20(S)-trihydroxydammar-24(25)-ene-3-O-[α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-β-d-glucopyranoside on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical analysis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- a College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun 130117 , China
| | - Jin-Hui Zhang
- a College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun 130117 , China
| | - Xin-Wen Wang
- a College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun 130117 , China
| | - Xiao-Li Liu
- a College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun 130117 , China
| | - Xin Liu
- a College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun 130117 , China
| | - Zhi-Dong Qiu
- a College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun 130117 , China
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31
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Liu Z, Xia J, Wang CZ, Zhang JQ, Ruan CC, Sun GZ, Yuan CS. Remarkable Impact of Acidic Ginsenosides and Organic Acids on Ginsenoside Transformation from Fresh Ginseng to Red Ginseng. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:5389-99. [PMID: 27295137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng contains many chemical components, including acidic ginsenosides and organic acids. However, whether these acidic substances play a role in ginsenoside transformation during steaming treatment has not yet been explored. In this paper, the content of neutral ginsenosides, acidic ginsenosides, and their degradation products in unsteamed and steamed P. ginseng were simultaneously quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. We observed that neutral ginsenosides were converted to rare ginsenosides during the root steaming but not during the individual ginsenoside steaming. In contrast, acidic malonyl ginsenosides released malonic acid and acetic acid through demalonylation, decarboxylation, deacetylation reactions during the steaming at 120 °C. These malonyl ginsenosides not only were converted to rare ginsenosides but also promoted the degradation of neutral ginsenosides. Further studies indicated that a low concentration of organic acid was the determining factor for the ginsenoside conversion. The related mechanisms were deduced to be mainly acidic hydrolysis and dehydration. In summary, acidic ginsenosides and organic acids remarkably affected ginsenoside transformation during the steaming process. Our results provide useful information for precisely understanding the ginsenoside conversion pathways and mechanisms underlying the steaming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, 130118, China
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Juan Xia
- Institute of Agricultural Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, 130118, China
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jin-Qiu Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, 130118, China
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chang-Chun Ruan
- Institute of Agricultural Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Sun
- Institute of Agricultural Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Liu C, Ju A, Zhou D, Li D, Kou J, Yu B, Qi J. Simultaneous Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Multiple Chemical Constituents in YiQiFuMai Injection by Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Ion Trap Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050640. [PMID: 27213307 PMCID: PMC6272927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
YiQiFuMai injection (YQFM) is a modern lyophilized powder preparation derived from the traditional Chinese medicine Sheng-mai san (SMS) used for treating cardiovascular diseases, such as chronic heart failure. However, its chemical composition has not been fully elucidated, particularly for the preparation derived from Ophiopogon japonicus. This study aimed to establish a systematic and reliable method to quickly and simultaneously analyze the chemical constituents in YQFM by ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UFLC-IT-TOF/MS). Sixty-five compounds in YQFM were tentatively identified by comparison with reference substances or literature data. Furthermore, twenty-one compounds, including three ophiopogonins, fifteen ginsenosides and three lignans were quantified by UFLC-IT-TOF/MS. Notably, this is the first determination of steroidal saponins from O. japonicus in YQFM. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of intra- and inter-day precision, reproducibility and stability were <4.9% and all analytes showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9952) and acceptable recovery of 91.8%–104.2% (RSD ≤ 5.4%), indicating that the methods were reliable. These methods were successfully applied to quantitative analysis of ten batches of YQFM. The developed approach can provide useful and comprehensive information for quality control, further mechanistic studies in vivo and clinical application of YQFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Aichun Ju
- Department of Technology Development, TianJin Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China.
| | - Dazheng Zhou
- Department of Technology Development, TianJin Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China.
| | - Dekun Li
- Department of Technology Development, TianJin Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China.
| | - Junping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Boyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jin Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Ivanov DA, Georgakopoulos JRC, Bernards MA. The chemoattractant potential of ginsenosides in the ginseng - Pythium irregulare pathosystem. Phytochemistry 2016; 122:56-64. [PMID: 26608666 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides produced by ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are mildly fungitoxic saponins; however, exposure of the ginseng root pathogen Pythium irregulare Buisman to ginsenosides enhances its growth in a dose dependent manner, leading to speculation that ginsenosides may function as chemoattractants and/or growth regulators in the context of the ginseng - P. irregulare pathosystem. In the present work, it was demonstrated that the treatment of ginseng plants with a relatively high dose of ginsenosides by dipping their roots into a solution of ginsenosides prior to planting results in delayed infection by P. irregulare in pot experiments, as monitored by non-invasive chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. In an attempt to determine whether this observation results from a protective effect of the ginsenosides, or from a modification of P. irregulare growth habit in response to ginsenosides present in the soil, standard in vitro disk diffusion assays were conducted. Here, exposure of P. irregulare to crude ginsenosides or pure ginsenoside Rb1, resulted in delayed hyphal progression, while enhancing aerial hyphae build-up around ginsenoside-treated disks. By contrast, assays with pure ginsenoside F2 resulted in clear zones of inhibition around treated disks. While it remains unclear whether ginsenosides act as chemoattractants for P. irregulare in vivo, the results here suggest that these saponins serve to alter the growth habit of this organism, both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitre A Ivanov
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Jorge R C Georgakopoulos
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Mark A Bernards
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Shin KC, Choi HY, Seo MJ, Oh DK. Compound K Production from Red Ginseng Extract by β-Glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus Supplemented with α-L-Arabinofuranosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145876. [PMID: 26710074 PMCID: PMC4692446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K (C-K) is attracting a lot of interest because of its biological and pharmaceutical activities, including hepatoprotective, antitumor, anti-wrinkling, and anti-skin aging activities. C-K has been used as the principal ingredient in skin care products. For the effective application of ginseng extracts to the manufacture of cosmetics, the PPD-type ginsenosides in ginseng extracts should be converted to C-K by enzymatic conversion. For increased yield of C-K from the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides in red-ginseng extract (RGE), the α-L-arabinofuranoside-hydrolyzing α-L-arabinofuranosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (CS-abf) was used along with the β-D-glucopyranoside/α-L-arabinopyranoside-hydrolyzing β-glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (SS-bgly) because SS-bgly showed very low hydrolytic activity on the α-L-arabinofuranoside linkage in ginsenosides. The optimal reaction conditions for C-K production were as follows: pH 6.0, 80°C, 2 U/mL SS-bgly, 3 U/mL CS-abf, and 7.5 g/L PPD-type ginsenosides in RGE. Under these optimized conditions, SS-bgly supplemented with CS-abf produced 4.2 g/L C-K from 7.5 g/L PPD-type ginsenosides in 12 h without other ginsenosides, with a molar yield of 100% and a productivity of 348 mg/L/h. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest concentration and productivity of C-K from ginseng extract ever published in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Seo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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35
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Wang WN, Yan BX, Xu WD, Qiu Y, Guo YL, Qiu ZD. Highly Selective Bioconversion of Ginsenoside Rb1 to Compound K by the Mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis under Optimized Conditions. Molecules 2015; 20:19291-309. [PMID: 26512632 PMCID: PMC6332142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201019291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Compound K (CK), a highly active and bioavailable derivative obtained from protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, displays a wide variety of pharmacological properties, especially antitumor activity. However, the inadequacy of natural sources limits its application in the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, we firstly discovered that Cordyceps sinensis was a potent biocatalyst for the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 into CK. After a series of investigations on the biotransformation parameters, an optimal composition of the biotransformation culture was found to be lactose, soybean powder and MgSO₄ without controlling the pH. Also, an optimum temperature of 30 °C for the biotransformation process was suggested in a range of 25 °C-50 °C. Then, a biotransformation pathway of Rb1→Rd→F2→CK was established using high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Our results demonstrated that the molar bioconversion rate of Rb1 to CK was more than 82% and the purity of CK produced by C. sinensis under the optimized conditions was more than 91%. In conclusion, the combination of C. sinensis and the optimized conditions is applicable for the industrial preparation of CK for medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Nan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Bing-Xiong Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Wen-Di Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Ye Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Yun-Long Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Zhi-Dong Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
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Chen D, Lin S, Xu W, Huang M, Chu J, Xiao F, Lin J, Peng J. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Major Constituents in Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pill by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. Molecules 2015; 20:18597-619. [PMID: 26473821 PMCID: PMC6331871 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201018597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shexiang Tongxin dropping pill (STP) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that consists of total saponins of ginseng, synthetic Calculus bovis, bear gall, Venenum bufonis, borneol and Salvia miltiorrhiza. STP has been widely used in China and Southeast Asia for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, a qualitative analytical method using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was developed for identification of the major constituents in STP. Based on the retention time and MS spectra, 41 components were identified by comparison with reference compounds and literature data. Moreover, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry in multiple-reaction monitoring mode, we quantified 13 of the identified constituents (ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rk3, cinobufagin, arenobufagin, bufalin, resibufogenin, tanshinone IIA, taurine, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and chenodeoxycholic acid). These results suggest that this new approach is applicable for the routine analysis and quality control of STP products and provides fundamental data for further in vivo pharmacokinetical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxin Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatric, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Shan Lin
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatric, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Wen Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Mingqing Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Jianfeng Chu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatric, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Fei Xiao
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatric, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Jiumao Lin
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatric, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatric, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
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Yin S, Cheng Y, Li T, Dong M, Zhao H, Liu G. Effects of notoginsenoside R1 on CYP1A2, CYP2C11, CYP2D1, and CYP3A1/2 activities in rats by cocktail probe drugs. Pharm Biol 2015; 54:231-236. [PMID: 25834921 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1029051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is the main component with cardiovascular activity in Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, an herbal medicine that is widely used to enhance blood circulation and dissipate blood stasis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate NGR1's effects on CYP1A2, CYP2C11, CYP2D1, and CYP3A1/2 activities in rats in vivo through the use of the Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) probe drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS After pretreatment with NGR1 or physiological saline, the rats were administered intraperitoneally with a mixture solution of cocktail probe drugs containing caffeine (10 mg/kg), tolbutamide (15 mg/kg), metoprolol (20 mg/kg), and dapsone (10 mg/kg). The bloods were then collected at a set of time-points for the ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis. RESULTS NGR1 was shown to exhibit an inhibitory effect on CYP1A2 by increased caffeine Cmax (43.13%, p < 0.01) and AUC0 - ∞ (40.57%, p < 0.01), and decreased CL/F (62.16%, p < 0.01) in the NGR1-treated group compared with those of the control group, but no significant changes in pharmacokinetic parameters of tolbutamide, metoprolol, and dapsone were observed between the two groups, indicating that NGR1 had no effects on rat CYP2C11, CYP2D1, and CYP3A1/2. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION When NGR1 is co-administered with drugs that are metabolized by CYP1A2, the pertinent potential herb-drug interactions should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yin
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , PR China and
| | - Yanwen Cheng
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , PR China and
| | - Tingting Li
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , PR China and
| | - Mei Dong
- b Department of Pharmacy , The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , PR China
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , PR China and
| | - Gaofeng Liu
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , PR China and
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Chen Y, Zhao Z, Chen H, Yi T, Qin M, Liang Z. Chemical differentiation and quality evaluation of commercial Asian and American ginsengs based on a UHPLC-QTOF/MS/MS metabolomics approach. Phytochem Anal 2015; 26:145-60. [PMID: 25448530 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asian and American ginsengs are widely used medicinal materials and are being used more and more in health products. The two materials look alike but function differently. Various forms of both types of ginseng are found in the market, causing confusion for consumers in their choice. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the overall quality of commercial Asian and American ginsengs and investigate the characteristic chemical markers for differentiating between them. METHODS This article investigated 17 Asian and 21 American ginseng samples using an ultra-HPLC combined with quadrupole time-of-flight MS/MS technique. The data were processed by principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squared discriminant analysis. RESULTS In the chromatograms, a total of 40 peaks were detected. Among them, six were positively identified, and all of the remainder were tentatively identified. According to statistical results, ginsenosides Rf, Rb2 and Rc together with their isomers and derivatives were more likely to be present in Asian ginsengs, whereas ginsenoside Rb1 , pseudoginsenoside F11 and ginsenoside Rd together with their isomers and derivatives tended to be present in American ginsengs. For Asian ginsengs, ginsenoside Ra3 and 20-β-D-glucopyranosyl-ginsenoside-Rf were more likely to be present in forest samples, whereas contents of floralquinquenoside B, ginsenosides Ro and Rc, and zingibroside R1 were higher in sun-dried ginsengs. For American ginseng, wild samples often had more of the notoginsenosides R1 and Rw2 and less of the ginsenosides Rd, Rd isomer and 20 (S)-Rg3 than cultivated samples. CONCLUSION The method provided important fingerprint information for authentication and evaluation of Asian and American ginsengs from various commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Biswas T, Singh M, Mathur AK, Mathur A. A dual purpose cell line of an Indian congener of ginseng--Panax sikkimensis with distinct ginsenoside and anthocyanin production profiles. Protoplasma 2015; 252:697-703. [PMID: 25178251 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The age-dependent production kinetics of ginsenosides and an anthocyanin pigment in a cell suspension line of Panax sikkimensis was followed in vitro. Highest total saponin content [7.37 mg/g dry weight (DW)] and biomass accumulation (% biomass increase = 209.67) in this line occurred after 3 and 5 weeks of culture, respectively. Accumulation of individual protopanaxatriol (Re, Rg1, and Rg2) and protopanaxadiol (Rb1, Rb2, and Rc) ginsenosides showed a variable pattern of accumulation independent of cell biomass buildup during the 7-week culture cycle. However, total content of triol ginsenosides was always significantly more than the diol group of ginsenosides, being 183.2-, 63.5-, and 72.1-folds at third, fourth, and fifth week stage of cell growth. Interestingly, in addition to these ginsenosides, the cell line also co-accumulated an anthocyanin pigment in vitro. The pigment content increased gradually from 8.66 to 14.29 mg/g DW after first to fifth week followed by a marginal fall to 12.79 and 10.95 mg/g DW during next 2 weeks. Therefore, in terms of total recovery of saponins (77.4 mg/l) and anthocyanin (199.16 mg/l), harvesting of cells after 3 and 5 weeks of growth was most profitable, respectively. The possible utility of this dual purpose cell line in nutraceutical industry is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Biswas
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
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Hou CW, Lee SD, Kao CL, Cheng IS, Lin YN, Chuang SJ, Chen CY, Ivy JL, Huang CY, Kuo CH. Improved inflammatory balance of human skeletal muscle during exercise after supplementations of the ginseng-based steroid Rg1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116387. [PMID: 25617625 PMCID: PMC4305310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of ginseng-based steroid Rg1 on TNF-alpha and IL-10 gene expression in human skeletal muscle against exercise challenge, as well as on its ergogenic outcomes. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trials were performed, separated by a 4-week washout. Healthy young men were randomized into two groups and received capsule containing either 5 mg of Rg1 or Placebo one night and one hour before exercise. Muscle biopsies were conducted at baseline, immediately and 3 h after a standardized 60-min cycle ergometer exercise. While treatment differences in glycogen depletion rate of biopsied quadriceps muscle during exercise did not reach statistical significance, Rg1 supplementations enhanced post-exercise glycogen replenishment and increased citrate synthase activity in the skeletal muscle 3 h after exercise, concurrent with improved meal tolerance during recovery (P<0.05). Rg1 suppressed the exercise-induced increases in thiobarbituric acids reactive substance (TBARS) and reversed the increased TNF-alpha and decreased IL-10 mRNA of quadriceps muscle against the exercise challenge. PGC-1 alpha and GLUT4 mRNAs of exercised muscle were not affected by Rg1. Maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) was not changed by Rg1. However, cycling time to exhaustion at 80% VO2max increased significantly by ~20% (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our result suggests that Rg1 is an ergogenic component of ginseng, which can minimize unwanted lipid peroxidation of exercised human skeletal muscle, and attenuate pro-inflammatory shift under exercise challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wen Hou
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Da Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lan Kao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Shiung Cheng
- Department of Physical Education, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Nan Lin
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ju Chuang
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John L. Ivy
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Li ZY, Welbeck E, Wang RF, Liu Q, Yang YB, Chou GX, Bi KS, Wang ZT. A universal quantitative ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) method for assessing the purity of dammarane-type ginsenosides. Phytochem Anal 2015; 26:8-14. [PMID: 24912845 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quantitative (1)H-NMR (qNMR) is a well-established method for quantitative analysis and purity tests. Applications have been reported in many areas, such as natural products, foods and beverages, metabolites, pharmaceuticals and agriculture. The characteristics of quantitative estimation without relying on special target reference substances make qNMR especially suitable for purity tests of chemical compounds and natural products. Ginsenosides are a special group of natural products drawing broad attention, and are considered to be the main bioactive principles behind the claims of ginsengs efficacy. The purity of ginsenosides is usually determined by conventional chromatographic methods, although these may not be ideal due to the response of detectors to discriminate between analytes and impurities and the long run times involved. OBJECTIVE To establish a qNMR method for purity tests of six dammarane-type ginsenoside standards. METHODS Several experimental parameters were optimised for the quantification, including relaxation delay (D1), the transmitter frequency offset (O1P) and power level for pre-saturation (PL9). The method was validated and the purity of the six ginsenoside standards was tested. Also, the results of the qNMR method were further validated by comparison with those of high performance liquid chromatography. CONCLUSION The qNMR method was rapid, specific and accurate, thus providing a practical and reliable protocol for the purity analysis of ginsenoside standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Yun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
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Abstract
Four phytochemical constituents were isolated from Panax ginseng root by repeated column chromatography (CC), medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC), high-speed counter current chromatography (HSCCC), and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated as the dammarane-type triterpene saponins ginsenoside-Rg18 (1), 6-acetyl ginsenoside-Rg3 (2), ginsenoside-Rs11 (3), and ginsenoside-Re7 (4) based on spectral data. Compounds 1-4 from P. ginseng root were new compounds from nature. They showed good hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and anti-bacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. However, they did not show any anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, they inhibited the growth of adenocarcinoma gastric stomach cells. Among them, ginsenoside-Rs11 (3) showed the best anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gu Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University
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Zhu JQ, Pan WF, Zhong Y, Fan XH, Kang LY, Li Z. [Dynamic predictive modeling of extraction process for red ginseng using near-infrared spectroscopy]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2014; 39:2660-2664. [PMID: 25272491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It is the objective of this study to develop dynamic predictive model for the extraction process of red Ginseng using NIR spectroscopy. NIR spectroscopy was collected online and PLSR models were developed for total quantity of ginsenosides. The performance of NIR prediction model achieved R, RMSEC, RMSEP of 0.996 09, 0.018 9, 0.016 8, respectively. A first order dynamic mass transfer model was combined with NIR prediction of the quality indicator to predict the trajectory of the extraction process based upon the initial 3 or 4 data points. The results showed good agreement with actual measurements indicating reasonable accuracy of the predictive model. It could potentially be used for advanced predictive control of the extraction process.
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Li H, Liu SY, Wang B. [Progress of the regulation effect of ginsenosides on HPA axis]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2014; 49:569-575. [PMID: 25151723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is a typical adaptogen which has resistance to various stresses. This effect is related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. As the main active ingredients, saponin has the similar structure to steroids. The regulation characteristics of ginseng saponin on the HPA axis are narrated from the aspects of total saponin and saponin monomers in this paper after the introduction of adaptation definition and HPA axis regulation mechanisms. Pharmacological effects of ginseng saponin and the regulation effect of HPA axis are summarized finally.
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He R, Liu Q, Liu YH, Chai J, Zhao DD, Wang W, Cui JC, Song XM, Yue ZG. [Chemical constituents of leaves of Panax japonicus var. major]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2014; 39:1635-1638. [PMID: 25095375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Seven compounds were isolated from the leaves of Panax japonicus var. major by chromatographic methods including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by their physical and chemical properties and spectral data analysis as 5, 7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyl flavone (1), ginsenoside Rs2 (2), quinquenoside R1 (3), ginsenoside Rs1 (4), notoginsenoside Fe (5), ginsenoside Rd2 (6) and gypenosiden IX (7). Among them, compound 1 was obtained from the Panax genus for the first time, and compounds 2-7 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
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Zhou SS, Xu JD, Zhu H, Shen H, Xu J, Mao Q, Li SL, Yan R. Simultaneous determination of original, degraded ginsenosides and aglycones by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for quantitative evaluation of Du-Shen-Tang, the decoction of ginseng. Molecules 2014; 19:4083-104. [PMID: 24699150 PMCID: PMC6270963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19044083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) method for simultaneous determination of eleven original, fourteen degraded ginsenosides and five aglycones was developed and validated to quantitatively evaluate the transformation of ginsenosides during preparation of Du-Shen-Tang, the decoction of ginseng. Both positive and negative modes as well as the step wave ion transfer optics technology were used to increase the detection sensitivity of QTOF-MS. The extracting ion mode based on the quasi-molecular ions, molecular ions and fragment ions characteristic to each analyte was used to increase the selectivity for quantitative analysis. Under the optimized UHPLC and QTOF-MS conditions, the 30 analytes with different polarities were separated (except for Re and Rg1) within 26 min. The developed method was applied for the quantitative comparison of Du-Shen-Tang and its raw materials derived from Asian ginseng (ASG) and American ginseng (AMG), respectively. It was found that the contents of the original ginsenosides decreased from 26,053.09 to 19,393.29 μg/g or 45,027.72 to 41,865.39 μg/g, whereas the degraded ginsenosides and aglycones increased from 159.72 to 685.37 μg/g or 676.54 to 1,502.26 μg/g in Du-Shen-Tang samples of ASG or AMG when compared with their raw materials, indicating that decocting could dramatically increase the proportion of the less polar degraded ginsenosides in Du-Shen-Tang. Whether these changed proportions of different polar ginsenosides could affect the bioactivities of the decoctions and their raw materials derived from ASG and AMG deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Jin-Di Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Qian Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, China.
| | - Ru Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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Samimi R, Xu WZ, Lui EMK, Charpentier PA. Isolation and immunosuppressive effects of 6″-O-acetylginsenoside Rb1 extracted from North American ginseng. Planta Med 2014; 80:509-516. [PMID: 24687741 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1368319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Extraction of medicinally active components from natural health products has become an emerging source for drug discovery. Of particular interest for this work was the finding and testing of a new ginsenoside from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). In the present study, a large amount of 6″-O-acetylginsenoside Rb1, compound 7, was found using ultrasonic extraction of North American ginseng with DMSO aqueous solution. This new ginsenoside was well identified with MS, FTIR, and 1D (1H and 13C) and 2D (gCOSY, gHSQC, and gHMBC) NMR. Subsequent bioassay experiments confirmed that compound 7 demonstrated an additional immunosuppressive activity towards inhibiting the production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor alpha in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage cells in a dose-dependent manner using murine macrophages. This new ginsenoside is encouraging for the further exploration and development of novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziye Samimi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Canada
| | - William Z Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Edmund M K Lui
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Paul A Charpentier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Canada
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Abstract
CONTEXT Ginsenosides are primary active ingredients of ginseng, which are believed to have various health benefits. It is found that the biotransformation of ginsenosides mainly takes place in the gastrointestinal tract and the information about ginsenosides-exerted effects on intestinal contractility is not sufficient. AIMS The present study proposed that ginsenosides could exert stimulatory or inhibitory effects on intestinal motility depending on the assay condition-related intestinal contractile states and was to characterize the effects of ginsenosides on intestinal motility. METHODS Jejunal contractility determination, Western blotting analysis, and real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to test the effects of total ginsenosides isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Mey (Araliaceae) root. RESULTS The results showed that ginsenosides at the fixed concentration of 20 mg/L exerted bidirectional regulation (BR) on the contractility of isolated jejunal segment (IJS), depending on the contractile states. The contractility of IJS was increased by ginsenosides in low contractile states, which were correlated to the cholinergic activation, and the contractility of IJS was decreased by ginsenosides in high contractile states, which were correlated to the adrenergic activation and nitric oxide related mechanisms. Ginsenosides-induced BR was abolished in the absence of Ca(2+) or by using tetrodotoxin, implicating the requirement of Ca(2+) and the enteric nervous system. Effects of ginsenosides on myosin light chain phosphorylation and the mRNA expression of myosin light chain kinase were also bidirectional. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Results suggest that ginsenosides may have the potential clinical implication for reliving the symptoms of alternative hypo- and hyper-intestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
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49
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Xia X, Jiang B, Liu W, Wang P, Mou Y, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Bi X. Anti-tumor activity of three novel derivatives of ginsenoside on colorectal cancer cells. Steroids 2014; 80:24-9. [PMID: 24316234 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
25-Hydroxyprotopanaxadiol (25-OH-PPD) is a natural compound isolated from Panax ginseng, and its anti-tumor activity has been studied in previous publication. In the current study, we investigated the anti-tumor activity of three novel derivatives synthesized from 25-OH-PPD, namely (20R)-12β-O-(l-chloracetyl)-dammarane-3β, 20, 25-triol (xl), (20R)-3β-O-(l-alanyl)-dammarane-12β, 20, 25-triol (1c), and (20R)-3β-O-(Boc-l-arginyl)-dammarane-12β, 20, 25-triol (8b). All three compounds significantly inhibited the growths of human colorectal cancer cells, while having lesser effect on the growth of normal primary muscle cells and spleno-lymphocytes. Further mechanistic study demonstrated that these compounds could induce apoptosis by activating the components of caspase-signaling pathways in HCT116 cells, but not in spleno-lymphocytes. Taken together, the results suggested that 25-OH-PPD derivatives exerted promising anti-tumor activity that is specific to human colorectal cancer cells, and may therefore represent a potential chemotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichun Xia
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Jiang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Mou
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafei Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiuli Bi
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Rhee MY, Cho B, Kim KI, Kim J, Kim MK, Lee EK, Kim HJ, Kim CH. Blood pressure lowering effect of Korea ginseng derived ginseol K-g1. Am J Chin Med 2014. [PMID: 24871654 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500396s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of Panax ginseng extract, which is rich in the ginsenoside protopanaxatriol (Ginseol K-g1), on blood pressure (BP). Adults over 20 years old with a systolic BP (SBP) between 120 and 159 mm Hg or a diastolic BP (DBP) between 80 and 99 mm Hg were included. At the end of an initial 2-week washout period, the patients were divided into three groups: the control group (placebo), the low-dose Ginseol K-g1 group (100 mg), and the high-dose Ginseol K-g1 (300 mg) group. The primary end point was the difference in seated SBP (seSBP) and seated DBP (seDBP) changes between the placebo and Ginseol K-g1 groups after 8 weeks of treatment. A total of 90 subjects participated in the study (mean age; 55.2 ± 11.8 years, 43 males). At week 8, levels of seSBP and seDBP were significantly decreased from baseline in the high-dose Ginseol K-g1 group (-3.1 mm Hg and -2.3 mm Hg, respectively, p < 0.05). In contrast, there was no significant decrease in seSBP or seDBP in the control or low-dose Ginseol K-g1 groups. No significant difference of seSBP and seDBP was identified among the three treatment groups at week 8. In patients who had a seSBP ≥ 130 mm Hg or an seDBP ≥ 85 mm Hg, the high dose of Ginseol K-g1 decreased the BP compared with the control group at week 4; however, there was no significant difference at week 8. The proportions of patients who experienced adverse events were comparable among the treatment groups. In conclusion, Ginseol K-g1 has a favorable effect on BP after 4 weeks of treatment, especially at a high dose. However, the effect is not maintained over 8 weeks. (Clinical trial registration information is available at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov , identifier: NCT01483430.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo-Yong Rhee
- Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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