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Yu H, Kumar S, Frederiksen JW, Kolyadko VN, Pitoc G, Layzer J, Yan A, Rempel R, Francis S, Krishnaswamy S, Sullenger BA. Aptameric hirudins as selective and reversible EXosite-ACTive site (EXACT) inhibitors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3977. [PMID: 38730234 PMCID: PMC11087511 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Potent and selective inhibition of the structurally homologous proteases of coagulation poses challenges for drug development. Hematophagous organisms frequently accomplish this by fashioning peptide inhibitors combining exosite and active site binding motifs. Inspired by this biological strategy, we create several EXACT inhibitors targeting thrombin and factor Xa de novo by linking EXosite-binding aptamers with small molecule ACTive site inhibitors. The aptamer component within the EXACT inhibitor (1) synergizes with and enhances the potency of small-molecule active site inhibitors by many hundred-fold (2) can redirect an active site inhibitor's selectivity towards a different protease, and (3) enable efficient reversal of inhibition by an antidote that disrupts bivalent binding. One EXACT inhibitor, HD22-7A-DAB, demonstrates extraordinary anticoagulation activity, exhibiting great potential as a potent, rapid onset anticoagulant to support cardiovascular surgeries. Using this generalizable molecular engineering strategy, selective, potent, and rapidly reversible EXACT inhibitors can be created against many enzymes through simple oligonucleotide conjugation for numerous research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Yu
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shekhar Kumar
- Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Vladimir N Kolyadko
- Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George Pitoc
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Amy Yan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rachel Rempel
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samuel Francis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sriram Krishnaswamy
- Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Bruce A Sullenger
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Departments of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Fredenburgh JC, Weitz JI. News at XI: moving beyond factor Xa inhibitors. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:1692-1702. [PMID: 37116752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Oral anticoagulants are a mainstay for the prevention and treatment of arterial and venous thrombosis. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have replaced vitamin K antagonists for many indications. Currently available DOACs include dabigatran, which inhibits thrombin, and apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban, which inhibit factor (F) Xa. A new class of DOACs is under development. These new DOACs, which include asundexian and milvexian, inhibit FXIa, which is positioned in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Anticoagulants that target FXIa have the potential to be safer than the current DOACs because there is emerging evidence that FXI is essential for thrombosis but mostly dispensable for hemostasis. In addition to the oral inhibitors of FXIa, parenteral inhibitors are also under development. These include fesomersen, an antisense oligonucleotide that reduces the hepatic synthesis of FXI; abelacimab, an antibody that binds to FXI and blocks its activation; and osocimab, an FXIa inhibitory antibody. Focusing on these new agents, this article describes the unmet needs in oral anticoagulation therapy, explains why FXI is a promising target for new oral anticoagulants, reviews phase 2 clinical data on new agents, describes ongoing phase 3 trials, and provides a perspective on the opportunities and challenges for FXI inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Fredenburgh
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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Purgatorio R, Gambacorta N, Samarelli F, Lopopolo G, de Candia M, Catto M, Nicolotti O, Altomare CD. Assessing the Role of a Malonamide Linker in the Design of Potent Dual Inhibitors of Factor Xa and Cholinesterases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134269. [PMID: 35807514 PMCID: PMC9268553 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The rational discovery of new peptidomimetic inhibitors of the coagulation factor Xa (fXa) could help set more effective therapeutic options (to prevent atrial fibrillation). In this respect, we explored the conformational impact on the enzyme inhibition potency of the malonamide bridge, compared to the glycinamide one, as a linker connecting the P1 benzamidine anchoring moiety to the P4 aryl group of novel selective fXa inhibitors. We carried out structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies aimed at investigating para- or meta-benzamidine as the P1 basic group as well as diversely decorated aryl moieties as P4 fragments. To this end, twenty-three malonamide derivatives were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of fXa and thrombin (thr); the molecular determinants behind potency and selectivity were also studied by employing molecular docking. The malonamide linker, compared to the glycinamide one, does significantly increase anti-fXa potency and selectivity. The meta-benzamidine (P1) derivatives bearing 2′,4′-difluoro-biphenyl as the P4 moiety proved to be highly potent reversible fXa-selective inhibitors, achieving inhibition constants (Ki) in the low nanomolar range. The most active compounds were also tested against cholinesterase (ChE) isoforms (acetyl- or butyrylcholinesterase, AChE, and BChE), and some of them returned single-digit micromolar inhibition potency against AChE and/or BChE, both being drug targets for symptomatic treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Compounds 19h and 22b were selected as selective fXa inhibitors with potential as multimodal neuroprotective agents.
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Du KZ, Cui Y, Chen S, Yang R, Shang Y, Wang C, Yan Y, Li J, Chang YX. An integration strategy combined progressive multivariate statistics with anticoagulant activity evaluation for screening anticoagulant quality markers in Chinese patent medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 287:114964. [PMID: 34990765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases affect human health globally. Naoxintong capsules (NXTs), a famous Chinese Patent Medicine, has been especially applied to treat cerebral infarction and coronary heart disease in clinical practice. The anticoagulant activity of this prescription plays an important role in this course of treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY Thrombin and factor Xa (FXa) are two key targets considering the anticoagulant activity. The purpose of this investigation is to screen the quanlity markers as key thrombin and FXa inhibitors for the anticoagulant activity oriented quality control of Chinese patent medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Simple multi-polar solvent extraction processes using various proportions of solvents were conducted and their thrombin/FXa inhibitory activities were evaluated in vitro. Bivariate correlation analysis (BCA), grey correlation analysis (GCA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) were adopted for screening the potential active markers related to the anticoagulant activity. The chemical structures of these active compounds were identified by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and their thrombin/FXa inhibitory activity was determined. The molecular docking technology was applied to explore the interaction between the compounds and targets. The contribution of these anticoagulant active ingredients in NXT was also investigated. Last but not the least, the contents of these markers in NXT were determined by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method. RESULTS The results showed that the NXT extract exhibited great activity against thrombin and FXa, especially extracted by 75% methanol (v/v). Six marker compounds with potential anticoagulant activity were screened out. Therein, four of the active compounds owing thrombin inhibitory activity (paeoniflorin, lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid B, Z-ligustilide) and five of the active compounds owing FXa inhibitory activity (3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid B and Z-ligustilide). In addition, these active compounds accounted for a large proportion of thrombin/FXa inhibitory activity of NXTs. The binding energy also showed the strong interaction formed by close connection of the compounds to the residues of targets. CONCLUSIONS The proposed integrated stategy could be an efficient strategy to screen potential thrombin/FXa inhibitors for the bioactivity related quanlity control of Chinese patent medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ze Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shujing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Ye Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Chenhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yiqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yan-Xu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Papaj K, Spychalska P, Kapica P, Fischer A, Nowak J, Bzówka M, Sellner M, Lill MA, Smieško M, Góra A. Evaluation of Xa inhibitors as potential inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro protease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262482. [PMID: 35015795 PMCID: PMC8752003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on previous large-scale in silico screening several factor Xa inhibitors were proposed to potentially inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. In addition to their known anticoagulants activity this potential inhibition could have an additional therapeutic effect on patients with COVID-19 disease. In this study we examined the binding of the Apixaban, Betrixaban and Rivaroxaban to the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro with the use of the MicroScale Thermophoresis technique. Our results indicate that the experimentally measured binding affinity is weak and the therapeutic effect due to the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibition is rather negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Papaj
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Patrycja Spychalska
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Patryk Kapica
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Computational Pharmacy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakub Nowak
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Physical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Bzówka
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Manuel Sellner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Computational Pharmacy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus A. Lill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Computational Pharmacy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Smieško
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Computational Pharmacy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Artur Góra
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
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Machado ME, de Souza Furtado P, da Costa Bernardes Araújo C, Simon A, de Moraes MC, Rodrigues Pereira da Silva LC, do Carmo FA, Cabral LM, Sathler PC. Novel rivaroxaban-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/poloxamer nanoparticles: preparation, physicochemical characterization, in vitro evaluation of time-dependent anticoagulant activity and toxicological profile. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:135101. [PMID: 33276347 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abd0b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rivaroxaban (RXB), an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, presents innovative therapeutic profile. However, RXB has shown adverse effects, mainly due to pharmacokinetic limitations, highlighting the importance of developing more effective formulations. Therefore, this work aims at the preparation, physicochemical characterization and in vitro evaluation of time-dependent anticoagulant activity and toxicology profile of RXB-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/poloxamer nanoparticles (RXBNps). RXBNp were produced by nanoprecipitation method and physicochemical characteristics were evaluated. In vitro analysis of time-dependent anticoagulant activity was performed by prothrombin time test and toxicological profile was assessed by hemolysis and MTT reduction assays. The developed RXBNp present spherical morphology with average diameter of 205.5 ± 16.95 nm (PdI 0.096 ± 0.04), negative zeta potential (-26.28 ± 0.77 mV), entrapment efficiency of 91.35 ± 2.40%, yield of 41.81 ± 1.68% and 3.72 ± 0.07% of drug loading. Drug release was characterized by an initial fast release followed by a sustained release with 28.34 ± 2.82% of RXB available in 72 h. RXBNp showed an expressive time-dependent anticoagulant activity in human and rat blood plasma and non-toxic profile. Based on the results presented, it is possible to consider that RXBNp may be able to assist in the development of promising new therapies for treatment of thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Etnea Machado
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco A Subsolo, sl24, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Souza Furtado
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco A Subsolo, sl24, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Cristina da Costa Bernardes Araújo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco A Subsolo, sl24, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco L Subsolo, sl20, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Alice Simon
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco L Subsolo, sl20, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Marcela Cristina de Moraes
- Fluminense Federal University, Department of Organic Chemistry, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Niterói, RJ, CEP 24210-240, Brazil
| | - Luiz Cláudio Rodrigues Pereira da Silva
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco L Subsolo, sl20, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Flávia Almada do Carmo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco L Subsolo, sl20, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Lucio Mendes Cabral
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco L Subsolo, sl20, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Plínio Cunha Sathler
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco A Subsolo, sl24, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Based on previous experience of sorbent-mediated ticagrelor, dabigatran, and radiocontrast agent removal, we set out in this study to test the effect of two sorbents on the removal of edoxaban, a factor Xa antagonist direct oral anticoagulant. METHODS We circulated 100 mL of edoxaban solution during six first-pass cycles through 40-mL sorbent columns (containing either CytoSorb in three passes or Porapak Q 50-80 mesh in the remaining three passes) during experiments using human plasma and 4% bovine serum albumin solution as drug vehicles. Drug concentration was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Edoxaban concentration in two experiments performed with human plasma dropped from 276.8 to 2.7 ng/mL and undetectable concentrations, respectively, with CytoSorb or Porapak Q 50-80 mesh (p = 0.0031). The average edoxaban concentration decreased from 407 ng/mL ± 216 ng/mL to 3.3 ng/mL ± 7 ng/mL (p = 0.017), for a removal rate of 99% across all six samples of human plasma (two samples) and bovine serum albumin solution (four samples). In four out of the six adsorbed samples, the drug concentrations were undetectable. CONCLUSION Sorbent-mediated technology may represent a viable pathway for edoxaban removal from human plasma or albumin solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanglan Tan
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Scott A Shaffer
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - George O Angheloiu
- Cardiology Department, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 700 High Street, Williamsport, PA, 17701, USA.
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De Simone G, Pasquadibisceglie A, di Masi A, Buzzelli V, Trezza V, Macari G, Polticelli F, Ascenzi P. Binding of direct oral anticoagulants to the FA1 site of human serum albumin. J Mol Recognit 2020; 34:e2877. [PMID: 33034105 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The anticoagulant therapy is widely used to prevent and treat thromboembolic events. Until the last decade, vitamin K antagonists were the only available oral anticoagulants; recently, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been developed. Since 55% to 95% of DOACs are bound to plasma proteins, the in silico docking and ligand-binding properties of drugs apixaban, betrixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban and of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate to human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant plasma protein, have been investigated. DOACs bind to the fatty acid (FA) site 1 (FA1) of ligand-free HSA, whereas they bind to the FA8 and FA9 sites of heme-Fe(III)- and myristic acid-bound HSA. DOACs binding to the FA1 site of ligand-free HSA has been validated by competitive inhibition of heme-Fe(III) recognition. Values of the dissociation equilibrium constant for DOACs binding to the FA1 site (ie, calc KDOAC ) derived from in silico docking simulations (ranging between 1.2 × 10-8 M and 1.4 × 10-6 M) agree with those determined experimentally from competitive inhibition of heme-Fe(III) binding (ie, exp KDOAC ; ranging between 2.5 × 10-7 M and 2.2 × 10-6 M). In addition, this study highlights the inequivalence of rivaroxaban binding to mammalian serum albumin. Given the HSA concentration in vivo (~7.5 × 10-4 M), values of KDOAC here determined indicate that the formation of the HSA:DOACs complexes in the absence and presence of FAs and heme-Fe(III) may occur in vivo. Therefore, HSA appears to be an important determinant for DOACs transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Viviana Trezza
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
- Roma Tre Section, National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
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Santana-Romo F, Lagos CF, Duarte Y, Castillo F, Moglie Y, Maestro MA, Charbe N, Zacconi FC. Innovative Three-Step Microwave-Promoted Synthesis of N-Propargyltetrahydroquinoline and 1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives as a Potential Factor Xa (FXa) Inhibitors: Drug Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030491. [PMID: 31979319 PMCID: PMC7037264 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The coagulation cascade is the process of the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin that terminates in production of a clot. Factor Xa (FXa) is a serine protease involved in the blood coagulation cascade. Moreover, FXa plays a vital role in the enzymatic sequence which ends with the thrombus production. Thrombosis is a common causal pathology for three widespread cardiovascular syndromes: acute coronary syndrome (ACS), venous thromboembolism (VTE), and strokes. In this research a series of N-propargyltetrahydroquinoline and 1,2,3-triazole derivatives as a potential factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their FXa inhibitor activity, cytotoxicity activity and coagulation parameters. Rational design for the desired novel molecules was performed through protein-ligand complexes selection and ligand clustering. The microwave-assisted synthetic strategy of selected compounds was carried out by using Ullmann-Goldberg, N-propargylation, Mannich addition, Friedel-Crafts, and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition type reactions under microwave irradiation. The microwave methodology proved to be an efficient way to obtain all novel compounds in high yields (73–93%). Furthermore, a thermochemical analysis, optimization and reactivity indexes such as electronic chemical potential (µ), chemical hardness (η), and electrophilicity (ω) were performed to understand the relationship between the structure and the energetic behavior of all the series. Then, in vitro analysis showed that compounds 27, 29–31, and 34 exhibited inhibitory activity against FXa and the corresponding half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were calculated. Next, a cell viability assay in HEK293 and HepG2 cell lines, and coagulation parameters (anti FXa, Prothrombin time (PT), activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)) of the most active novel molecules were performed to determine the corresponding cytotoxicity and possible action on clotting pathways. The obtained results suggest that compounds 27 and 29 inhibited FXa targeting through coagulation factors in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. However, compound 34 may target coagulation FXa mainly by the extrinsic and common pathway. Interestingly, the most active compounds in relation to the inhibition activity against FXa and coagulation parameters did not show toxicity at the performed coagulation assay concentrations. Finally, docking studies confirmed the preferential binding mode of N-propargyltetrahydroquinoline and 1,2,3-triazole derivatives inside the active site of FXa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Santana-Romo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (F.S.-R.); (F.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Carlos F. Lagos
- Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Providencia 7510157, Santiago de Chile, Chile;
| | - Yorley Duarte
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile;
| | - Francisco Castillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (F.S.-R.); (F.C.); (N.C.)
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Yanina Moglie
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur Avenida Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca B8000CPB, Argentina;
| | - Miguel A. Maestro
- Department of Chemistry—CICA, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, 15008A A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Nitin Charbe
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (F.S.-R.); (F.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Flavia C. Zacconi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (F.S.-R.); (F.C.); (N.C.)
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2354-1150
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Siddiqui F, Tafur A, Ramacciotti LS, Jeske W, Hoppensteadt D, Ramacciotti E, Iqbal O, Fareed J. Reversal of Factor Xa Inhibitors by Andexanet Alfa May Increase Thrombogenesis Compared to Pretreatment Values. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2020; 25:1076029619863493. [PMID: 31298056 PMCID: PMC6714992 DOI: 10.1177/1076029619863493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant coagulation factor Xa (FXa), inactivated Zh-zo, also known as andexanet alfa (AA), is a modified version of human FXa that has been developed to neutralize FXa inhibitors. We studied the reversal effect of AA for these inhibitors in various anticoagulant and thrombin generation (TG) assays. Individual aliquots of normal human plasma containing 1 µg/mL of apixaban, betrixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban, were supplemented with saline or AA at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. Clotting profiles include prothrombinase-induced clotting time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and prothrombin time. Factor Xa activity was measured using an amidolytic method. Thrombin generation was measured using a calibrated automated thrombogram. Differential neutralization of all 4 anticoagulants was noted in the activated clotting time and other clotting tests. The FXa activity reversal profile varied with an observed decrease in apixaban (22%), betrixaban (56%), edoxaban (28%), and rivaroxaban (49%). Andexanet alfa also led to an increased TG in comparison to saline. The peak thrombin was higher (40%), area under the curve (AUC) increased (15%), whereas the lag time (LT) decreased (17%). Andexanet alfa added at 100 µg/mL to various FXa supplemented systems resulted in reversal of the inhibitory effects, restoring the TG profile; AUC, LT, and peak thrombin levels were comparable to those of unsupplemented samples. Andexanet alfa is capable of reversing anti-Xa activity of different oral FXa inhibitors but overshoots thrombogenesis in both the saline and FXa inhibitor supplemented systems. The degree of neutralization of Xa inhibitor is specific to each agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakiha Siddiqui
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
- Fakiha Siddiqui, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA.
| | - Alfonso Tafur
- Northshore Cardiovascular Institute, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Skokie, IL, USA
| | | | - Walter Jeske
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Eduardo Ramacciotti
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Santa Casa School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Omer Iqbal
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
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11
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Wang J, Ma H, Fu H. Semisynthesis of ent-norstrobane diterpenoids as potential inhibitor for factor Xa. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3813-3815. [PMID: 30340898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A semisynthesis of two ent-strobane diterpenoids strobols C (7) and D (14) was accomplished via a Wagnar-Meerwein rearrangement. Compounds 7, 14, and the intermediate products were evaluated for their inhibition on factor Xa (FXa). Among all the compounds screened for FXa inhibitory activity, three compounds 6, 7, and 9 showed significant inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 1067 ± 164, 81 ± 11, 1023 ± 89 nM, respectively. The inhibitory activity on FXa described in this study highlight the importance of structural modification based on natural products in the development of FXa inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Wang
- Guangdong-Macau Traditional Chinese Medicine Technology Industrial Park Development Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, People's Republic of China
| | - He Ma
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Xu F, Shuler SA, Watson DA. Synthesis of N-H Bearing Imidazolidinones and Dihydroimidazolones Using Aza-Heck Cyclizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12081-12085. [PMID: 30125443 PMCID: PMC6141047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of unsaturated, unprotected imidazolidinones via an aza-Heck reaction is described. This palladium-catalyzed process allows for the cyclization of N-phenoxy ureas onto pendant alkenes. The reaction has broad functional group tolerance, can be applied to complex ring topologies, and can be used to directly prepare mono- and bis-unprotected imidazolidinones. By addition of Bu4 NI, dihydroimidazolones can be accessed from the same starting materials. Improved conditions for preparing unsaturated, unprotected lactams are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 (USA)
| | - Scott A. Shuler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 (USA)
| | - Donald A. Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 (USA)
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13
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Gunaratne R, Kumar S, Frederiksen JW, Stayrook S, Lohrmann JL, Perry K, Bompiani KM, Chabata CV, Thalji NK, Ho MD, Arepally G, Camire RM, Krishnaswamy S, Sullenger BA. Combination of aptamer and drug for reversible anticoagulation in cardiopulmonary bypass. Nat Biotechnol 2018; 36:606-613. [PMID: 29863725 PMCID: PMC6349032 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Unfractionated heparin (UFH), the standard anticoagulant for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery, carries a risk of post-operative bleeding and is potentially harmful in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia-associated antibodies. To improve the activity of an alternative anticoagulant, the RNA aptamer 11F7t, we solved X-ray crystal structures of the aptamer bound to factor Xa (FXa). The finding that 11F7t did not bind the catalytic site suggested that it could complement small-molecule FXa inhibitors. We demonstrate that combinations of 11F7t and catalytic-site FXa inhibitors enhance anticoagulation in purified reaction mixtures and plasma. Aptamer-drug combinations prevented clot formation as effectively as UFH in human blood circulated in an extracorporeal oxygenator circuit that mimicked CPB, while avoiding side effects of UFH. An antidote could promptly neutralize the anticoagulant effects of both FXa inhibitors. Our results suggest that drugs and aptamers with shared targets can be combined to exert more specific and potent effects than either agent alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwan Gunaratne
- Duke University, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Durham, NC 27710
- Duke University, Medical Scientist Training Program, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Shekhar Kumar
- Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Steven Stayrook
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Kay Perry
- Northeastern Collaborative Access Team (NE-CAT) and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
| | | | - Charlene V. Chabata
- Duke University, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Nabil K. Thalji
- Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michelle D. Ho
- Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Rodney M. Camire
- Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sriram Krishnaswamy
- Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Bruce A. Sullenger
- Duke University, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Durham, NC 27710
- Duke University, Department of Surgery, Durham, NC 27710
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14
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Lee W, Ku SK, Kim MA, Bae JS. Anti-factor Xa activities of zingerone with anti-platelet aggregation activity. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:186-193. [PMID: 28414123 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zingerone (ZGR), a phenolic alkanone found in Zingiber officinale, has been reported to have various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and protecting myocardial infarction and irritable bowel disorder. The aim was to identify the unreported bioactive anti-factor Xa (FXa) and anti-platelet activities of ZGR. ZGR was evaluated for their anti-FXa and anti-platelet aggregation properties by monitoring clotting time, platelet aggregation, FXa activity and production, and thrombus formation. ZGR reduced activated partial thromboplastin time and it inhibited the catalytic activity of FXa toward its substrate S-2222 in a noncompetitive inhibition model and inhibited platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and U46619 (not thrombin). However, ZGR did not prolong bleeding time in mice, as shown by tail clipping. ZGR also inhibited ADP- and U46619- induced phosphorylation of myristolated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) and the expressions of P-selectin and PAC-1 in platelets. In an animal model of arterial and pulmonary thrombosis, ZGR showed enhanced antithrombotic effects. ZGR also elicited anticoagulant effects in mice. Our results reveal that ZGR is an antithrombotic compound with both FXa inhibitory and anti-platelet aggregation activities. Collectively, these results show that ZGR could serve as candidates and provide scaffolds for the development of new anti-FXa and anti-platelet drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biology, The National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Lee SH, Lee W, Nguyen T, Um IS, Bae JS, Ma E. Synthesis and Thrombin, Factor Xa and U46619 Inhibitory Effects of Non-Amidino and Amidino N²-Thiophenecarbonyl- and N²-Tosylanthranilamides. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061144. [PMID: 28561744 PMCID: PMC5485968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin (factor IIa) and factor Xa (FXa) are key enzymes at the junction of the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways and are the most attractive pharmacological targets for the development of novel anticoagulants. Twenty non-amidino N2-thiophencarbonyl- and N2-tosyl anthranilamides 1–20 and six amidino N2-thiophencarbonyl- and N2-tosylanthranilamides 21–26 were synthesized to evaluate their activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) using human plasma at a concentration of 30 µg/mL in vitro. As a result, compounds 5, 9, and 21–23 were selected to study the further antithrombotic activity. The anticoagulant properties of 5, 9, and 21–23 significantly exhibited a concentration-dependent prolongation of in vitro PT and aPTT, in vivo bleeding time, and ex vivo clotting time. These compounds concentration-dependently inhibited the activities of thrombin and FXa and inhibited the generation of thrombin and FXa in human endothelial cells. In addition, data showed that 5, 9, and 21–23 significantly inhibited thrombin catalyzed fibrin polymerization and mouse platelet aggregation and inhibited platelet aggregation induced by U46619 in vitro and ex vivo. Among the derivatives evaluated, N-(3′-amidinophenyl)-2-((thiophen-2′′-yl)carbonylamino)benzamide (21) was the most active compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Hayang-ro 13-13, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk 712-702, Korea.
| | - Wonhwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - ThiHa Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Hayang-ro 13-13, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk 712-702, Korea.
| | - Il Soo Um
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Hayang-ro 13-13, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk 712-702, Korea.
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Eunsook Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Hayang-ro 13-13, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk 712-702, Korea.
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16
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Xiong L, Qi Z, Zheng B, Li Z, Wang F, Liu J, Li P. Inhibitory Effect of Triterpenoids from Panax ginseng on Coagulation Factor X. Molecules 2017; 22:E649. [PMID: 28441767 PMCID: PMC6154706 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes involved in the coagulation process have received great attention as potential targets for the development of oral anti-coagulants. Among these enzymes, coagulation factor Xa (FXa) has remained the center of attention in the last decade. In this study, 16 ginsenosides and two sapogenins were isolated, identified and quantified. To determine the inhibitory potential on FXa, the chromogenic substrates method was used. The assay suggested that compounds 5, 13 and 18 were mainly responsible for the anti-coagulant effect. Furthermore, these three compounds also possessed high thrombin selectivity in the thrombin inhibition assay. Furthermore, Glide XP from Schrödinger was employed for molecular docking to clarify the interaction between the bioactive compounds and FXa. Therefore, the chemical and biological results indicate that compounds 5 (ginsenoside Rg2), 13 (ginsenoside Rg3) and 18 (protopanaxtriol, PPT) are potential natural inhibitors against FXa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxin Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zeng Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Bingzhen Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Jinping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Pingya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
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17
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Xing J, Yang L, Yang Y, Zhao L, Wei Q, Zhang J, Zhou J, Zhang H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2,3-dihydroquinazolin- 4(1H)-one derivatives as potential fXa inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:411-422. [PMID: 27689724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Coagulation factor Xa (fXa) is a particularly attractive target for the development of effective and safe anticoagulants. In this study, novel 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivatives were designed as potential fXa inhibitors based on anthranilamide structure which has been reported in our previous research. The experimental data showed that most of the designed compounds exhibited significant in vitro potency against fXa. Among them, compound 8e displayed the strongest potency against fXa with the IC50 value of 21 nM and highly selectivity versus thrombin (IC50 = 67 μM) and excellent in vitro antithrombotic activity with its 2 × PT value of 1.2 μM and 2 × aPTT value of 0.6 μM. In addition, 8e also displayed excellent in vivo antithrombotic activity in the rat arteriovenous shunt (AV-SHUNT) model. The bleeding risk evaluation showed that 8e had a similar safety profile as that of betrixaban. All results demonstrated that compound 8e could be considered as a potential fXa inhibitor for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Xing
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, 210009 Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Lingyun Yang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yifei Yang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Leilei Zhao
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Qiangqiang Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, TongjiaXiang 24, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jinpei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, TongjiaXiang 24, 210009 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, 210009 Nanjing, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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18
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Zhu Y, Li R, Lin Y, Shui M, Liu X, Chen H, Wang Y. Engineering Factor Xa Inhibitor with Multiple Platelet-Binding Sites Facilitates its Platelet Targeting. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29895. [PMID: 27432161 PMCID: PMC4949463 DOI: 10.1038/srep29895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of antithrombotic drugs centralizes the effects in the thrombosis site and reduces the hemorrhage side effects in uninjured vessels. We have recently reported that the platelet-targeting factor Xa (FXa) inhibitors, constructed by engineering one Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif into Ancylostoma caninum anticoagulant peptide 5 (AcAP5), can reduce the risk of systemic bleeding than non-targeted AcAP5 in mouse arterial injury model. Increasing the number of platelet-binding sites of FXa inhibitors may facilitate their adhesion to activated platelets, and further lower the bleeding risks. For this purpose, we introduced three RGD motifs into AcAP5 to generate a variant NR4 containing three platelet-binding sites. NR4 reserved its inherent anti-FXa activity. Protein-protein docking showed that all three RGD motifs were capable of binding to platelet receptor αIIbβ3. Molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated that NR4 has more opportunities to interact with αIIbβ3 than single-RGD-containing NR3. Flow cytometry analysis and rat arterial thrombosis model further confirmed that NR4 possesses enhanced platelet targeting activity. Moreover, NR4-treated mice showed a trend toward less tail bleeding time than NR3-treated mice in carotid artery endothelium injury model. Therefore, our data suggest that engineering multiple binding sites in one recombinant protein is a useful tool to improve its platelet-targeting efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruyi Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyang Shui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinye Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Wang W, Yuan J, Fu X, Meng F, Zhang S, Xu W, Xu Y, Huang C. Novel Anthranilamide-Based FXa Inhibitors: Drug Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. Molecules 2016; 21:491. [PMID: 27089317 PMCID: PMC6274369 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Factor Xa (FXa) plays a significant role in the blood coagulation cascade and it has become a promising target for anticoagulation drugs. Three oral direct FXa inhibitors have been approved by the FDA for treating thrombotic diseases. By structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis upon these FXa inhibitors, a series of novel anthranilamide-based FXa inhibitors were designed and synthesized. According to our study, compounds 1a, 1g and 1s displayed evident FXa inhibitory activity and excellent selectivity over thrombin in in vitro inhibition activities studies. Compounds 1g and 1s also exhibited pronounced anticoagulant activities in in vitro anticoagulant activity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Jing Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Xiaoli Fu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Fancui Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Shijun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Weiren Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Yongnan Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Changjiang Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, China.
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20
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Tsujimoto M, Kuroyanagi G, Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, Kito Y, Enomoto Y, Iida H, Ogura S, Otsuka T, Tokuda H, Kozawa O, Iwama T. Factor Xa Inhibitor Suppresses the Release of Phosphorylated HSP27 from Collagen-Stimulated Human Platelets: Inhibition of HSP27 Phosphorylation via p44/p42 MAP Kinase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149077. [PMID: 26867010 PMCID: PMC4750972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of factor Xa (FXa) are widely recognized as useful therapeutic tools for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation or venous thrombosis. Thrombin, which is rapidly generated from pro-thrombin through the activation of factor X to FXa, acts as a potent activator of human platelets. Thus, the reduction of thrombin generation by FXa inhibitor eventually causes a suppressive effect on platelet aggregation. However, little is known whether FXa inhibitors directly affect the function of human platelets. We have previously reported that collagen induces the phosphorylation of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), a low-molecular weight heat shock protein via Rac-dependent activation of p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in human platelets, eventually resulting in the release of HSP27. In the present study, we investigated the direct effect of FXa inhibitor on the collagen-induced human platelet activation. Rivaroxaban as well as edoxaban significantly reduced the collagen-induced phosphorylation of both HSP27 and p44/p42 MAP kinase without affecting the platelet aggregation. Rivaroxaban significantly inhibited the release of phosphorylated HSP27 from collagen-stimulated platelets but not the secretion of platelet derived growth factor-AB. In patients administrated with rivaroxaban, the collagen-induced levels of phosphorylated HSP27 were markedly diminished after 2 days of administration, which failed to affect the platelet aggregation. These results strongly suggest that FXa inhibitor reduces the collagen-stimulated release of phosphorylated HSP27 from human platelets due to the inhibition of HSP27 phosphorylation via p44/p42 MAP kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tsujimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Gen Kuroyanagi
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Kito
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukiko Enomoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinji Ogura
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takanobu Otsuka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Tokuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Osamu Kozawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Toru Iwama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Bauersachs RM. [Fondaparinux -- mechanism of action, and effective and broad range of indications]. VASA 2015; 44:138-139. [PMID: 25881373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Switzer MP, Wani P, Gosavi S, Mukherjee D. Clinical Pharmacology and Role of Edoxaban in Contemporary Antithrombotic Therapy. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2015; 13:98-104. [PMID: 26695421 DOI: 10.2174/187152571302151217130638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Edoxaban is a factor Xa inhibitor that is approved for prevention of stroke in individuals with atrial fibrillation and treatment of venous thromboembolic disease at once daily 60 mg dose for individuals with normal renal function. A decrease of dose to 30 mg is recommended for those with moderate renal insufficiency, weight ≤ 60 kg or simultaneous administration of strong P-glycoprotein inhibitors. At this time, it is not recommended for use in persons with either end stage renal disease or with GFR exceeding 95 mL/min. Shorter half-life averaging 8-10 hours may translate into a safer profile. With a fast onset of action of ~1.5 hours and relatively high bioavailability, edoxaban is an alternative for patients who may not be good candidates for warfarin therapy due to multiple limitations that vitamin K anticoagulation entails. No clear benefits of edoxaban have been reported to date compared to the other available factor Xa inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna Popp Switzer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, USA.
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Mukherjee AK, Dutta S, Mackessy SP. A new C-type lectin (RVsnaclec) purified from venom of Daboia russelii russelii shows anticoagulant activity via inhibition of FXa and concentration-dependent differential response to platelets in a Ca²⁺-independent manner. Thromb Res 2014; 134:1150-6. [PMID: 25281435 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report on the characterization of a snaclec (RVsnaclec) purified from Daboia russelii russelii venom. The RVsnaclec is a heterodimer of two subunits, α (15.1 kDa) and β (9 kDa). These subunits are covalently linked to form multimeric (αβ)₂ and (αβ)₄ structures. Peptide mass fingerprinting analysis of RVsnaclec via LC-MS/MS demonstrated its similarity to snaclecs purified from other viperid snake venoms. Two tryptic peptide sequences of RVsnaclec revealed the putative conserved domains of C-type lectin (CTL). RVsnaclec dose-dependently increased the Ca-clotting time and prothrombin time of platelet-poor plasma (PPP); however, it did not affect the partial thromboplastin time (APTT) or thrombin time of PPP. The in vitro and in vivo anticoagulant activity of RVsnaclec is correlated to its binding and subsequent uncompetitive inhibition of FXa (Ki = 0.52 μmole) in a Ca(2+)-independent manner; however, supplementation with 0.25 mM Ca(2+) enhanced the Xa binding potency of RVsnaclec. Monovalent or polyvalent antivenom failed to neutralize its anticoagulant potency, and RVsnaclec did not inhibit trypsin, chymotrypsin, thrombin or plasmin. RVsnaclec was devoid of hemolytic activity or cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines, demonstrated concentration-dependent aggregation and deaggregation of human platelets, and inhibited the ADP-induced aggregation of platelet. RVsnaclec (5.0 mg/kg body weight) was non-lethal to mice and showed no adverse pharmacological effects, suggesting that it has potential as a lead compound for future therapeutic applications in cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis K Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur784 028, Assam, India; School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern CO, Greeley, CO80639, USA.
| | - Sumita Dutta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur784 028, Assam, India
| | - Stephen P Mackessy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern CO, Greeley, CO80639, USA
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Schmitz EMH, Boonen K, van den Heuvel DJA, van Dongen JLJ, Schellings MWM, Emmen JMA, van der Graaf F, Brunsveld L, van de Kerkhof D. Determination of dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban by ultra-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and coagulation assays for therapy monitoring of novel direct oral anticoagulants. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1636-46. [PMID: 25142183 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three novel direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have recently been registered by the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency Commission: dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban. To quantify DOACs in plasma, various dedicated coagulation assays have been developed. OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a reference ultra-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method and to evaluate the analytical performance of several coagulation assays for quantification of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban. METHODS The developed UPLC-MS/MS method was validated by determination of precision, accuracy, specificity, matrix effects, lower limits of detection, carry-over, recovery, stability, and robustness. The following coagulation assays were evaluated for accuracy and precision: laboratory-developed (LD) diluted thrombin time (dTT), Hemoclot dTT, Pefakit PiCT, ECA, Liquid anti-Xa, Biophen Heparin (LRT), and Biophen DiXal anti-Xa. Agreement between the various coagulation assays and UPLC-MS/MS was determined with random samples from patients using dabigatran or rivaroxaban. RESULTS The UPLC-MS/MS method was shown to be accurate, precise, sensitive, stable, and robust. The dabigatran coagulation assay showing the best precision, accuracy and agreement with the UPLC-MS/MS method was the LD dTT test. For rivaroxaban, the anti-factor Xa assays were superior to the PiCT-Xa assay with regard to precision, accuracy, and agreement with the reference method. For apixaban, the Liquid anti-Xa assay was superior to the PiCT-Xa assay. CONCLUSIONS Statistically significant differences were observed between the various coagulation assays as compared with the UPLC-MS/MS reference method. It is currently unknown whether these differences are clinically relevant. When DOACs are quantified with coagulation assays, comparison with a reference method as part of proficiency testing is therefore pivotal.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M H Schmitz
- Clinical Laboratory, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Expert Center Clinical Chemistry Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Hillarp A, Gustafsson KM, Faxälv L, Strandberg K, Baghaei F, Fagerberg Blixter I, Berndtsson M, Lindahl TL. Effects of the oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor apixaban on routine coagulation assays and anti-FXa assays. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1545-53. [PMID: 24965851 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apixaban is an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor developed for the prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Laboratory monitoring is not necessary, but the effects on common coagulation reagents and assays constitute clinically valuable information. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of apixaban on commonly used coagulation methods, and to evaluate anti-FXa assays for specific determination of the drug concentration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Apixaban was added to plasma from healthy subjects in the concentration range 0-1000 μg L(-1) , and analyses were performed with different reagents for activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), antithrombin, protein C, and protein S. A lupus anticoagulant assay and an APTT assay with varying phospholipid concentrations were used to study the phospholipid dependence. RESULTS In general, apixaban showed fewer effects in vitro than have been shown for rivaroxaban, another direct FXa inhibitor. The concentration needed to double the APTT varied between 2200 and 4700 μg L(-1) , and the concentration needed to double the PT varied between 700 and 3900 μg L(-1) . The effects on antithrombin, protein C and protein S assays were dependent on the type of reagent. Apixaban did not cause false-positive lupus anticoagulant results. Chromogenic anti-FXa assays showed linear dose-response curves with apixaban. CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic concentrations of apixaban variably affect different assay groups, and even different reagents within an assay group. The effects were much smaller than with rivaroxaban. The use of APTT and/or PT assays to screen the anticoagulant activity of apixaban cannot be recommended. A chromogenic anti-FXa assay can be used for reliable measurements of apixaban concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hillarp
- Clinical Chemistry, University and Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
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Mulliez SMN, Van den Bogaert J, Devreese KMJ. Influence of vitamin K antagonist treatment on activated partial thromboplastin time. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014; 53:e47-50. [PMID: 25153603 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2014-0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhu H, Liü YJ, Han XW, Liu SL, Hao JJ, Zhao XL, Yu GL. [Comparison of structural characteristics and anticoagulation activity of enoxaparin sodium with different degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2014; 49:1049-1053. [PMID: 25233639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The fine structure of enoxaparin sodium samples with different degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives were analyzed with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A further study of anticoagulation activity of enoxaparins was performed, including those on their inhibition activities of coagulation factor Xa (FXa) and thrombin (FIIa). The results showed that the anti-FXa and -FIIa activities of enoxaparins with different degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives (20.0%-39.7%) with similar structure characteristics, had decreasing tendency when the degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives increased. Especially, the anti-FXa activity was sensitive to the change of the degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives.
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