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Bashir F, Rehman AU, Szabó M, Vass I. Singlet oxygen damages the function of Photosystem II in isolated thylakoids and in the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana. Photosynth Res 2021; 149:93-105. [PMID: 34009505 PMCID: PMC8382655 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is an important damaging agent, which is produced during illumination by the interaction of the triplet excited state pigment molecules with molecular oxygen. In cells of photosynthetic organisms 1O2 is formed primarily in chlorophyll containing complexes, and damages pigments, lipids, proteins and other cellular constituents in their environment. A useful approach to study the physiological role of 1O2 is the utilization of external photosensitizers. In the present study, we employed a multiwell plate-based screening method in combination with chlorophyll fluorescence imaging to characterize the effect of externally produced 1O2 on the photosynthetic activity of isolated thylakoid membranes and intact Chlorella sorokiniana cells. The results show that the external 1O2 produced by the photosensitization reactions of Rose Bengal damages Photosystem II both in isolated thylakoid membranes and in intact cells in a concentration dependent manner indicating that 1O2 plays a significant role in photodamage of Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Bashir
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ateeq Ur Rehman
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Milán Szabó
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Imre Vass
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary.
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Adamakis IDS, Malea P, Sperdouli I, Panteris E, Kokkinidi D, Moustakas M. Evaluation of the spatiotemporal effects of bisphenol A on the leaves of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. J Hazard Mater 2021; 404:124001. [PMID: 33059254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The organic pollutant bisphenol A (BPA) causes adverse effects on aquatic biota. The present study explored the toxicity mechanism of environmentally occurring BPA concentrations (0.03-3 μg L-1) on the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa intermediate leaf photosynthetic machinery. A "mosaic" type BPA effect pattern was observed, with "unaffected" and "affected"" leaf areas. In negatively affected leaf areas cells had a dark appearance and lost their chlorophyll auto-fluorescence, while hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content increased time-dependently. In the "unaffected" leaf areas, cells exhibited increased phenolic compound production. At 1 μg L-1 of BPA exposure, there was no effect on the fraction of open reaction centers (qP) compared to control and also no significant effect on the quantum yield of non-regulated non-photochemical energy loss in PSII (ΦΝΟ). However, a 3 μg L-1 BPA application resulted in a significant ΦΝΟ increase, even from the first exposure day. Ultrastructural observations revealed electronically dense damaged thylakoids in the plastids, while effects on Golgi dictyosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum were also observed at 3 μg L-1 BPA. The up-regulated H2O2 BPA-derived production seems to be a key factor causing both oxidative damages but probably also triggering retrograde signalling, conferring tolerance to BPA in the "unaffected" leaf areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paraskevi Malea
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Ilektra Sperdouli
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Danae Kokkinidi
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michael Moustakas
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Ås Hovind AB, Phinney NH, Gauslaa Y. Functional trade-off of hydration strategies in old forest epiphytic cephalolichens. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:903-13. [PMID: 32948278 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although water is essential for photosynthetic activation in lichens, rates of vapor uptake and activation in humid air, which likely influence their niche preferences and distribution ranges, are insufficiently known. This study simultaneously quantifies rehydration kinetics and PSII reactivation in sympatric, yet morphologically and functionally distinct cephalolichens (Lobaria amplissima, Lobaria pulmonaria, Lobaria virens). High-temporal resolution monitoring of rehydrating thalli by automatic weighing combined with chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of maximal PSII efficiency (FV/FM) was applied to determine species-specific rates of vapor uptake and photosynthetic activation. The thin and loosely attached growth form of L. pulmonaria rehydrates and reactivates faster in humid air than the thick L. amplissima, with L. virens in between. This flexible hydration strategy is consistent with L. pulmonaria's wide geographical distribution stretching from rainforests to continental forests. By contrast, the thick and resupinate L. amplissima reactivates slowly in humid air but stores much water when provided in abundance. This prolongs active periods after rain, which could represent an advantage where abundant rain and stem flow alternates with long-lasting drying. Understanding links between morphological traits and functional responses, and their ecological implications for species at risk, is crucial to conservation planning and for modelling populations under various climate scenarios.
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Herritt MT, Pauli D, Mockler TC, Thompson AL. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging captures photochemical efficiency of grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor) in a field setting. Plant Methods 2020; 16:109. [PMID: 32793296 PMCID: PMC7419188 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photosynthesis is one of the most important biological reactions and forms the basis of crop productivity and yield on which a growing global population relies. However, to develop improved plant cultivars that are capable of increased productivity, methods that can accurately and quickly quantify photosynthetic efficiency in large numbers of genotypes under field conditions are needed. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging is a rapid, non-destructive measurement that can provide insight into the efficiency of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. RESULTS To test and validate a field-deployed fluorescence imaging system on the TERRA-REF field scanalyzer, leaves of potted sorghum plants were treated with a photosystem II inhibitor, DCMU, to reduce photochemical efficiency (FV/FM). The ability of the fluorescence imaging system to detect changes in fluorescence was determined by comparing the image-derived values with a handheld fluorometer. This study demonstrated that the imaging system was able to accurately measure photochemical efficiency (FV/FM) and was highly correlated (r = 0.92) with the handheld fluorometer values. Additionally, the fluorescence imaging system was able to track the decrease in photochemical efficiency due to treatment of DCMU over a 7 day period. CONCLUSIONS The system's ability to capture the temporal dynamics of the plants' response to this induced stress, which has comparable dynamics to abiotic and biotic stressors found in field environments, indicates the system is operating correctly. With the validation of the fluorescence imaging system, physiological and genetic studies can be undertaken that leverage the fluorescence imaging capabilities and throughput of the field scanalyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Herritt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ 85138 USA
| | - Duke Pauli
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Todd C. Mockler
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132 USA
| | - Alison L. Thompson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ 85138 USA
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Nam SH, Lee J, An YJ. Quantitative assessment of photosynthetic activity of Chlorella (Class Trebouxiophyceae) adsorbed onto soil by using fluorescence imaging. Environ Pollut 2019; 254:112942. [PMID: 31376603 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluate our previously developed non-destructive soil algal toxicity method using species from a different class of algae; Class Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella sorokiniana), and directly measure the photosynthetic activity of these species adsorbed onto the soil as a new toxicity endpoint. This study shows that non-destructive soil algal toxicity method is applicable to non-specific test species, including those of Class Trebouxiophyceae as well as Class Chlorophyceae (Chlorococcum infusionum and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii). Furthermore, by performing photosynthesis image analysis, we verify that it is possible to measure the photosynthetic activity of soil algae Chlorella vulgaris adsorbed onto soils without the need to extract algal cells from the soil. We propose that the non-destructive soil algal toxicity method represents a novel technique for 1) evaluating pollutants in soil using non-specific algae and 2) conveniently and rapidly assessing the photosynthetic activity of soil algae Chlorella vulgaris adsorbed onto soil as a new toxicity endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hwa Nam
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Chakraborty K, Chattaopadhyay K, Nayak L, Ray S, Yeasmin L, Jena P, Gupta S, Mohanty SK, Swain P, Sarkar RK. Ionic selectivity and coordinated transport of Na + and K + in flag leaves render differential salt tolerance in rice at the reproductive stage. Planta 2019; 250:1637-1653. [PMID: 31399792 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study shows that salt tolerance in the reproductive stage of rice is primarily governed by the selective Na+ and K+ transport from the root to upper plant parts. Ionic discrimination at the flag leaf, governed by differential expression of Na+- and K+-specific transporters/ion pumps, is associated with reduced spikelet sterility and reproductive stage salt tolerance. Reproductive stage salt tolerance is crucial in rice to guarantee yield under saline condition. In the present study, differential ionic selectivity and the coordinated transport (from root to flag leaf) of Na+ and K+ were investigated to assess their impact on reproductive stage salt tolerance. Four rice genotypes having differential salt sensitivity were subjected to reproductive stage salinity stress in pots. The selective Na+ and K+ transport from the root to upper plant parts was observed in tolerant genotypes. We noticed that prolonged salt exposure did not alter flag leaf greenness even up to 6 weeks; however, it had a detrimental effect on panicle development especially in the salt-susceptible genotype Sabita. But more precise chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis revealed salinity-induced damages in Sabita. The salt-tolerant genotype Pokkali (AC41585), a potential Na+ excluder, managed to sequester higher Na+ load in the roots with little upward transport as evident from greater expression of HKT1 and HKT2 transporters. In contrast, the moderately salt-tolerant Lunidhan was less selective in Na+ transport, but possessed a higher capacity to Na+ sequestration in leaves. Higher K+ uptake and tissue-specific redistribution mediated by HAK and AKT transporters showed robust control in selective K+ movement from the root to flag leaf and developing panicles. On the contrary, expressions of Na+-specific transporters in developing panicles were either down-regulated or unaffected in tolerant and moderately tolerant genotypes. Yet, in the panicles of the susceptible genotype Sabita, some of the Na+-specific transporter genes (SOS1, HKT1;5, HKT2;4) were upregulated. Apart from the ionic regulation strategy, cellular energy balance mediated by different plasma-membrane and tonoplastic H+-pumps were also associated with the reproductive stage salt tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lopamudra Nayak
- ICAR, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Soham Ray
- ICAR, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Lucina Yeasmin
- ICAR, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Priyanka Jena
- ICAR, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Sunanda Gupta
- ICAR, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Sangram K Mohanty
- ICAR, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Padmini Swain
- ICAR, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Ramani K Sarkar
- ICAR, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
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Wang L, Poque S, Valkonen JPT. Phenotyping viral infection in sweetpotato using a high-throughput chlorophyll fluorescence and thermal imaging platform. Plant Methods 2019; 15:116. [PMID: 31649744 PMCID: PMC6805361 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus diseases caused by co-infection with Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) and Sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) are a severe problem in the production of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.). Traditional molecular virus detection methods include nucleic acid-based and serological tests. In this study, we aimed to validate the use of a non-destructive imaging-based plant phenotype platform to study plant-virus synergism in sweetpotato by comparing four virus treatments with two healthy controls. RESULTS By monitoring physiological and morphological effects of viral infection in sweetpotato over 29 days, we quantified photosynthetic performance from chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) imaging and leaf thermography from thermal infrared (TIR) imaging among sweetpotatoes. Moreover, the differences among different treatments observed from ChlF and TIR imaging were related to virus accumulation and distribution in sweetpotato. These findings were further validated at the molecular level by related gene expression in both photosynthesis and carbon fixation pathways. CONCLUSION Our study validated for the first time the use of ChlF- and TIR-based imaging systems to distinguish the severity of virus diseases related to SPFMV and SPCSV in sweetpotato. In addition, we demonstrated that the operating efficiency of PSII and photochemical quenching were the most sensitive parameters for the quantification of virus effects compared with maximum quantum efficiency, non-photochemical quenching, and leaf temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linping Wang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sylvain Poque
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari P. T. Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Duan J, Fu B, Kang H, Song Z, Jia M, Cao D, Wei A. Response of gas-exchange characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence to acute sulfur dioxide exposure in landscape plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 171:122-129. [PMID: 30597316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To explore the toxicity and action mechanism of acute sulfur dioxide (SO2) on urban landscape plants, a simulated SO2 stress environment by using fumigation chamber involving increasing SO2 concentration (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg m-3) was carried out among three species. After 72 h of exposure, SO2-induced oxidative damage indicated by electrolyte leakage increased with higher dose of SO2. Meanwhile, SO2 decreased the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid and increased the contents of sulfur. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) decreased as a result of stomatal closure when SO2 dose was lower than 50 mg m-3, out of this range, non-stomatal limitation play a dominant role in the decline of Pn. Simultaneous measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging (CFI) also revealed that the maximal quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry in dark-adapted state (Fv/Fm) and the realized operating efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fq'/Fm') was reduced by SO2 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry in light-adapted state (Fv'/Fm') and the PSII efficiency factor (Fq'/Fv') decreased when exposure to SO2. These results implied that acute SO2 exposure induced photoinhibition of PSII reaction centers in landscape plants. Our study also indicated that different urban landscape plant species resist differently to SO2: Euonymus kiautschovicus > Ligustrum vicaryi > Syringa oblata according to gas-exchange characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuju Duan
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Baochun Fu
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Hongmei Kang
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Zhuoqin Song
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Minlong Jia
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Dongmei Cao
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Aili Wei
- Department of Biology, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
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Moustakas M, Bayçu G, Gevrek N, Moustaka J, Csatári I, Rognes SE. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of photosystem II function during acclimation to zinc exposure and mineral nutrition changes in the hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:6613-6624. [PMID: 30623337 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated changes in mineral nutrient uptake and translocation and photosystem II (PSII) functionality, in the hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens after exposure to 800 μM Zn in hydroponic culture. Exposure to Zn inhibited the uptake of K, Mn, Cu, Ca, and Mg, while the uptake of Fe and Zn enhanced. Yet, Ca and Mg aboveground tissue concentrations remain unchanged while Cu increased significantly. In the present study, we provide new data on the mechanism of N. caerulescens acclimation to Zn exposure by elucidating the process of photosynthetic acclimation. A spatial heterogeneity in PSII functionality in N. caerulescens leaves exposed to Zn for 3 days was detected, while a threshold time of 4 days was needed for the activation of Zn detoxification mechanism(s) to decrease Zn toxicity and for the stomatal closure to decrease Zn supply at the severely affected leaf area. After 10-day exposure to Zn, the allocation of absorbed light energy in PSII under low light did not differ compared to control ones, while under high light, the quantum yield of non-regulated energy loss in PSII (ΦNO) was lower than the control, due to an efficient photoprotective mechanism. The chlorophyll fluorescence images of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and photochemical quenching (qp) clearly showed spatial and temporal heterogeneity in N. caerulescens exposure to Zn and provided further information on the particular leaf area that was most sensitive to heavy metal stress. We propose the use of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, and in particular the redox state of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool that was found to display the highest spatiotemporal heterogeneity, as a sensitive bio-indicator to measure the environmental pressure by heavy metals on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Moustakas
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Botany, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Gülriz Bayçu
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurbir Gevrek
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Julietta Moustaka
- Department of Botany, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - István Csatári
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sven Erik Rognes
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
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Wen Z, Raffaello T, Zeng Z, Pavicic M, Asiegbu FO. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging for monitoring effects of Heterobasidion parviporum small secreted protein induced cell death and in planta defense gene expression. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 126:37-49. [PMID: 30763724 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterobasidion parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen of Norway spruce (Picea abies). The H. parviporum genome encodes numerous necrotrophic small secreted proteins (SSP) which might be important for promoting and sustaining the disease development. However, their transcriptional dynamics and plant defense response during infection are largely unknown. In this study, we identified a necrotrophic SSP named HpSSP35.8 and its coding gene was highly expressed in the pre-symptomatic phase of the host (Norway spruce) infection. We explored the impact of HpSSP35.8 on non-host Nicotiana benthamiana using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system under visible spectrum RGB imaging and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. The results showed that HpSSP35.8 triggered a form of SSP-associated programmed cell death, accompanied by a decrease in the plant photosynthetic activity. Defense-related genes including WRKY12, ethylene response factor (ERF1α) and a chitinase gene PR4 were up-regulated in both HpSSP35.8-N. benthamiana interaction and H. parviporum-Norway spruce pathosystem. This study also highlighted the potential to use the chlorophyll fluorescence imaging approach to monitor both the indirect effects of SSP and also for the selection of other potential effector-like protein candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilan Wen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P. O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommaso Raffaello
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P. O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zhen Zeng
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P. O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirko Pavicic
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P. O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fred O Asiegbu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P. O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Hu L, Liao W, Dawuda MM, Yu J, Lv J. Appropriate NH 4+: NO 3- ratio improves low light tolerance of mini Chinese cabbage seedlings. BMC Plant Biol 2017; 17:22. [PMID: 28114905 PMCID: PMC5259974 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-0976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In northwest of China, mini Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) is highly valued by consumers, and is widely cultivated during winter in solar-greenhouses where low light (LL) fluence (between 85 and 150 μmol m-2 s-1 in day) is a major abiotic stress factor limiting plant growth and crop productivity. The mechanisms with which various NH4+: NO3- ratios affected growth and photosynthesis of mini Chinese cabbage under normal (200 μmol m-2 s-1) and low (100 μmol m-2 s-1) light conditions was investigated. The four solutions with different ratios of NH4+: NO3- applied were 0:100, 10:90, 15:85 and 25:75 with the set up in a glasshouse in hydroponic culture. The most appropriate NH4+: NO3- ratio that improved the tolerance of mini Chinese cabbage seedlings to LL was found in our current study. RESULTS Under low light, the application of NH4+: NO3- (10:90) significantly stimulated growth compared to only NO3- by increasing leaf area, canopy spread, biomass accumulation, and net photosynthetic rate. The increase in net photosynthetic rate was associated with an increase in: 1) maximum and effective quantum yield of PSII; 2) activities of Calvin cycle enzymes; and 3) levels of mRNA relative expression of several genes involved in Calvin cycle. In addition, glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch and total carbohydrate, which are the products of CO2 assimilation, accumulated most in the cabbage leaves that were supplied with NH4+: NO3- (10:90) under LL condition. Low light reduced the carbohydrate: nitrogen (C: N) ratio while the application of NH4+: NO3- (10:90) alleviated the negative effect of LL on C: N ratio mainly by increasing total carbohydrate contents. CONCLUSIONS The application of NH4+:NO3- (10:90) increased rbcL, rbcS, FBA, FBPase and TK expression and/or activities, enhanced photosynthesis, carbohydrate accumulation and improved the tolerance of mini Chinese cabbage seedlings to LL. The results of this study would provide theoretical basis and technical guidance for mini Chinese cabbage production. In practical production, the ratio of NH4+:NO3- should be adjusted with respect to light fluence for successful growing of mini Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linli Hu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Horticulture, FoA, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Lv
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
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Mazur R, Sadowska M, Kowalewska Ł, Abratowska A, Kalaji HM, Mostowska A, Garstka M, Krasnodębska-Ostręga B. Overlapping toxic effect of long term thallium exposure on white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) photosynthetic activity. BMC Plant Biol 2016; 16:191. [PMID: 27590049 PMCID: PMC5009500 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy metal exposure affect plant productivity by interfering, directly and indirectly, with photosynthetic reactions. The toxic effect of heavy metals on photosynthetic reactions has been reported in wide-ranging studies, however there is paucity of data in the literature concerning thallium (Tl) toxicity. Thallium is ubiquitous natural trace element and is considered the most toxic of heavy metals; however, some plant species, such as white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) are able to accumulate thallium at very high concentrations. In this study we identified the main sites of the photosynthetic process inhibited either directly or indirectly by thallium, and elucidated possible detoxification mechanisms in S. alba. RESULTS We studied the toxicity of thallium in white mustard (S. alba) growing plants and demonstrated that tolerance of plants to thallium (the root test) decreased with the increasing Tl(I) ions concentration in culture media. The root growth of plants exposed to Tl at 100 μg L(-1) for 4 weeks was similar to that in control plants, while in plants grown with Tl at 1,000 μg L(-1) root growth was strongly inhibited. In leaves, toxic effect became gradually visible in response to increasing concentration of Tl (100 - 1,000 μg L(-1)) with discoloration spreading around main vascular bundles of the leaf blade; whereas leaf margins remained green. Subsequent structural analyses using chlorophyll fluorescence, microscopy, and pigment and protein analysis have revealed different effects of varying Tl concentrations on leaf tissue. At lower concentration partial rearrangement of the photosynthetic complexes was observed without significant changes in the chloroplast structure and the pigment and protein levels. At higher concentrations, the decrease of PSI and PSII quantum yields and massive oxidation of pigments was observed in discolored leaf areas, which contained high amount of Tl. Substantial decline of the photosystem core proteins and disorder of the photosynthetic complexes were responsible for disappearance of the chloroplast grana. CONCLUSIONS Based on the presented results we postulate two phases of thallium toxicity on photosynthesis: the non-destructive phase at early stages of toxicant accumulation and the destructive phase that is restricted to the discolored leaf areas containing high toxicant content. There was no distinct border between the two phases of thallium toxicity in leaves and the degree of toxicity was proportional to the migration rate of the toxicant outside the vascular bundles. The three-fold (nearly linear) increase of Tl(I) concentration was observed in damaged tissue and the damage appears to be associated with the presence of the oxidized form of thallium - Tl(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Sadowska
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Abratowska
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hazem M. Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mostowska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Garstka
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Krasnodębska-Ostręga
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Ivanov DA, Georgakopoulos JRC, Bernards MA. The chemoattractant potential of ginsenosides in the ginseng - Pythium irregulare pathosystem. Phytochemistry 2016; 122:56-64. [PMID: 26608666 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides produced by ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are mildly fungitoxic saponins; however, exposure of the ginseng root pathogen Pythium irregulare Buisman to ginsenosides enhances its growth in a dose dependent manner, leading to speculation that ginsenosides may function as chemoattractants and/or growth regulators in the context of the ginseng - P. irregulare pathosystem. In the present work, it was demonstrated that the treatment of ginseng plants with a relatively high dose of ginsenosides by dipping their roots into a solution of ginsenosides prior to planting results in delayed infection by P. irregulare in pot experiments, as monitored by non-invasive chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. In an attempt to determine whether this observation results from a protective effect of the ginsenosides, or from a modification of P. irregulare growth habit in response to ginsenosides present in the soil, standard in vitro disk diffusion assays were conducted. Here, exposure of P. irregulare to crude ginsenosides or pure ginsenoside Rb1, resulted in delayed hyphal progression, while enhancing aerial hyphae build-up around ginsenoside-treated disks. By contrast, assays with pure ginsenoside F2 resulted in clear zones of inhibition around treated disks. While it remains unclear whether ginsenosides act as chemoattractants for P. irregulare in vivo, the results here suggest that these saponins serve to alter the growth habit of this organism, both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitre A Ivanov
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Jorge R C Georgakopoulos
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Mark A Bernards
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Ivanov DA, Bernards MA. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging as a tool to monitor the progress of a root pathogen in a perennial plant. Planta 2016; 243:263-79. [PMID: 26537710 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter ΦNO is an excellent metric for the non-destructive monitoring of disease progression, measured over a broad range of light intensities. The suitability of the slow induction chlorophyll fluorescence parameters ΦPSII, ΦNPQ, and ΦNO to monitor in vivo disease progression in a host-root pathogen pathosystem was evaluated and compared to the established method of monitoring disease by measuring Fv/Fm. Using the infection of ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolius L.) with Pythium irregulare Buisman as a model, light response curves were used to establish the optimal irradiance for the resolution of differences between fluorescence parameters ΦPSII, ΦNPQ and ΦNO. As infection progressed only changes in ΦNO remained consistent with increased irradiance, and increased as infection progressed. Furthermore, ΦNO showed a high sensitivity for distinguishing increased disease load. In contrast, the magnitude in change of ΦPSII and ΦNPQ were sensitive to irradiance levels. The magnitude of increase in ΦNO per unit disease score was equivalent to the corresponding decline in Fv/Fm values. Thus ΦNO is as sensitive as Fv/Fm in monitoring biotic stress. The ability to measure ΦNO under a wide range of light intensities, including natural light, potentially without the need for dark adaptation, means that it can be used in the development of a general protocol for non-invasive, in vivo monitoring of plant health, from the laboratory to the field scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitre A Ivanov
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mark A Bernards
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Moustakas M, Malea P, Zafeirakoglou A, Sperdouli I. Photochemical changes and oxidative damage in the aquatic macrophyte Cymodocea nodosa exposed to paraquat-induced oxidative stress. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2016; 126:28-34. [PMID: 26778431 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The non-selective herbicide paraquat (Pq) is being extensively used for broad-spectrum weed control. Through water runoff and due to its high water solubility it contaminates aquatic environments. Thus, the present study was carried out to investigate the photochemical changes and oxidative damage in the aquatic macrophyte Cymodocea nodosa to short- (2h) and long-term (24h) exposure to 2, 20, 200 and 1000μM paraquat (Pq) toxicity by using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging and H2O2 real-time imaging. The effective quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) show a tendency to increase at 2μM Pq after 2h exposure, and increased significantly at 20 and 200μM Pq. Τhe maximum oxidative effect on C. nodosa leaves was observed 2h after exposure to 200μM Pq concentration when the highest increases of ΦPSII due to high electron transport rate (ETR) resulted in a significant increase of H2O2 production due to the lowest non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) that was not efficient to serve as a protective mechanism, resulting in photooxidation. Prolonged exposure (24h) to 200μM Pq resulted in a decreased ΦPSII not due to an increase of the photoprotective mechanism NPQ, but due to high quantum yield of non-regulated energy loss in PSII (ΦNO), resulting to the lowest fraction of open PSII reaction centers (qp). This decreased ΦPSII has resulted to less Pq radicals to be formed, with a consequence of a small increase of H2O2 production compared to control C. nodosa leaves, but substantial lower than that of 2h exposure to 200μM Pq. Exposure of C. nodosa leaves to 1000μM Pq toxicity had lower effects on the efficiency of photochemical reactions of photosynthesis under both short- (2h) and long-term (24h) exposure than 200μM Pq. This was evident by an almost unchanged ΦPSII and qp, that remained unchanged even at a longer exposure time (48h), compared to control C. nodosa leaves. Thus, the response of C. nodosa leaves to Pq toxicity fits the "Threshold for Tolerance Model", with a threshold concentration of 200μM Pq required for initiation of a tolerance mechanism, by increasing H2O2 production for the induction of genes encoding protective processes in response to Pq-induced oxidative stress. Overall, it is concluded that chlorophyll fluorescence imaging constitutes a promising basis for investigating herbicide mode of action in aquatic plants and for detecting their protective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Moustakas
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Paraskevi Malea
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aristi Zafeirakoglou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ilektra Sperdouli
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Jedmowski C, Brüggemann W. Imaging of fast chlorophyll fluorescence induction curve (OJIP) parameters, applied in a screening study with wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) genotypes under heat stress. J Photochem Photobiol B 2015; 151:153-60. [PMID: 26292199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We quantified the influence of heat stress (HS) on PSII by imaging of parameters of the fast chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) induction (OJIP) kinetic of 20 genotypes of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) covering a broad geographical spectrum. We developed a standardised screening procedure, allowing a repetitive fluorescence measurement of leaf segments. The impact of HS was quantified by calculating a Heat Resistance Index (HRI), derived from the decrease of the Performance Index (PI) caused by HS treatment and following recovery. For the genotype showing the lowest HRI, reduced maximum quantum yield (φP0) and increased relative variable fluorescence of the O-J phase (K-Peak) were detected after HS, whereas the basal fluorescence (F0) remained stable. An additional feature was a lowered fraction of active (QA-reducing) reaction centres (RCs). The disturbances disappeared after one day of recovery. Spatial heterogeneities of fluorescence parameters were detected, as the negative effect of HS was stronger in the leaf areas close to the leaf tip. The results of this study prove that chlorophyll fluorescence imaging (CFI) is suitable for the detection of HS symptoms and that imaging of JIP-Test parameters should be considered in future screening and phenotyping studies aiming for the characterisation of plant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jedmowski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, University of Frankfurt, Max von Laue Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Brüggemann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, University of Frankfurt, Max von Laue Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Biodiversity and Climate Research Center, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
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Humplík JF, Lazár D, Husičková A, Spíchal L. Automated phenotyping of plant shoots using imaging methods for analysis of plant stress responses - a review. Plant Methods 2015; 11:29. [PMID: 25904970 PMCID: PMC4406171 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-015-0072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Current methods of in-house plant phenotyping are providing a powerful new tool for plant biology studies. The self-constructed and commercial platforms established in the last few years, employ non-destructive methods and measurements on a large and high-throughput scale. The platforms offer to certain extent, automated measurements, using either simple single sensor analysis, or advanced integrative simultaneous analysis by multiple sensors. However, due to the complexity of the approaches used, it is not always clear what such forms of plant phenotyping can offer the potential end-user, i.e. plant biologist. This review focuses on imaging methods used in the phenotyping of plant shoots including a brief survey of the sensors used. To open up this topic to a broader audience, we provide here a simple introduction to the principles of automated non-destructive analysis, namely RGB, chlorophyll fluorescence, thermal and hyperspectral imaging. We further on present an overview on how and to which extent, the automated integrative in-house phenotyping platforms have been used recently to study the responses of plants to various changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Humplík
- />Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-78371 Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Lazár
- />Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-78371 Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Husičková
- />Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-78371 Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- />Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-78371 Czech Republic
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Bresson J, Vasseur F, Dauzat M, Koch G, Granier C, Vile D. Quantifying spatial heterogeneity of chlorophyll fluorescence during plant growth and in response to water stress. Plant Methods 2015; 11:23. [PMID: 25870650 PMCID: PMC4394423 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-015-0067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on plant photosynthetic performance lead to fitness and yield decrease. The maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (F v/F m) is a parameter of chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) classically used to track changes in photosynthetic performance. Despite recent technical and methodological advances in ChlF imaging, the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of F v/F m still awaits for standardized and accurate quantification. RESULTS We developed a method to quantify the dynamics of spatial heterogeneity of photosynthetic efficiency through the distribution-based analysis of F v/F m values. The method was applied to Arabidopsis thaliana grown under well-watered and severe water deficit (survival rate of 40%). First, whole-plant F v/F m shifted from unimodal to bimodal distributions during plant development despite a constant mean F v/F m under well-watered conditions. The establishment of a bimodal distribution of F v/F m reflects the occurrence of two types of leaf regions with contrasted photosynthetic efficiency. The distance between the two modes (called S) quantified the whole-plant photosynthetic heterogeneity. The weighted contribution of the most efficient/healthiest leaf regions to whole-plant performance (called W max) quantified the spatial efficiency of a photosynthetically heterogeneous plant. Plant survival to water deficit was associated to high S values, as well as with strong and fast recovery of W max following soil rewatering. Hence, during stress surviving plants had higher, but more efficient photosynthetic heterogeneity compared to perishing plants. Importantly, S allowed the discrimination between surviving and perishing plants four days earlier than the mean F v/F m. A sensitivity analysis from simulated dynamics of F v/F m showed that parameters indicative of plant tolerance and/or stress intensity caused identifiable changes in S and W max. Finally, an independent comparison of six Arabidopsis accessions grown under well-watered conditions indicated that S and W max are related to the genetic variability of growth. CONCLUSIONS The distribution-based analysis of ChlF provides an efficient tool for quantifying photosynthetic heterogeneity and performance. S and W max are good indicators to estimate plant survival under water stress. Our results suggest that the dynamics of photosynthetic heterogeneity are key components of plant growth and tolerance to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Bresson
- />Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759, F-34060 Montpellier, France
- />Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR113, Université Montpellier 2-IRD-CIRAD-INRA-SupAgro, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- />Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), General Genetics, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - François Vasseur
- />Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Myriam Dauzat
- />Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Garance Koch
- />Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Granier
- />Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Vile
- />Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759, F-34060 Montpellier, France
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Humplík JF, Lazár D, Fürst T, Husičková A, Hýbl M, Spíchal L. Automated integrative high-throughput phenotyping of plant shoots: a case study of the cold-tolerance of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant Methods 2015; 11:20. [PMID: 25798184 PMCID: PMC4369061 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-015-0063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently emerging approaches to high-throughput plant phenotyping have discovered their importance as tools in unravelling the complex questions of plant growth, development and response to the environment, both in basic and applied science. High-throughput methods have been also used to study plant responses to various types of biotic and abiotic stresses (drought, heat, salinity, nutrient-starving, UV light) but only rarely to cold tolerance. RESULTS We present here an experimental procedure of integrative high-throughput in-house phenotyping of plant shoots employing automated simultaneous analyses of shoot biomass and photosystem II efficiency to study the cold tolerance of pea (Pisum sativum L.). For this purpose, we developed new software for automatic RGB image analysis, evaluated various parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence obtained from kinetic chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, and performed an experiment in which the growth and photosynthetic activity of two different pea cultivars were followed during cold acclimation. The data obtained from the automated RGB imaging were validated through correlation of pixel based shoot area with measurement of the shoot fresh weight. Further, data obtained from automated chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis were compared with chlorophyll fluorescence parameters measured by a non-imaging chlorophyll fluorometer. In both cases, high correlation was obtained, confirming the reliability of the procedure described. CONCLUSIONS This study of the response of two pea cultivars to cold stress confirmed that our procedure may have important application, not only for selection of cold-sensitive/tolerant varieties of pea, but also for studies of plant cold-response strategies in general. The approach, provides a very broad tool for the morphological and physiological selection of parameters which correspond to shoot growth and the efficiency of photosystem II, and is thus applicable in studies of various plant species and crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Humplík
- />Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-78371 Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Lazár
- />Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-78371 Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Fürst
- />Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc, CZ-77146 Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Husičková
- />Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-78371 Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Hýbl
- />Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-78371 Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- />Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-78371 Czech Republic
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Moustaka J, Moustakas M. Photoprotective mechanism of the non-target organism Arabidopsis thaliana to paraquat exposure. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2014; 111:1-6. [PMID: 24861926 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The response of photosystem II (PSII), of the non-target organism Arabidopsis thaliana, to paraquat (Pq) exposure was studied by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Effects of 1mM Pq application by spray on A. thaliana leaves were monitored as soon as 20min after application at the deposit areas of the droplets. A decline in the effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in PSII (ΦPSII) was accompanied by an increase in the quantum yield for dissipation by down regulation in PSII (ΦNPQ). The concomitant decrease in the quantum yield of non-regulated energy loss in PSII (ΦNO) pointed out a quick effective photoprotection mechanism to Pq exposure. Even 1h after Pq spray, when the maximum Pq effect was observed, the decrease of electron transport rate (ETR) and the increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) resulted to maintain almost the same redox state of quinone A (QA) as control plants. Thus, maximal photoprotection was achieved since NPQ was regulated in such a way that PSII reaction centers remained open. Arabidopsis plants were protected from Pq exposure, by increasing NPQ that dissipates light energy and decreases the efficiency of photochemical reactions of photosynthesis (down regulation of PSII) via the "water-water cycle". PSII photochemistry began to recover 4h after Pq exposure, and this was evident from the increase of ΦPSII, the simultaneous decrease of ΦNPQ, and the concomitant decrease of ΦNO. Yet, ETR began to increase, as well as the fraction of open PSII reaction centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julietta Moustaka
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michael Moustakas
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Iori V, Zacchini M, Pietrini F. Growth, physiological response and phytoremoval capability of two willow clones exposed to ibuprofen under hydroponic culture. J Hazard Mater 2013; 262:796-804. [PMID: 24140530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ibuprofen (IBU) is one of the most widespread pharmaceuticals in the aquatic ecosystem, despite the high removal rate that occurs in wastewater treatment plants. Phytoremediation represents a technology to improve the performance of existing wastewater treatment. This study was conducted under hydroponics to evaluate the ability of Salicaceae plants to tolerate and reduce IBU concentration in contaminated water. To this end, we combined growth, physiological and biochemical data to study the effects of different IBU concentrations on two clones of Salix alba L. Data demonstrated that clone SS5 was more tolerant and showed a higher ability to reduce IBU concentration in the solution than clone SP3. The high tolerance to IBU shown by SS5 was likely due to several mechanisms including the capacity to maintain an elevated photosynthetic activity and an efficient antioxidative defence. These results illustrate the remarkable potential of willow to phytoremediate IBU-contaminated waters in natural and constructed wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Iori
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology, CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
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McAusland L, Davey PA, Kanwal N, Baker NR, Lawson T. A novel system for spatial and temporal imaging of intrinsic plant water use efficiency. J Exp Bot 2013; 64:4993-5007. [PMID: 24043857 PMCID: PMC3830482 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Instrumentation and methods for rapid screening and selection of plants with improved water use efficiency are essential to address current issues of global food and fuel security. A new imaging system that combines chlorophyll fluorescence and thermal imaging has been developed to generate images of assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) from whole plants or leaves under controlled environmental conditions. This is the first demonstration of the production of images of WUEi and the first to determine images of g s from themography at the whole-plant scale. Data are presented illustrating the use of this system for rapidly and non-destructively screening plants for alterations in WUEi by comparing Arabidopsis thaliana mutants (OST1-1) that have altered WUEi driven by open stomata, with wild-type plants. This novel instrument not only provides the potential to monitor multiple plants simultaneously, but enables intra- and interspecies variation to be taken into account both spatially and temporally. The ability to measure A, gs, and WUEi progressively was developed to facilitate and encourage the development of new dynamic protocols. Images illustrating the instrument's dynamic capabilities are demonstrated by analysing plant responses to changing photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Applications of this system will augment the research community's need for novel screening methods to identify rapidly novel lines, cultivars, or species with improved A and WUEi in order to meet the current demands on modern agriculture and food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. McAusland
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - P. A. Davey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - N. Kanwal
- School of Computing and Engineering Science, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - N. R. Baker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - T. Lawson
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Gashi B, Babani F, Kongjika E. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of photosynthetic activity and pigment contents of the resurrection plants Ramonda serbica and Ramonda nathaliae during dehydration and rehydration. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2013; 19:333-41. [PMID: 24431502 PMCID: PMC3715640 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-013-0175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The desiccation-tolerant plants of the R. serbica and R. nathaliae are resurrection plants which are able to fully recover their physiological function after anabiosis. A comparison of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging and photosynthetic pigment contents responses of R. serbica and, for the first time, R. nathaliae to dehydration and rehydration were investigated. For this purpose, plants after collection from their natural habitats were kept fully watered for 14 days at natural condition. The experiment was conducted with mature leaves of both species. R. serbica and R. nathaliae plants were dehydrated to 5.88 % and 7.87 % relative water content (RWC) by withholding water for 15 days, afterwards the plants were rehydrated for 72 hours to 94.67 % and 97.02 % RWC. During desiccation, R. serbica plants preserved the chlorophyll content about 84 %, while R. nathaliae about 90 %. During dehydration when RWC were more than 40 %, photochemical efficiency of PSII for photochemistry, the Fv/Fm ratio, decreased about 40 % in R. nathaliae plants, but a strong reduction with 60 % was recorded for R. serbica. Following rehydration, the Fv/Fm ratio recovered more rapidly in R. nathaliae. The higher photosynthetic rates could also be detected via imaging the chlorophyll fluorescence decrease ratio Rfd, which possessed higher values after rehydration leaves of R. nathaliae as compared to R. serbica. The results showed that the photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll contents after rehydration are recovered more rapidly in R. nathaliae in comparison to R. serbica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekim Gashi
- />Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Pristina, Str. Mother Teresa, n.n., 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
- />Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Fatbardha Babani
- />Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Efigjeni Kongjika
- />Section of Natural and Technical Sciences, Academy of Sciences of Albania, Tirana, Albania
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